Umlobi: Lewis Jackson
Usuku Lokudalwa: 10 Mhlawumbe 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 15 Mhlawumbe 2024
Anonim
I-Flurbiprofen, Ithebhulethi Yomlomo - Impilo
I-Flurbiprofen, Ithebhulethi Yomlomo - Impilo

-Delile

Okuvelele kwe-flurbiprofen

  1. Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeFlurbiprofen iyatholakala njengesidakamizwa esijwayelekile kuphela. Ayinayo ifomu legama lomkhiqizo.
  2. IFlurbiprofen iza njengethebhulethi yomlomo nanjengethonsi leso.
  3. Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeFlurbiprofen isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimpawu ze-osteoarthritis ne-rheumatoid arthritis.

Izexwayiso ezibalulekile

Izexwayiso ze-FDA

  • Lo muthi unezixwayiso zebhokisi elimnyama. Isexwayiso sebhokisi elimnyama yisixwayiso esibi kakhulu esivela ku-Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Kwazisa odokotela neziguli ngemiphumela yezidakamizwa engaba yingozi.
  • Isixwayiso sezingozi zenhliziyo: Sebenzisa le mithi ngokuqapha uma unesifo senhliziyo noma unezingozi zesifo senhliziyo, ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. I-Flurbiprofen yisidakamizwa esingaqedi ukuvuvukala (i-NSAID).Ama-NSAID angakhuphula ubungozi begazi, isifo senhliziyo, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo nokushaywa unhlangothi, okungaholela ekufeni. Ingozi yakho ingaba ngaphezulu uma uthatha lesi sidakamizwa isikhathi eside, ngamanani aphezulu, noma uma usuvele unezinkinga zenhliziyo noma izici zobungozi zesifo senhliziyo. Akufanele uthathe le mithi ukwelapha izinhlungu ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ngokudlula komthambo we-coronary. Ukwenza kanjalo kungakhuphula ubungozi bokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo noma sohlangothi.
  • Isexwayiso sezinkinga zesisu: I-Flurbiprofen ingakhuphula ubungozi bokuphuma kwesisu noma izilonda ezinama-peptic (izimbobo ulwelwesi lwesisu noma amathumbu akho). Lezi zimo zingabulala. Kungenzeka noma nini futhi kungenzeka bangabi nazimpawu. Abadala basengozini enkulu kulezi zinkinga.

Ezinye izexwayiso

  • Isixwayiso sokusabela okweqile: Lo muthi ungadala ukusabela okweqile komzimba. Izimpawu zingafaka isifuba, ukuqubuka, ukuphefumula kanzima, ukuvuvukala komphimbo noma ulimi lwakho, noma ubuhlungu besifuba. Ungathathi i-flurbiprofen uma ngabe uke waba nalokhu kuphendula noma i-asthma ngemuva kokuthatha i-aspirin noma amanye ama-NSAID.
  • Isexwayiso somfutho wegazi ophakeme: I-Flurbiprofen ingadala ukwanda kwengcindezi yegazi kubantu abangenayo ingcindezi ephezulu yegazi noma kubhebhethekise umfutho wegazi ophezulu okhona.
  • Isexwayiso sokulimala kwezinso: Ukusebenzisa le mithi isikhathi eside kungadala ukulimala kwezinso. Abadala basengozini enkulu yalo monakalo.

Kuyini i-flurbiprofen?

I-Flurbiprofen ngumuthi kadokotela. Iza njengethebhulethi yomlomo nanjengokwehla kweso.


Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeFlurbiprofen itholakala kuphela njengomuthi ojwayelekile. Ayinayo i-brand-name version.

Kungani kusetshenziswa

I-Flurbiprofen isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimpawu ze-osteoarthritis ne-rheumatoid arthritis.

Isebenza kanjani

IFlurbiprofen isebenza ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala nobuhlungu. Kungokwesigaba semithi esibizwa ngama-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs).

Imiphumela emibi ye-Flurbiprofen

Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeFlurbiprofen ayibangeli ukozela, kepha ingadala eminye imiphumela emibi.

Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile

Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile engenzeka nge-flurbiprofen ifaka:

  • ukuqunjelwa
  • igesi
  • isifo sohudo
  • isiyezi
  • isilungulela
  • isisu esibuhlungu

Imiphumela emibi kakhulu

Shayela udokotela wakho ngokushesha uma unemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Shayela u-911 uma izimpawu zakho zizizwa zisongela impilo noma uma ucabanga ukuthi unezimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha. Imiphumela emibi kanye nezimpawu zayo zingafaka okulandelayo:


  • Ubuhlungu besifuba noma isifo senhliziyo. Izimpawu zesifo senhliziyo zingabandakanya:
    • ukuphelelwa umoya
    • ukujuluka
    • ukukhathala
    • isilungulela
    • ubuhlungu bengalo
  • Unhlangothi. Izimpawu zingafaka:
    • ubuthakathaka engxenyeni eyodwa noma ohlangothini lomzimba wakho
    • inkulumo engahambi kahle
  • Umfutho wegazi ophezulu
  • Ukuvuvukala ezingalweni nasemilenzeni noma ezandleni nasezinyaweni, noma ukuzuza kwesisindo okungajwayelekile
  • Ukopha nezilonda esiswini nasemathunjini. Izimpawu zingafaka:
    • igazi emchameni wakho noma ekuhlanzeni
    • indle emnyama noma enegazi
    • isicanucanu noma ukuhlanza
    • ubuhlungu obukhulu besisu
    • ekhwehlela igazi
  • Ukusabela kwesikhumba, kufaka phakathi ukuqubuka noma amabhamuza
  • Ukusabela okweqile. Izimpawu zingafaka:
    • ukulunywa
    • ukuvuvukala kobuso bakho noma umphimbo
    • ukuqubuka kwesikhumba
    • isifuba
  • Izinkinga zesibindi. Izimpawu zingafaka:
    • ukuphuzi kwesikhumba sakho noma okumhlophe kwamehlo akho
    • uzizwe ubuthakathaka noma ukhathele ngokungavamile
  • Ukuhlaselwa yi-asthma. Izimpawu zingafaka:
    • inkinga yokuphefumula
    • isifuba

Ukuzikhulula: Inhloso yethu ukukunikeza imininingwane efanelekile futhi yamanje. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izidakamizwa zithinta umuntu ngamunye ngokuhlukile, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu lwazi lubandakanya yonke imiphumela emibi engaba khona. Lolu lwazi aluyithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha. Hlala uxoxa ngemiphumela emibi engaba khona nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo owazi umlando wakho wezokwelapha.


I-Flurbiprofen ingaxhumana neminye imithi

Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeFlurbiprofen ingaxhumana neminye imithi, amavithamini, noma amakhambi okungenzeka ukuthi uthatha. Ukusebenzisana kulapho into iguqula indlela umuthi osebenza ngayo. Lokhu kungaba yingozi noma kuvimbele umuthi ukuthi usebenze kahle.

Ukusiza ukugwema ukuxhumana, udokotela wakho kufanele aphathe yonke imithi yakho ngokucophelela. Qiniseka ukuthi utshela udokotela wakho ngayo yonke imithi, amavithamini, noma amakhambi owathathayo. Ukuthola ukuthi lo muthi ungahlangana kanjani nokunye okuthathayo, khuluma nodokotela wakho noma usokhemisi.

Izibonelo zemithi engadala ukusebenzisana ne-flurbiprofen zibhalwe ngezansi.

Ama-Corticosteroids

Ukuthatha ama-corticosteroids, njenge-prednisone noma i-dexamethasone, nge-flurbiprofen kungandisa ubungozi bezilonda zesisu noma ukopha.

Umuthi womdlavuza

Ukuthatha pemetrex nge-flurbiprofen kungakhuphula ubungozi bokutheleleka, izinkinga zezinso nezinkinga zesisu.

Isidakamizwa senhliziyo

Ukuthatha I-digoxin nge-flurbiprofen kungakhuphula amazinga we-digoxin emzimbeni wakho. Uma uthatha le mithi ndawonye, ​​udokotela wakho angaqapha amazinga akho e-digoxin.

Ukufakelwa komuthi

Ukuthatha cyclosporine nge-flurbiprofen kungakhuphula amazinga e-cyclosporine emzimbeni wakho, okungadala izinkinga zezinso. Uma uthatha le mithi ndawonye, ​​udokotela wakho kufanele aqaphe ukusebenza kwezinso zakho.

Isifo esishintsha imishanguzo yokulwa nesifo sofuba

Ukuthatha imethotrexate nge-flurbiprofen kungakhuphula amazinga e-methotrexate emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni zezinso kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yokutheleleka.

I-Anticoagulant / igazi elincanyana

Ukuthatha warfarin nge-flurbiprofen kwandisa ingozi yokuphuma kwesisu.

Imithi yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo

Ukuthatha lithium nge-flurbiprofen kungadala inani le-lithium egazini lakho lenyuke liye kumazinga ayingozi. Izimpawu zobuthi be-lithium zingafaka ukuthuthumela, ukoma ngokweqile, noma ukudideka. Uma uthatha le mithi ndawonye, ​​udokotela wakho angaqapha amazinga akho e-lithium.

Izidakamizwa zomfutho wegazi

Ukuthatha le mithi nge-flurbiprofen kunganciphisa imiphumela yokwehlisa umfutho wegazi wale mithi. Izibonelo zale mithi zifaka:

  • i-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, efana ne-benazepril ne-captopril
  • ama-beta-blocker, afana nepropranolol ne-atenolol

I-diuretics (amaphilisi wamanzi)

Ukuthatha isisu esithile nge-flurbiprofen kunganciphisa umphumela wale mithi. Izibonelo zalezi diuretics zifaka:

  • i-hydrochlorothiazide
  • umabhebhana

Izidakamizwa ezingezona ukuvuvukala (ama-NSAID)

I-Flurbiprofen iyi-NSAID. Ukuyihlanganisa namanye ama-NSAID kungandisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi, njengokuphuma kwesisu noma izilonda. Izibonelo zama-NSAID zifaka:

  • i-aspirin
  • ibuprofen
  • umabhebhana
  • i-etodolac
  • lindokuhle
  • fenoprofen
  • ketoprofen
  • tolmetin
  • indomethacin
  • meloxicam

Ukuzikhulula: Inhloso yethu ukukunikeza imininingwane efanelekile futhi yamanje. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izidakamizwa zisebenzisana ngokwehlukile kumuntu ngamunye, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu lwazi lubandakanya konke ukuxhumana okungenzeka. Lolu lwazi aluyithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha. Hlala ukhuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo mayelana nokuhlangana okungenzeka ngayo yonke imishanguzo kadokotela, amavithamini, amakhambi nezithako, kanye nemithi oyithenga uphuza yona.

Izixwayiso ze-Flurbiprofen

Lesi sidakamizwa siza nezixwayiso eziningana.

Isexwayiso somzimba

I-Flurbiprofen ingadala ukusabela okweqile komzimba. Izimpawu zingafaka:

  • inkinga yokuphefumula
  • ukuvuvukala komphimbo wakho noma ulimi
  • isifuba

Uma uthuthukisa lezi zimpawu, shayela ku-911 noma uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo eliseduze.

Ungaphinde uwuthathe lo muthi uma ngabe uke waba nokungezwani komzimba nawo. Ukuyithatha futhi kungaba yingozi (kungadala ukufa).

Isexwayiso sotshwala nokubhema

Ukuphuza utshwala ngenkathi uthatha i-flurbiprofen kungacasula isisu sakho. Lokhu kungaholela kwizilonda noma ukopha esiswini noma emathunjini, okungabulala. Ukubhema futhi kwandisa ubungozi bakho kulezi zinkinga.

Ngaphambi kokuqala lesi sidakamizwa, tshela udokotela wakho uma ubhema osikilidi noma uphuza iziphuzo ezidakayo ezingaphezu kwezintathu ngosuku.

Izexwayiso zabantu abanezimo ezithile zempilo

Kubantu abanesifo senhliziyo: Uma unesifo senhliziyo noma usengozini yesifo senhliziyo, akufanele uthathe i-flurbiprofen. Kungakhuphula ubungozi bamahlule egazi, isifo senhliziyo, noma isifo sohlangothi.

Kubantu abanengcindezi ephezulu yegazi noma ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo: I-Flurbiprofen ingadala umfutho wegazi ophakeme noma yenze umfutho wegazi ophakeme ube mubi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-flurbiprofen ingase ibe yimbi kakhulu ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo ngokwandisa ukugcinwa koketshezi kanye ne-edema (ukuvuvukala). Udokotela wakho angakuqapha eduze uma unengcindezi ephezulu yegazi noma ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo ngenkathi uthatha i-flurbiprofen.

Kubantu abanezinkinga zesisu: Le mithi inyusa ingozi yokuba nezilonda nokopha esiswini uma unomlando walezi zimo.

Kubantu abanesifo sezinso: Umzimba wakho kungenzeka ungakwazi ukususa i-flurbiprofen futhi kufanele. Lokhu kungadala ukuthi umuthi wakhe emzimbeni wakho, okungadala imiphumela emibi eminingi.

Izexwayiso kwamanye amaqembu

Kwabesifazane abakhulelwe: Azikho izifundo ze-flurbiprofen kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Kodwa-ke, kukhonjisiwe ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-flurbiprofen ku-trimester yesithathu yokukhulelwa kwandisa ubungozi besimo senhliziyo embungwini. Ngalesi sizathu, gwema ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kusukela emasontweni angama-30 okukhulelwa.

Tshela udokotela wakho uma ukhulelwe noma uhlela ukukhulelwa.

Kwabesifazane abancelisayo: IFlurbiprofen ikhonjisiwe ukuthi idlula obisini lwebele. Lokhu kungadala imiphumela emibi enganeni enceliswa ibele. Tshela udokotela wakho uma uncelisa. Ungadinga ukunquma ukuthi uyeke ukuncelisa noma uyeke ukusebenzisa i-flurbiprofen.

Okwabadala: Abantu abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu basengozini yokwanda kwezinkinga zesisu nokuhluleka kwezinso lapho bephuza lesi sidakamizwa. Uma umdala kuneminyaka engama-65, udokotela wakho angalungisa isilinganiso sakho.

Okwezingane: Ukuphepha nokusebenza kwe-flurbiprofen akukasungulwa kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18.

Ungayithatha kanjani i-flurbiprofen

Yonke imithamo namafomu okungenzeka angafakwa lapha. Umthamo wakho, ifomu, nokuthi ulithatha kangaki kuzoya ngokuthi:

  • iminyaka yakho
  • isimo esilashwa
  • sinzima kangakanani isimo sakho
  • ezinye izimo zezokwelapha onazo
  • ukuthi usabela kanjani esilinganisweni sokuqala

Amafomu wezidakamizwa namandla

Okujwayelekile: I-Flurbiprofen

  • Ifomu: ithebhulethi yomlomo
  • Amandla: 50 mg, 100 mg

Isikali se-osteoarthritis

Isilinganiso sabantu abadala (abaneminyaka engu-18 kuye kwengu-64)

  • Isilinganiso esivamile: I-200-300 mg ngosuku, ihlukaniswe ngama-2 kuya ku-4 amanani ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo.
  • Umthamo omkhulu womuntu ngamunye: Ungathathi ngaphezu kuka-100 mg njengomthamo owodwa.

Isilinganiso sengane (iminyaka engu-0 kuye kwengu-17)

Isilinganiso sabantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 asikasungulwa.

Umthamo omkhulu (oneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu)

  • Isilinganiso esivamile: I-200-300 mg ngosuku, ihlukaniswe ngama-2 kuya ku-4 amanani ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo.
  • Umthamo omkhulu womuntu ngamunye: Ungathathi ngaphezu kuka-100 mg njengomthamo owodwa.

Udokotela wakho cishe uzoqala ukulinganisa ekugcineni okuphansi kwebanga lokulinganisa futhi aqaphele imiphumela emibi.

Isilinganiso se-rheumatoid arthritis

Isilinganiso sabantu abadala (abaneminyaka engu-18 kuye kwengu-64)

  • Isilinganiso esivamile: I-200-300 mg ngosuku, ihlukaniswe ngama-2 kuya ku-4 amanani ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo.
  • Umthamo omkhulu womuntu ngamunye: Ungathathi ngaphezu kuka-100 mg njengomthamo owodwa.

Isilinganiso sengane (iminyaka engu-0 kuye kwengu-17)

Isilinganiso sabantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 asikasungulwa.

Umthamo omkhulu (oneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu)

  • Isilinganiso esivamile: I-200-300 mg ngosuku, ihlukaniswe ngama-2 kuya ku-4 amanani ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo.
  • Umthamo omkhulu womuntu ngamunye: Ungathathi ngaphezu kuka-100 mg njengomthamo owodwa.

Udokotela wakho cishe uzoqala ukulinganisa ekugcineni okuphansi kwebanga lokulinganisa futhi aqaphele imiphumela emibi.

Ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile komthamo

Kubantu abanesifo sezinso: Umthamo wakho we-flurbiprofen ungadinga ukwehliswa.

Ukuzikhulula: Inhloso yethu ukukunikeza imininingwane efanelekile futhi yamanje. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izidakamizwa zithinta umuntu ngamunye ngokuhlukile, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu hlu lubandakanya yonke imithamo engenzeka. Lolu lwazi aluyithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha. Hlala ukhuluma nodokotela wakho noma usokhemisi ngemithamo ekufanele.

Thatha njengoba kuqondisiwe

I-Flurbiprofen isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesikhathi eside. Kuza nezingozi uma ungayithathi njengokuyalelwe ngudokotela wakho.

Uma uyeka ukuthatha lo muthi noma ungawuthathi nhlobo: Ungaba nobuhlungu obuningi obudalwa yisimo sakho.

Uma uphuthelwa imithamo noma ungaphuzi umuthi ngesikhathi: Imithi yakho kungenzeka ingasebenzi kahle noma ingayeka ukusebenza ngokuphelele. Ukuze lo muthi usebenze kahle, inani elithile lidinga ukuba semzimbeni wakho ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Uma uthatha kakhulu: Ungaba namazinga ayingozi omuthi emzimbeni wakho. Izimpawu zokweqisa izidakamizwa zalesi sidakamizwa zingafaka:

  • ukozela
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuhlanza
  • ubuhlungu besisu

Uma ucabanga ukuthi uthathe kakhulu lo muthi, shayela udokotela wakho noma funa ukuholwa yi-American Association of Poison Control Centers ku-800-222-1222 noma ngethuluzi labo eliku-inthanethi. Kepha uma izimpawu zakho zinzima, shayela ku-911 noma uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo eliseduze ngokushesha.

Okufanele ukwenze uma uphuthelwa umthamo: Uma uphuthelwa umthamo, wuthathe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, uma sekuyisikhathi sedosi yakho elandelayo, linda bese uthatha umthamo owodwa ngesikhathi esijwayelekile.

Ungalokothi uzame ukuthola ngokuthatha amanani amabili ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi eyingozi.

Ungasho kanjani ukuthi umuthi uyasebenza: Kufanele uqaphele ukwehla kobuhlungu nokuvuvukala. Tshela udokotela wakho uma izimpawu zakho zingabi ngcono.

Ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokuthatha i-flurbiprofen

Gcina lokhu kucatshangelwa engqondweni uma udokotela wakho ekuyalela i-flurbiprofen.

Jikelele

  • Thatha i-flurbiprofen ngokudla nengilazi yamanzi. Lokhu kungasiza ekwehliseni ubungozi bokuthola isisu esithukuthele noma isilonda.
  • Thatha umthamo wakho ngezikhathi ezithile. Isibonelo, uma udokotela wakho ekuyala ukuthi u-flurbiprofen kathathu ngosuku, thatha isilinganiso ngasinye ngamahora ayisishiyagalombili ngokuhlukana.
  • Musa ukusika noma ukuchoboza ithebhulethi.

Isitoreji

  • Gcina i-flurbiprofen ekamelweni lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-68 ° F no-77 ° F (20 ° C no-25 ° C).
  • Ungawugcini lo muthi ezindaweni ezinomswakama noma ezinomswakama, njengezindlu zangasese.

Ukugcwalisa kabusha

Imibhalo kadokotela yalomuthi iyagcwaliseka. Akudingeki ukuthi unikezwe umuthi omusha kadokotela ukuze ugcwaliswe futhi lo muthi. Udokotela wakho uzobhala inani lama-refill eligunyazwe kudokotela wakho.

Ukuvakasha

Lapho uhamba nemithi yakho:

  • Ngaso sonke isikhathi phatha imithi yakho. Lapho undiza, ungalokothi uwufake esikhwameni esihloliwe. Yigcine esikhwameni sakho sokuthwala.
  • Ungakhathazeki ngemishini ye-X-ray yesikhumulo sezindiza. Abakwazi ukulimaza umuthi wakho.
  • Ungadinga ukukhombisa abasebenzi bezindiza ilebula lekhemisi lemithi yakho. Ngaso sonke isikhathi phatha isitsha sokuqala esinelebula kadokotela.
  • Ungafaki lo muthi egumbini legilavu ​​lemoto yakho noma uwushiye emotweni. Qinisekisa ukugwema ukwenza lokhu lapho isimo sezulu sishisa kakhulu noma sibanda kakhulu.

Ukuqapha komtholampilo

Uma uthatha i-flurbiprofen isikhathi eside, udokotela wakho angenza ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze ahlole izimpawu zokopha. Bangase futhi bakubheke ukuze babone izimpawu zesisu noma ukopha kwamathumbu noma izilonda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangaqapha umfutho wegazi lakho.

Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela?

Kuneminye imithi etholakalayo yokwelapha isimo sakho. Ezinye zingakulungela kangcono kunabanye. Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngezinye izinketho zezidakamizwa ezingakusebenzela.

Ukuzikhulula: I-Healthline yenze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi lonke ulwazi luyiqiniso, luphelele futhi lusesikhathini. Kodwa-ke, le ndatshana akufanele isetshenziswe njengokungena esikhundleni solwazi nobungoti bochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo onelayisense. Kufanele uhlale uthintana nodokotela wakho noma omunye uchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngaphambi kokuthatha noma imuphi umuthi. Imininingwane yezidakamizwa equkethwe lapha ingashintsha futhi ayihloselwe ukumboza konke ukusetshenziswa okungaba khona, izinkomba, izixwayiso, izexwayiso, ukuxhumana kwezidakamizwa, ukungezwani komzimba, noma imiphumela emibi. Ukungabikho kwezixwayiso noma olunye ulwazi lomuthi othile awukhombisi ukuthi inhlanganisela yezidakamizwa noma yezidakamizwa iphephile, iyasebenza, noma ilungele zonke iziguli noma konke ukusetshenziswa okuthile.

Kunconyelwe Wena

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