Ingabe Ukudla Okukhuntile Kuyingozi? Hhayi Njalo

-Delile

• Siyini Isikhunta?
• Yikuphi Ukudla Okungangcoliswa Isikhunta?
• Ukudla Okuvamile Okungakhulisa Isikhunta
• Amagciwane Angangcolisa Nokudla
• Okufanele Ukwenze Uma Uthola Isikhunta Ekudleni Kwakho
• Ukudla Ongakusindisa
• Ukudla Okufanele Kukulahle
• Isikhunta Sisetshenziselwa Ukwenza Ukudla Okuthile
• Isikhunta Singaveza AmaMycotoxin
• Ama-Mycotoxins Angabakhona Kokudla Okuningana
• Isikhunta Singahle Senze Ukusabela Okweqile
• Ungakuvimbela Kanjani Ukudla Ekwakheni Isikhunta Esikhulayo?
• Okusemqoka

Ukonakala kokudla kuvame ukubangelwa isikhunta.

Ukudla okuyisikhunta kunambitha nokuthungwa okungathandeki futhi kungaba nezindawo eziluhlaza eziluhlaza noma ezimhlophe.

Ukucabanga nje kokudla ukudla okhuntile kukhathaza abantu abaningi.

Ngenkathi ezinye izinhlobo zesikhunta zingakhiqiza ubuthi obuyingozi, ezinye izinhlobo zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukudla okuthile, kufaka phakathi ushizi.

Lo mbhalo ubhekisisa isikhunta ekudleni nokuthi empeleni akukubi yini kuwe.

Siyini Isikhunta?

Isikhunta uhlobo lwesikhunta esakha ama-multicellular, izakhiwo ezinjengezintambo.

Imvamisa ibonakala emehlweni omuntu lapho ikhula ekudleni, futhi ishintsha ukubukeka kokudla. Ukudla kungahle kuthambe futhi kuguqule umbala, kuyilapho isikhunta ngokwaso singaba ntofontofo, sibe ntekenteke noma sibe nokuthungwa okunothuli.

Ikhiqiza izinhlamvu eziyinikeza umbala wayo, ovame ukuba luhlaza okotshani, omhlophe, omnyama noma ompunga. Ukudla okunesikhunta nakho kunambitha ngokuhlukile, kufana nokungcola okumanzi. Ngokufanayo, ukudla okubunjiwe kunganuka “kungabikho.”

Ngisho noma isikhunta sibonakala phezulu kuphela, izimpande zaso zingase zijule ekudleni. Isikhunta sidinga izinto ezinomswakama ezifudumele ukuze sikhule, ngakho-ke ukudla ngokuvamile kuyindawo ephelele.

Izinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezahlukene zesikhunta zikhona futhi zitholakala cishe yonke indawo emvelweni. Ungasho ukuthi isikhunta yindlela yemvelo yokuphinda isebenze kabusha.

Ngaphezu kokuba khona ekudleni, ingatholwa futhi nangaphakathi endlini ezimweni ezimanzi (1).

Inhloso enkulu yamasu avamile okulondolozwa kokudla, njengokukha amanzi, ukuqandisa nokumisa, ukumisa ukukhula kwesikhunta, kanye namagciwane abangela ukonakala kokudla.

Isifinyezo:Isikhunta uhlobo lwesikhunta esitholakala yonke indawo emvelweni. Ishintsha ukubukeka, ukunambitheka nokuthungwa kokudla okukhula kukho, ikwenze ukubola.

Yikuphi Ukudla Okungangcoliswa Isikhunta?

Isikhunta singakhula cishe kukho konke ukudla.

Lokho kusho ukuthi, ezinye izinhlobo zokudla zithambekele ekukhuleni kwesikhunta kunezinye.

Ukudla okusha okunamanzi amaningi kusengozini ikakhulukazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izivikeli mzimba zinciphisa amathuba okukhula kwesikhunta, kanye nokukhula kwama-microorganisms ().

Isikhunta asikhuli kuphela ekudleni kwakho ekhaya. Ingakhula ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza ukudla futhi, kufaka phakathi nokukhula konke, ukuvuna, ukugcina noma ukucubungula ().

Ukudla Okuvamile Okungakhulisa Isikhunta

Ngezansi kunokudla okumbalwa okuvamile isikhunta esithanda ukukhula kukho:

• Izithelo: Kubandakanya ama-strawberry, amawolintshi, amagilebhisi, ama-apula namajikijolo
• Imifino: Kubandakanya utamatisi, upelepele wensimbi, ukholifulawa kanye noqathe
• Isinkwa: Ikakhulukazi uma ingenazo izinto zokuvikela
• Ushizi: Zombili izinhlobo ezithambile nezinzima

Isikhunta singakhula futhi kokunye ukudla, kufaka phakathi inyama, amantongomane, ubisi nokudla okusetshenzisiwe.

Iningi lesikhunta lidinga umoya-mpilo ukuze liphile, yingakho imvamisa lingakhuli lapho umoya-mpilo ulinganiselwe. Kodwa-ke, isikhunta singakhula kalula ekudleni okufakwe emaphaketheni angenawo umoya ngemuva kokuthi sekuvuliwe.

Iningi lesikhunta nalo lidinga umswakama ukuze liphile, kepha uhlobo oluthile olubizwa nge- xerophilic mold lungakhula ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni ezomile, ezinoshukela. Isikhunta se-Xerophilic kwesinye isikhathi singatholakala kushokoledi, izithelo ezomisiwe nezimpahla ezibhakiwe (,,).

Amagciwane Angangcolisa Nokudla

Akusona isikhunta kuphela esingaphila ngokudla kwakho. Amagciwane angabonakali angakhula kanye nawo.

Amagciwane angadala ukugula okubangelwa ukudla, anezimpawu ezihlanganisa isicanuzanu, uhudo nokuhlanza. Ubukhulu balezi zifo buxhomeke ohlotsheni lwama-bacteria, inani elifakiwe kanye nempilo yomuntu ngamunye (1, 6).

Isifinyezo:Isikhunta singakhula ekudleni okuningi. Ukudla okungenzeka ukuthi kube nokukhula kwesikhunta kuvame ukuba okusha ngokuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi. Lokhu kufaka izithelo, imifino, isinkwa kanye noshizi. Izikhunta eziningi zidinga umswakama, kepha ezinye zingakhula ekudleni okomile noshukela.

Okufanele Ukwenze Uma Uthola Isikhunta Ekudleni Kwakho

Ngokuvamile, uma uthola isikhunta ekudleni okuthambile, kufanele ukusilahle.

Ukudla okuthambile kunokuqukethwe okuphezulu komswakama, ngakho-ke isikhunta singakhula kalula ngaphansi kobuso baso, okungaba nzima ukukuthola. Amagciwane nawo angakhula kanye nawo.

Kulula ukususa isikhunta ekudleni okunzima, njengoshizi onzima. Mane usike ingxenye ebunjiwe. Ngokuvamile, ukudla okunzima noma okuminyene akutholi kalula isikhunta.

Kodwa-ke, uma ukudla kumbozwe ngokuphelele isikhunta kufanele ukusilahle kude. Futhi, uma uthola isikhunta, ungasinuki, ngoba lokhu kungadala izinkinga zokuphefumula.

Ukudla Ongakusindisa

Lezi zinto zokudla zingasetshenziswa uma isikhunta sinqunyiwe (1):

• Izithelo nemifino eqinile: Njengama-apula, upelepele wensimbi kanye nezaqathe
• Ushizi onzima: Kokubili lapho isikhunta singesona ingxenye yokucubungula, njengeParmesan, nalapho isikhunta siyingxenye yokucubungula, njengoGorgonzola
• I-salami elukhuni nezwe elelashwe ngomile

Lapho ususa isikhunta ekudleni, sika okungenani amasentimitha ayi-2,5 uzungeze nangaphansi kwesikhunta. Futhi, qaphela ukuthi ungathinti isikhunta ngommese.

Ukudla Okufanele Kukulahle

Uma uthola isikhunta kulezi zinto, zilahle (1):

• Izithelo nemifino ethambile: Njengama-strawberry, ukhukhamba notamatisi.
• Ushizi othambile: Njenge-cottage noshizi kakhilimu, kanye noshizi osikiwe, osikiwe futhi osikiwe. Lokhu kufaka noshizi owenziwe ngesikhunta kepha uhlaselwe ngomunye isikhunta obungeyona ingxenye yenqubo yokukhiqiza.
• Isinkwa nempahla ebhakwe: Isikhunta singakhula kalula ngaphansi kobuso.
• Ukudla okuphekiwe: Kufaka ama-casseroles, inyama, i-pasta nezinhlamvu.
• Ujamu namajeli: Uma le mikhiqizo ibunjiwe, ingaqukatha ama-mycotoxin.
• Amantongomane, ubhontshisi namantongomane: Imikhiqizo esetshenzwe ngaphandle kokugcinwa kokuvikela isengozini enkulu yokukhula kwesikhunta.
• Dlulisa inyama, ubhekeni, izinja ezishisayo
• I-yogurt nokhilimu omuncu

Isifinyezo:Ukudla okuthambile okunomswakama ophezulu ngokuvamile kunamathuba amaningi okuba nesikhunta. Unganqamula isikhunta ekudleni okuqinile noma okuqinile.

Isikhunta Sisetshenziselwa Ukwenza Ukudla Okuthile

Isikhunta asihlali singathandeki ekudleni.

IPenicillium uhlobo lwesikhunta olusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo eziningi zikashizi, kufaka phakathi ushizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uGorgonzola, i-brie neCamembert (,).

Izinhlobo ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza lezi ushizi kuphephile ukudliwa ngoba azikwazi ukukhiqiza ama-mycotoxin ayingozi. Izimo abahlala kuzo ngaphakathi koshizi azilungile ekukhiqizeni ama-mycotoxin (,).

Ezinye izikhunta eziphephile yizikhunta ze-koji, kufaka phakathi Aspergillus oryzae, ezisetshenziselwa ukuvubela ubhontshisi ukwenza isosi yesoya. Zisetshenziselwa nokwenza uviniga, kanye neziphuzo ezivutshiwe, kufaka phakathi isiphuzo saseJapan ().

Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi yize ezinye izikhunta zengezwa ekudleni okuthile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukufeza imiphumela ethile, isikhunta esifanayo sisengonakalisa eminye imikhiqizo.

Ngokwesibonelo, IPenicillium roqueforti isetshenziselwa ukwenza ushizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kepha kuzodala ukonakala uma ikhula kushizi omusha noma ogayiwe ().

Isifinyezo: Izinkampani zokudla zisebenzisa isikhunta esithile ukwenza ushizi, isosi yesoya, uviniga neziphuzo ezivutshiwe. Lezi zibunji ziphephile ukudliwa, inqobo nje uma zisetshenziswa njengengxenye yokudla obekuhloselwe kona futhi zingangcolisi okunye ukudla.

Isikhunta Singaveza AmaMycotoxin

Isikhunta singakhiqiza amakhemikhali anobuthi abizwa ngokuthi ama-mycotoxin. Lokhu kungadala izifo ngisho nokufa, kuya ngenani elisetshenzisiwe, ubude bokuchayeka kanye neminyaka nempilo yomuntu lowo ().

Ubuthi obunzima buhlanganisa izimpawu zamathumbu njengokuhlanza nohudo, kanye nesifo esibi sesibindi. Amazinga aphansi esikhathi eside ama-mycotoxin angacindezela amasosha omzimba futhi angadala umdlavuza (,).

Ngaphandle kokuvezwa ngokufakwa kokudla okungcolisiwe, abantu bangaphinde badalulwe ngokuhogela umoya noma ukuxhumana kwesikhumba nama-mycotoxins emvelweni ().

Noma ukukhula kwesikhunta kuvame ukusobala, ama-mycotoxin uqobo lwawo awabonakali ngeso lomuntu (14).

Enye yama-mycotoxins ajwayelekile, anobuthi futhi afundwa kakhulu yi-aflatoxin. I-carcinogen eyaziwayo futhi ingadala ukufa uma ingeniswe ngamanani aphezulu. Ukungcola kwe-Aflatoxin kuvame kakhulu ezifundeni ezifudumele futhi kuvame ukuxhunyaniswa nezimo zesomiso ().

I-Aflatoxin, kanye namanye ama-mycotoxin amaningi, azinzile kakhulu ekushiseni, ngakho-ke ingaphila ekusetshenzisweni kokudla. Ngakho-ke, ingahle ibe khona ekudleni okusetshenzisiwe, njengebhotela lamantongomane ().

Isifinyezo:Isikhunta singakhipha ama-mycotoxin angadala izifo nokufa. I-Aflatoxin, i-carcinogen eyaziwayo, yi-mycotoxin eyaziwa kakhulu enobuthi.

Ama-Mycotoxins Angabakhona Kokudla Okuningana

Ama-mycotoxin angatholakala ekudleni ngenxa yezitshalo ezingcolile.

Eqinisweni, ukungcoliswa kwe-mycotoxin kuyinkinga ejwayelekile embonini yezolimo, njengoba ama-mycotoxin ekhiqizwa isikhunta emvelweni. Kuze kufike ku-25% wezitshalo zomhlaba zokusanhlamvu zingangcoliswa ngama-mycotoxin ().

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zingangcoliswa, kufaka phakathi ummbila, i-oats, ilayisi, amantongomane, izinongo, izithelo nemifino.

Kunezici eziningana ezinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwama-mycotoxin. Isibonelo, isomiso senza buthakathaka izitshalo, sizenze zithambekele ekulimaleni nasezihlaselweni (,).

Imikhiqizo yezilwane, njengenyama, ubisi namaqanda, nayo ingaqukatha ama-mycotoxin uma izilwane zidle ukudla okungcolile. Ukudla nakho kungangcoliswa nama-mycotoxin ngenkathi kugcinwa uma indawo yokugcina ifudumele futhi imanzi (,).

Embikweni ovela ku-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), ama-26% amasampula angama-40,000 wezinto ezahlukahlukene zokudla aqukethe ama-mycotoxin. Kodwa-ke, inani lamasampuli eleqe umkhawulo ongaphezulu ophephile laliphansi kakhulu ezintweni eziningi (16).

Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu litholakale kuma-pistachio namantongomane aseBrazil.

Ngaphezu kuka-21% wamantongomane aseBrazil kanye nama-pistachio ayi-19% ahlolwe kweqa umkhawulo omkhulu wezokuphepha futhi ngeke angene emakethe. Uma kuqhathaniswa, akukho okunye kokudla kwengane kanye no-0.6% kuphela wommbila oweqe umkhawulo wokuphepha (16).

Njengoba ukwakheka kwe-mycotoxin kungenakuvinjelwa ngokuphelele, imboni yezokudla isungule izindlela zokuyiqapha. Amazinga ama-mycotoxin ekudleni alawulwa ngokuqinile emazweni angaba yikhulu (,,).

Ngenkathi uvezwa amanani amancane alobu buthi ngokudla kwakho, amazinga awadluli imikhawulo ephephile. Uma ungumuntu ophilile, mhlawumbe ngeke bakulimaze. Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ukugwema ukuvezwa ngokuphelele.

Futhi yize isikhunta singakhipha lobu buthi obuyingozi, imvamisa akwenzeki kuze kube yilapho isikhunta sifinyelela ekuvuthweni futhi nezimo zilungile - okungukuthi, lapho ukudla kubolile. Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi lapho ukudla kwakho kuqukethe la ma-toxin, kungenzeka ukuthi usuvele uwulahlile (18).

Isifinyezo:Isikhunta sikhona ngokwemvelo futhi singatholakala ekudleni okuningana. Amaleveli ama-mycotoxin ekudleni alawulwa ngokuqinile. Isikhunta sikhiqiza ubuthi uma sesifinyelele ekuvuthweni, kepha lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka kuphela ngemuva kokuthi ubulahlile.

Isikhunta Singahle Senze Ukusabela Okweqile

Abanye abantu banezinkinga zokuphefumula ezifweni, futhi ukudla ukudla okubunjiwe kungadala ukuthi laba bantu babe negciwane.

Akukho lucwaningo oluningi ngalesi sihloko, kepha kube nezifundo eziningana eziyizibonelo.

Ezimweni ezimbalwa, abantu abangenwe yisikhunta babike izimpawu zokwaliwa ngemuva kokudla iQuorn. I-Quorn ngumkhiqizo wokudla owenziwe ngama-mycoprotein, noma amaprotheni ekhunta, atholakala ekubunjweni I-Fusarium venenatum (, , , ).

Ngaphandle kwalezi zehlakalo, asikho isidingo sabantu abaphilile ukugwema iQuorn.

Kokunye ukufundwa kwamacala, isiguli esasizwela kakhulu ekubunjweni sabhekana nokungezwani okukhulu ngemuva kokumunca isengezo sempova yezinyosi eyayingcoliswe yisikhunta I-Alternaria futhi ICladosporium ().

Kwesinye isimo, intombazane eyaliwa nesikhunta yafa ngemuva kokudla ingxube ye-pancake eyayingcoliswe kakhulu isikhunta ().

Abantu abangenakho ukuzwela noma ukungezwani komzimba nesikhunta kungenzeka ukuthi abathinteki uma bethi ngengozi badle inani elincane laso.

Ucwaningo oluthile lwathola ukuthi abantu ababengazweli esikhunjeni babhekana nezimpawu ezimbalwa kunalezo ezazizwela isikhunta ngemuva kokudla okulungisiwe kokukhishwa kwesikhunta. Kodwa-ke, aziziningi izifundo ezikhona ngalesi sihloko, ngakho-ke kudingeka olunye ucwaningo ().

Isifinyezo:Abantu abanezinkinga zokuphefumula ezibangelwa isikhunta bangathola ukusabela okweqile ngemuva kokufaka isikhunta. Ucwaningo oluningi ngalesi sihloko luyadingeka.

Ungakuvimbela Kanjani Ukudla Ekwakheni Isikhunta Esikhulayo?

Kunezindlela eziningana zokuvimbela ukudla ukuthi kungabi kubi ngenxa yokukhula kwesikhunta.

Ukugcina izindawo zakho zokugcina ukudla kuhlanzekile kubalulekile, njengoba izinhlamvu ezivela ekudleni okubunjiwe zingakha esiqandisini noma kwezinye izindawo ezivamile zokugcina. Ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele nakho kubalulekile.

Nawa amanye amathiphu wokuvimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta ekudleni (1):

• Hlanza ifriji yakho njalo: Sula ngaphakathi njalo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.
• Gcina izinto zokuhlanza zihlanzekile: Lokhu kufaka izindwangu zendishi, izipanji nezinye izinto zokuhlanza.
• Ungavumeli umkhiqizo wakho ubole: Ukudla okusha kunempilo eshalofini elinganiselwe. Thenga inani elincane ngesikhathi bese ulisebenzisa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
• Gcina ukudla okonakalayo kupholile: Gcina ukudla okunempilo eshalofini elinganiselwe, njengemifino, esiqandisini, futhi ungakushiyi ngaphandle isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora amabili.
• Iziqukathi zokugcina kufanele zihlanzeke futhi zivalwe kahle: Sebenzisa iziqukathi ezihlanzekile lapho ugcina ukudla bese ukumboza ukuvimbela ukuvezwa kwezinhlamvu zesikhunta emoyeni.
• Sebenzisa ukudla okusele ngokushesha: Yidla okusele kungakapheli izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezine.
• Friza isitoreji sesikhathi eside: Uma ungahlelile ngokudla ukudla ngokushesha, kufake efrijini.

Isifinyezo:Inhlanzeko ibalulekile ukuvimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta. Qiniseka ukuthi ugcina ukudla kwakho okonakalayo esiqandisini futhi ukuphathe kahle.

Okusemqoka

Isikhunta sitholakala yonke indawo emvelweni. Lapho iqala ukukhula ekudleni, ibangela ukuthi ibole.

Isikhunta singaveza ama-mycotoxin ayingozi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudla, kepha amazinga e-mycotoxin alawulwa ngokuqinile. Ukuvezwa ngamanani amancane kungenzeka kungadala monakalo kubantu abaphilile.

Futhi, ama-mycotoxin akha kuphela lapho isikhunta sesifinyelele ekuvuthweni. Ngaleso sikhathi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukulahle ukudla kude.

Lokho kusho ukuthi kufanele ugweme ukudla okunesikhunta ngangokunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi uma unenkinga yokuphefumula yokubumba.

Noma kunjalo, ukungenisa ngephutha kungenzeka kungabangeli monakalo.