Idazini Elingcolile: Ukudla Okuyi-12 Okuphezulu Emithini Yokubulala Amakhemikhali

-Delile

• Luthini Uhlu Olungcolile Lweshumi?
• Uhlu Lokudla Olungamashumi amabili Nambili Olungcolile
• Ngabe Ama-pesticides Akudla Kwethu Okunikezwayo Ayingozi?
• Ngabe umkhiqizo we-Organic uqukethe ama-pesticides?
• Ingabe Kufanele Ugweme Izinhlobo Ezijwayelekile Zokudla Okungcolile Okungcolile?
• Izindlela Zokunciphisa Ukuchayeka Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Ekudleni
• Okusemqoka

Isidingo somkhiqizo wemvelo sikhule kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule.

AbaseMelika basebenzise ngaphezulu kwama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-26 kumkhiqizo wemvelo ngo-2010 uma kuqhathaniswa nesigidigidi esisodwa ngo-1990 ().

Okunye kokukhathazeka okuyinhloko okushayela ukusetshenziswa kokudla okune-organic ukuchayeka kwe-pesticide.

Njalo ngonyaka, i-Environmental Working Group (EWG) ikhipha iDirty Dozen ™ - uhlu lwezithelo nemifino eyi-12 engeyona eyemvelo ephezulu kakhulu ezinsaleleni zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.

Le ndatshana ibala ukudla kwamuva okungcolile okungahluziwe, kwehlukanisa iqiniso nokuqanjiwe uma kukhulunywa ngokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane futhi ichaza izindlela ezilula zokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Luthini Uhlu Olungcolile Lweshumi?

I-Environmental Working Group (i-EWG) yinhlangano engenzi nzuzo egxile ekufundiseni umphakathi ngezindaba ezinjengemikhuba yezolimo, ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nomthelela wamakhemikhali empilweni yabantu (2).

Kusukela ngo-1995, i-EWG ikhiphe iDirty Dozen - uhlu lwezithelo nemifino ekhule ngokujwayelekile enezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ama-pesticides yizinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo ukuvikela izitshalo ekulimaleni okubangelwa izinambuzane, ingcindezi yokhula nezifo.

Ukuhlanganisa uhlu olungcolile, i-EWG ihlaziya amasampula angaphezu kwama-38,000 athathwe yi-USDA ne-FDA ukuthola abenzi bokubi (3).

I-EWG isebenzisa izinyathelo eziyisithupha ukunquma ukungcoliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zomkhiqizo (3):

• Amaphesenti amasampuli ahlolwe ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane etholakalayo
• Amaphesenti amasampula anama-pesticides amabili noma ngaphezulu atholakalayo
• Inombolo emaphakathi yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane etholakala kusampula eyodwa
• Inani elimaphakathi lezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakele, kulinganiswa ngezingxenye ngesigidi ngasinye
• Inombolo enkulu yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane etholakala kusampula eyodwa
• Inani eliphelele lama-pesticides atholakele esitshalweni

I-EWG ithi le ndlela “ikhombisa imithwalo yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane isiyonke yezithelo nemifino ejwayelekile” (3).

Ngenkathi i-EWG ithi lolu hlu lungasiza abathengi ukuthi bagweme ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okungadingekile, abanye ochwepheshe - kubandakanya ososayensi bokudla - bathi lolu hlu lusabisa umphakathi ukuthi ungadli ukudla okunempilo.

Ama-pesticides alawulwa ngokuqinile yi-USDA, kanti imibiko yakamuva ikhombisa ukuthi amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane atholakala kuma-99.5% wemikhiqizo ejwayelekile angaphansi kakhulu kwezincomo ezibekwe yi-Environmental Protection Agency (4).

Uhlelo lwe-USDA Pesticide Data Programme luqinisekisa ukuthi ukutholakala kokudla kwase-U.S. “Kungenye yezindawo eziphephe kunazo zonke emhlabeni,” ngenxa yezindlela zokuhlola ezinqala (4).

Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi bathi ukutholakala okuqhubekayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane - noma ngabe kungamanani amancane - kungakha emzimbeni wakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kuholele ezimeni zempilo ezingalapheki.

Ngokwengeziwe, kunokukhathazeka ukuthi imingcele ephephile ebekwe yizinhlangano ezilawulayo ayibheki izingozi zezempilo ezihilelekile ekusebenziseni isibulala-zinambuzane esingaphezu kwesisodwa ngasikhathi.

Ngalezi zizathu, i-EWG idale uhlu lwe-Dirty Dozen njengomhlahlandlela wabantu abafuna ukukhawulela ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane bona kanye nemindeni yabo.

IDirty Dozen iluhlu lwezithelo nemifino enezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezakhiwe yi-Environmental Working Group (EWG) ukufundisa umphakathi ngokuphepha kokudla.

Uhlu Lokudla Olungamashumi amabili Nambili Olungcolile

Ngokusho kwe-EWG, izithelo nemifino elandelayo ejwayelekile inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lezinsalela ze-pesticides (5):

1. Amajikijolo: Ama-strawberry ajwayelekile ahlala phezulu ohlwini olungcolile. Ngo-2018, i-EWG yathola ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zawo wonke amasampula e-sitrobheli yayiqukethe izinsalela eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu zezibulala-zinambuzane.
2. Isipinashi: I-97% yamasampula wesipinashi aqukethe izinsalela ze-pesticides, kufaka phakathi i-permethrin, isibulala-zinambuzane esinobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni ().
3. Ama -ectarine: I-EWG ithole izinsalela cishe kuma-94% amasampula we-nectarine, ngesampula eyodwa equkethe izinsalela ezingaphezu kwe-15 zezibulala-zinambuzane.
4. Ama-apula: I-EWG ithole izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane kumasampula angama-90%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-apula angama-80% ahlolwe aqukethe iminonjana ye-diphenylamine, isibulala-zinambuzane esivinjelwe eYurophu (7).
5. Amagilebhisi: Amagilebhisi ajwayelekile ayisisekelo kuhlu lwe-Dirty Dozen, nokuhlolwa okungaphezulu kwama-96% kutholakala ezinsaleleni ze-pesticides.
6. Amapentshisi: Ngaphezu kwama-99% wamapentshisi ahlolwe yi-EWG aqukethe isilinganiso sezinsalela ezine zezibulala-zinambuzane.
7. Ama-Cherry: I-EWG ithole isilinganiso sezinsalela zezinambuzane eziyisihlanu kumasampula e-cherry, kufaka phakathi i-pesticione ebizwa nge-iprodione, evinjelwe eYurophu (8).
8. Amapheya: Ngaphezulu kwama-50% wamapheya ahlolwe yi-EWG aqukethe izinsalela ezivela ezibulala zinambuzane ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu.
9. Utamatisi: Izinsalela ezine zezibulala-zinambuzane zitholakale kutamatisi otshalwe ngokujwayelekile. Isampula eyodwa yayiqukethe izinsalela ezingaphezu kwe-15 ezahlukahlukene zezibulala-zinambuzane.
10. Isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi: Izinsalela ze-pesticide zitholakale kuma-sampuli angaphezu kuka-95% wesilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi. Kutholwe izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-13 zemithi yokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane.
11. Amazambane: Amasampula amazambane aqukethe izinsalela eziningi zezibulala-zinambuzane ngesisindo kunanoma yisiphi esinye isivuno esihloliwe. UChlorpropham, umuthi wokubulala ukhula, wenza ingxenye enkulu yezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakele.
12. Upelepele omnandi: I-sweet bell pepper iqukethe izinsalela ezimbalwa ze-pesticisi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izithelo nemifino. Kodwa-ke, i-EWG ixwayisa ngokuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kupelepele onoshukela “zivame ukuba nobuthi empilweni yomuntu.”

Ngaphezu kwe-Dirty Dozen yendabuko, i-EWG ikhipha uhlu oluthi Dirty Dozen Plus oluqukethe ezinye izithelo nemifino ezingama-36 ezinamazinga aphezulu ezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, kufaka phakathi upelepele oshisayo, utamatisi wama-cherry, uphizi we-snap nama-blueberries.

Ama-Strawberry ahamba phambili ku-Dirty Dozen list ka-2018, alandelwe isipinashi nama-nectarines. Ukudla okuningana ohlwini kwakunezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi, kufaka phakathi okunye okuvinjelwe eYurophu.

Ngabe Ama-pesticides Akudla Kwethu Okunikezwayo Ayingozi?

Kunemibono ephikisanayo ngokuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kumkhiqizo.

Yize izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zilawulwa ngokuqinile futhi zigcinwa zingaphansi kwemikhawulo eyingozi, kunokukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe kwalezi zinto kuyithinta kanjani impilo.

Izifundo eziningana zixhumanise ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nemiphumela emibi yezempilo, njengezinkinga zokuphefumula, izingqinamba zokuzala, ukuphazamiseka kohlelo lwe-endocrine, ukulimala kwemithambo yegazi kanye nobungozi obandayo bemidlavuza ethile ().

Izingane zibhekwa zisengozini enkulu yokuthola ubuthi bezibulala-zinambuzane kunabantu abadala ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane, inani elincishisiwe lama-enzyme athile okukhipha ubuthi kanye nokuthi ubuchopho obukhulayo bungenwa kakhulu yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane eyi-neurotoxic ().

Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi izingane ezizalwa omama abanokuchayeka okuphezulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane zikhombise ukubambezeleka kwengqondo kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, kufaka phakathi ukusilela ekuxhumaneni nasekukhumbuleni okubukwayo ().

Ukuchayeka kwengane emithini yokubulala izinambuzane nakho kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yokuthola i-ADHD ().

Olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe abahlala eduze kwamapulazi lapho kufuthwa khona izibulala-zinambuzane i-organophosphate, i-pyrethroid noma i-carbamate banamathuba amaningi okuthi izingane zitholakale zine-autism noma i-autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) ().

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi abasebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezithile ezitshalweni zabo kutholakale ukuthi banemvamisa ephezulu yokukhuluphala nomdlavuza wekoloni uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abaningi ().

Mayelana namazinga okubulala-zinambuzane emzimbeni, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukushintshanisa umkhiqizo ojwayelekile ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunciphisa kakhulu noma kuqeda amazinga womchamo wezibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile (,).

Kuyacaca ukuthi amazinga aphezulu okuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane ahlotshaniswa nemiphumela emibi yezempilo.

Kodwa-ke, iningi lezifundo ezitholakalayo zigxila kubantu ababhekana ngqo nezibulala-zinambuzane nsuku zonke, njengezisebenzi zezolimo, esikhundleni somphakathi jikelele.

Kuyacaca ukuthi ukutholakala kwemithamo ephezulu yezibulala-zinambuzane kuyingozi. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka olunye ucwaningo ukuthola ukuthi ukuvezwa isikhathi eside emazingeni aphansi ezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakala ekudleni kuyingozi yini empilweni.

Ngabe umkhiqizo we-Organic uqukethe ama-pesticides?

Ngenkathi amazinga okulima ngokwemvelo ehlukile kunemikhuba ejwayelekile yokulima, abalimi bemvelo bavunyelwe ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezithile ezivunyiwe ezitshalweni zabo.

Abalimi bemvelo bathembele kakhulu ekujikelezeni kwezitshalo, ukuvikela izitshalo zebhayoloji kanye nenqubo yokuhlanzeka ukuvikela izitshalo.

Kodwa-ke, izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo, njengethusi, i-rotenone ne-spinosad, zingasetshenziswa kwezolimo eziphilayo (17).

Ama-pesticides angama-25 wemvelo avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokuqhathaniswa nama-900 amakhulu okwamanje avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezivamile (18).

Njengama-pesticides asetshenziselwa ukulima okuvamile, ama-pesticides e-organic alawulwa ngokuqinile ukuphepha kepha angaba yingozi empilweni ngemithamo ephezulu.

Isibonelo, ukuvezwa kokusebenza kwe-organic pesticide rotenone kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yesifo sikaParkinson's ().

Ngeshwa, izifundo zesikhathi eside ezihlola ubungozi bokudla izithelo nemifino ejwayelekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezithelo nemifino ephilayo emphakathini jikelele ziyashoda.

Uma ukhetha ukudla okuphilayo ngezizathu zemvelo kunokuphikisana nezizathu zezempilo, ucwaningo lusekela ukuthi ukulima ngokwemvelo kunomthelela omncane kwezemvelo kunokulima okuvamile.

Izindlela zokulima zemvelo zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, zikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo futhi zivikele inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba (20).

Ama-pesticides asetshenziswa kuzo zombili izindlela zokulima ezivamile nezingokwemvelo angaba yingozi empilweni ngemithamo ephezulu.

Ingabe Kufanele Ugweme Izinhlobo Ezijwayelekile Zokudla Okungcolile Okungcolile?

Abantu abaningi bakhetha umkhiqizo ophilayo ngethemba lokunciphisa ukutholakala kwabo emithini yokubulala izinambuzane.

Ubufakazi obuningi obuvela ezifundweni zocwaningo buyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi ngabe ukudla okuphilayo kunempilo yini kunokudla okuqukethe umkhiqizo ovuthiwe ngokujwayelekile.

Kulabo abanamandla okuthenga izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ephezulu yezibulala-zinambuzane, ukusebenzisa lo mkhuba kungahle kuholele ekuvezweni okuncane kakhulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane azitholakali nje kuphela kwizithelo nemifino.

Zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinye izitshalo ezifana nezinhlamvu zokusanhlamvu, kanye notshani, izingadi zezimbali nokulawula izinambuzane (,).

Njengoba izibulala-zinambuzane zisabalele kangaka, indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakho ukukhetha ukudla okuphilayo lapho kunokwenzeka futhi usebenzise ukunakekelwa kwengadi okusimeme nezindlela zokuxosha izinambuzane.

Njengoba umkhiqizo ophilayo uvame ukubiza kakhulu kunomkhiqizo ojwayelekile, kungaba nzima kubantu abaningi ukukuthenga.

Ungakhathazeki uma ungakwazi ukuthenga izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ze-Dirty Dozen.

Ukudla izithelo nemifino eningi kuyidlula kude ingozi yezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane kumkhiqizo, futhi kunezindlela zokunciphisa lezi zinsalela.

Ngenkathi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ze-Dirty Dozen kungenzeka ukuthi ziqukethe izinsalela ezimbalwa ze-pesticides, ukudla izithelo nemifino ejwayelekile kuphephe ngokuphelele.

Izindlela Zokunciphisa Ukuchayeka Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Ekudleni

Lokhu okulandelayo izindlela ezilula, eziphephile nezinamandla ongazisebenzisa ukunciphisa izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane kumkhiqizo:

• Bakhuhle ngamanzi abandayo: Ukuhlanza izithelo nemifino emanzini abandayo ngenkathi ukuwahlikihla ngebhulashi elithambile kungasusa ezinye izinsalela ze-pesticide ().
• Amanzi okubhaka isoda: Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukuwasha ama-aphula anengxube ye-1% yokubhaka isoda namanzi kuphumelela kakhulu ekususeni izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane kunamanzi ompompi wodwa ().
• I-peel izithelo nemifino: Ukususa isikhumba sezithelo nemifino Engcolile Kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuphathwa kokudla kwezinsalela ze-pesticide ().
• Ukuqhafaza: Kwesinye isifundo umkhiqizo we-blanching (ukuwubeka ekubiliseni, bese kubanda, amanzi) kuholele ekwehlisweni okungaphezulu kwama-50% emazingeni asele wezibulala-zinambuzane kuwo wonke amasampula emifino nezithelo ngaphandle kwamapentshisi ().
• Ukubilisa: Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ama-strawberry abilayo anciphise kakhulu izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, ngokuncipha kuka-42.8-92.9% ().
• Hlanza umkhiqizo ngamanzi e-ozonated: Amanzi e-ozoni (amanzi ahlanganiswe nohlobo lomoya-mpilo obizwa nge-ozone) kutholakale ukuthi asebenza kakhulu ekususeni izinsalela zokubulala izinambuzane ekudleni (,).

Ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi yale mikhuba esekwe ebufakazini engenhla kunganciphisa kakhulu izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane kumkhiqizo omusha.

Ukukhuhla umkhiqizo ngaphansi kwamanzi abandayo, ukuwasha ngesisombululo se-baking soda noma ukuxebuka zonke izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokunciphisa izinsalela ze-pesticide ezithelweni nasemifino.

Okusemqoka

Inhloso yohlu lwe-Dirty Dozen ukwazisa abathengi ukuthi yiziphi izithelo nemifino ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinsalela ze-pesticides.

Yize lolu hlu lungasiza kulabo abakhathazekile ngokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni, okwamanje akukacaci ukuthi kufanele ukhathazeke kangakanani ngokudla izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane kwasekuqaleni.

Kulabo abafisa ukwenza iphutha ngokuqapha, kungcono ukuthenga izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zokudla okungcolile.

Ngenkathi umthelela wezibulala-zinambuzane empilweni ungakaqondakali ngokugcwele, ukubaluleka kokudla izithelo nemifino kwezempilo, noma ngabe kuvamile noma kungokwemvelo, kuqiniswa.

Ngakho-ke, akufanele ukhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwakho ngokususelwe kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane.