I-Bronchogenic Carcinoma

-Delile

• Iyini i-bronchogenic carcinoma?
• Ziyini izimpawu?
• Yini ebangela i-bronchogenic carcinoma?
• Ixilongwa kanjani i-bronchogenic carcinoma?
• Yiziphi izinketho zokwelashwa?
• Ukuhlinzwa
• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
• Imisebe
• Izidakamizwa ezihlosiwe noma i-immunotherapy
• Ukunakekelwa okusekelayo
• Uyini umbono?
• Okufanele ukwenze ngokulandelayo

Iyini i-bronchogenic carcinoma?

I-bronchogenic carcinoma yinoma yiluphi uhlobo noma uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Leli gama lake lasetshenziselwa ukuchaza kuphela umdlavuza othile wamaphaphu owaqala kuma-bronchi naku-bronchioles, izindlela eziya emaphashini. Kodwa-ke, namuhla kubhekiswa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo.

Umdlavuza omncane wamaphaphu wamangqamuzana (SCLC) nomdlavuza wamangqamuzana ongewona omncane (i-NSCLC) yizinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-bronchogenic carcinoma. I-Adenocarcinoma, i-cell carcinoma enkulu, ne-squamous cell carcinoma zonke izinhlobo ze-NSCLC.

Umdlavuza we-Lung ne-bronchus uvamile, ubala cishe amaphesenti ayi-13 wamacala amasha womdlavuza e-United States.

Ziyini izimpawu?

Izimpawu zokuqala ze-bronchogenic carcinoma zingaba mnene kangangokuthi azikhali noma yiziphi izinsimbi ze-alamu. Ngezinye izikhathi, izimpawu azibonakali kuze kube yilapho umdlavuza usakazekile. Lezi ngezinye zezimpawu ezivame kakhulu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu:

• ukukhwehlela okuphikelelayo noma okuya ngokuya kuba kubi
• isifuba
• ukukhwehlela igazi namafinyila
• Ubuhlungu besifuba obuba bucayi uma udonsa umoya, uhleka noma ukhwehlela
• ukuphelelwa umoya
• ukushaqeka
• ubuthakathaka, ukukhathala
• ukuhlaselwa kaningi noma okuphikelelayo kwe-bronchitis noma i-pneumonia

Izimpawu ezisatshalaliswa umdlavuza zingabandakanya:

• ubuhlungu beqolo noma beqolo
• ikhanda, isiyezi, noma ukuquleka
• ukuba ndikindiki engalweni noma emlenzeni
• ukuphuzi kwamehlo nesikhumba (i-jaundice)
• ama-lymph node akhulisiwe
• ukuncipha kwesisindo okungaqondakali

Yini ebangela i-bronchogenic carcinoma?

Noma ngubani angaba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Iqala lapho amaseli emaphashini eqala ukushintsha. Esikhundleni sokufa njengoba kufanele, amangqamuzana angajwayelekile aqhubeka nokuzala futhi akhe izicubu.

Isizathu asikwazi ukunqunywa ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kunezici eziningana ezingakhuphula ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Isizathu esivame kakhulu ukubhema, okunesibopho samaphesenti angama-90 wamacala omdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ukuyeka ukubhema kunganciphisa ingozi yakho. Ukuvezwa intuthu kagwayi nakho kungakhuphula ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. I-SCLC ayivamile kune-NSCLC, kepha cishe njalo ngenxa yokubhema okukhulu.

Isizathu sesibili esivame kakhulu wukuchayeka kwi-radon, igesi enemisebe ekwazi ukuphuma ngomhlabathi nasezakhiweni. Akunambala futhi akunaphunga, ngakho-ke ngeke wazi ukuthi uyavezwa ngaphandle kokuthi usebenzise ithuluzi lokuhlola i-radon.

Ingcuphe yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu iba nkulu kakhulu uma ungumuntu obhemayo naye obhekene ne-radon.

Ezinye izimbangela zifaka:

• ukuphefumula ngamakhemikhali ayingozi njenge-asbestos, i-arsenic, i-cadmium, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-uranium, neminye imikhiqizo kaphethiloli
• ukuvezwa intuthu yokukhipha nezinye izinhlayiya ezisemoyeni
• izakhi zofuzo; umlando womndeni womdlavuza wamaphaphu ungakubeka engcupheni enkulu
• imisebe yangaphambilini emaphashini
• ukuchayeka emazingeni aphezulu e-arsenic emanzini okuphuza

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvame kakhulu emadodeni, ikakhulukazi emadodeni ase-Afrika aseMelika, kunabesifazane.

Ixilongwa kanjani i-bronchogenic carcinoma?

Udokotela wakho angahle afune ukuhlola umdlavuza wamaphaphu uma ungaphezu kweminyaka yobudala engama-55, ubhemile, noma unomlando womndeni womdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Uma unezimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kunezivivinyo eziningi udokotela ongazisebenzisa ukusiza ukuxilongwa.

• Ukuhlola ukuhlolwa. I-X-ray yesifuba ingasiza udokotela wakho ukuthola isisindo esingajwayelekile noma i-nodule. Ukuhlolwa kwesifuba kwe-CT kunganikeza imininingwane ethe xaxa, mhlawumbe kukhombisa izilonda ezincane emaphashini i-X-ray engase ikulahle.
• Isikhohlela cytology. Amasampula amafinyila aqoqwa ngemuva kokukhwehlela. Amasampula abe esehlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuthola ubufakazi bomdlavuza.
• Isidumbu. Isampula lezicubu lithathwa endaweni esolisayo yamaphaphu akho. Udokotela wakho angathola isampula esebenzisa i-bronchoscope, ithubhu lidlulise umphimbo liye emaphashini. Noma ukusikwa kungenziwa phansi kwentamo yakho ukufinyelela ama-lymph node. Ngenye indlela, udokotela wakho angafaka inaliti odongeni lwesifuba ungene emaphashini ukuze athole isampula. Isazi sezifo sizohlola isampula ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuthola ukuthi amaseli womdlavuza akhona yini.

Uma kutholakala umdlavuza, udokotela wezifo azokwazi nokuhlonza ukuthi uwuhlobo luni lomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngemuva kwalokho umdlavuza ungabekwa. Lokhu kungadinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe okufana:

• i-biopsy yezinye izitho ezinezindawo ezisolisayo
• ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging, njenge-CT, i-MRI, i-PET, noma ukuskena kwamathambo kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uhlelwe kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-4, kuya ngokuthi usakazeka kangakanani. Isiteji sisiza ukuqondisa ukwelashwa nokunikeza imininingwane ethe xaxa kulokho ongakulindela.

Yiziphi izinketho zokwelashwa?

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kuyahluka ngokuya ngohlobo oluthile, isigaba, nempilo yakho yonke. Ungadinga inhlanganisela yokwelashwa, okungabandakanya:

Ukuhlinzwa

Lapho umdlavuza uvinjelwe emaphashini, ukuhlinzwa kungaba yinto ongayikhetha. Uma unesimila esincane, leso sigaba esincane samaphaphu, kanye nomugqa osizungezile, singasuswa.

Uma kufanele kususwe i-lobe ephelele yelinye lamaphaphu, ibizwa ngokuthi i-lobectomy. I-pneumonectomy ukuhlinzwa ukuze kususwe lonke iphaphu. (Kungenzeka uphile ngephaphu elilodwa.)

Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa okufanayo, amanye ama-lymph node aseduze nawo angasuswa futhi ahlolelwe umdlavuza.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

I-Chemotherapy yindlela yokwelashwa okuhlelekile. Le mithi enamandla ingaqeda amangqamuzana omdlavuza emzimbeni wonke. Eminye imithi yokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali inikezwa ngemithambo yegazi kanti eminye ingathathwa ngomlomo. Ukwelashwa kungahlala amasonto ambalwa izinyanga eziningi.

I-Chemotherapy kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izicubu ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukubhubhisa noma yimaphi amangqamuzana omdlavuza asele ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

Imisebe

Imisebe isebenzisa imishayo yamandla aphezulu ukukhomba nokubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza endaweni ethile yomzimba. Ukwelashwa kungafaka ukwelashwa kwansuku zonke amasonto ambalwa. Ingasetshenziselwa ukusiza ukunciphisa izicubu ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukukhomba amangqamuzana omdlavuza asele ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

I-Radiosurgery wuhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lokwelashwa ngemisebe oluthatha izikhathi ezimbalwa. Lokhu kungaba inketho uma ungakwazi ukuhlinzwa.

Izidakamizwa ezihlosiwe noma i-immunotherapy

Izidakamizwa ezihlosiwe yilezo ezisebenza kuphela ekuguqulweni okuthile kwezakhi zofuzo noma izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Izidakamizwa ze-Immunotherapy zisiza amasosha omzimba wakho ukuba abone futhi alwe namaseli omdlavuza. Lezi zindlela zokwelashwa zingasetshenziselwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu othuthukile noma ophindaphindiwe.

Ukunakekelwa okusekelayo

Umgomo wokunakekelwa okusekelayo ukunciphisa izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kanye nemiphumela emibi yokwelashwa. Ukunakekelwa okusekelayo, okubizwa nangokuthi ukunakekelwa kwe-palliative, kusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo yonke. Ungathola ukwelashwa komdlavuza nokunakekelwa okusekelayo ngasikhathi sinye.

Uyini umbono?

Umbono wakho uncike ezintweni eziningi, njenge:

• uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza wamaphaphu
• isigaba sokuxilongwa
• ubudala nempilo yonke

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu uzophendula kanjani ekwelashweni okuthile. Ngokwe-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Programme (SEER) evela ku-National Cancer Institute, amazinga weminyaka emihlanu yokusinda komdlavuza wamaphaphu kanye ne-bronchus yile:

Lokhu akufanele kuthathwe njengesibikezelo sakho. Lezi yizibalo ezijwayelekile zazo zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Udokotela wakho uzokwazi ukunikeza imininingwane engaphezulu ngokuya ngemininingwane ethile kuwe.

Okufanele ukwenze ngokulandelayo

Ukuthola ukuthi unomdlavuza wamaphaphu kuningi ongakuthatha, ngakho-ke uzobe usebenza ngokubambisana nodokotela abasebenza ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kungumqondo omuhle ukulungiselela ukuvakasha kwakho okulandelayo kodokotela ukuze uthole okuningi ongakwenza kukho. Nazi ezinye izinto ongafuna ukuxoxa ngazo:

• Uhlobo luni lomdlavuza wamaphaphu enginawo?
• Uyasazi isigaba noma ngidinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuthola lokho?
• Siyini isibikezelo esivamile?
• Yiziphi izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokwelashwa kimi futhi ziyini izinhloso zokwelashwa ngakunye?
• Yimiphi imiphumela emibi engaba khona futhi ingelashwa kanjani?
• Ingabe kufanele ngibe nodokotela wokunakekelwa opholile ngezimpawu?
• Ngabe ngiyakufanelekela noma yiziphi izivivinyo zokwelashwa?
• Ngingalutholaphi ulwazi oluthembekile ukuze ngifunde okwengeziwe?

Ungase futhi uthande ukucabanga ngokujoyina iqembu lokusekela umdlavuza wamaphaphu.Nazi izindlela ezimbalwa zokuthola okulungele:

• Buza i-oncologist yakho, udokotela wokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo, noma isibhedlela sendawo.
• Bheka ku-inthanethi ukuthola izinhlelo nezinhlelo zokweseka.
• Xhuma nabasindile kumdlavuza wamaphaphu.
• I-National Lung Cancer Support Group Network inikeza ukusekelwa kwabasindile kanye nabanakekeli.

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi uku-inthanethi noma ngeziqu zakho, amaqembu okusekela angakuxhumanisa nabanye abantu abasezimweni ezifanayo. Amalungu anikeza futhi athole usizo ngokwabelana ngolwazi oluwusizo mayelana nokuphila nomdlavuza, ukunakekela umuntu onomdlavuza, kanye nemizwa ehambisana nakho.