Konke Okudingayo Ukuze Ukwazi Ngezimungumungwane

-Delile

• Izimpawu zemasisi
• Izimbangela zemasisi
• Ngabe isimungumungwane sisemoyeni?
• Ingabe isimungumungwane siyathathelana?
• Ukuhlonza isimungumungwane
• Ukwelashwa kwesimungumungwane
• Izithombe
• Imasisi kubantu abadala
• Imasisi ezinganeni
• Isikhathi sokufukamisela isimungumungwane
• Izinhlobo zemasisi
• Imasisi vs. rubella
• Ukuvimbela isimungumungwane
• Ukugoma
• Ezinye izindlela zokuvimbela
• Imasisi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• Ukubikezelwa kwesimungumungwane

Imasisi, noma i-rubeola, ukutheleleka ngegciwane okuqala ohlelweni lokuphefumula. Isalokhu iyimbangela ebalulekile yokufa emhlabeni wonke, yize kukhona umuthi wokugoma ophephile nosebenzayo.

Cishe kube nokufa kwabantu ababalelwa ku-110,000 emhlabeni jikelele okuhlobene nesimungumungwane ngo-2017, iningi labo kubantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-5, ngokusho kwe. Amacala wemasisi nawo ebekhula e-United States eminyakeni yamuva.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nezimpawu zesimungumungwane, ukuthi sisakazeka kanjani nokuthi singavinjelwa kanjani.

Izimpawu zemasisi

Izimpawu zesimungumungwane zivame ukuvela kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-12 zokuchayeka kuleligciwane. Kubandakanya:

• ukukhwehlela
• imfiva
• ikhala eligijimayo
• amehlo abomvu
• Umphimbo obuhlungu
• amabala amhlophe ngaphakathi emlonyeni

Ukuqubuka kwesikhumba okusabalele kuwuphawu lwakudala lwesimungumungwane. Lokhu kuqubuka kungadlulela ezinsukwini eziyi-7 futhi kuvame ukuvela ezinsukwini eziyi-14 zokuchayeka kuleligciwane. Ngokuvamile ikhula ekhanda bese isakazeka kancane kancane kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Izimbangela zemasisi

Imasisi ibangelwa ukutheleleka ngegciwane elisuka emndenini we-paramyxovirus. Ama-virus amancane ama-microbes amancane. Uma usuthelelekile, leli gciwane lingena kumaseli abamba iqhaza bese lisebenzisa izingxenye zamaselula ukuqedela umjikelezo walo wokuphila.

Igciwane lesimungumungwane lithelela umgudu wokuphefumula kuqala. Kodwa-ke, ekugcineni isakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngegazi.

Imasisi yaziwa kuphela ukuthi ivela kubantu hhayi kwezinye izilwane. Kunezinhlobo zofuzo ezaziwayo zesimungumungwane, yize ziyi-6 kuphela ezisakazekayo njengamanje.

Ngabe isimungumungwane sisemoyeni?

Isimungumungwane singasakazeka emoyeni kusuka kumaconsi okuphefumula nezinhlayiya ezincane ze-aerosol. Umuntu onegciwane angalikhiphela emoyeni lapho ekhwehlela noma ethimula.

Lezi zinhlayiya zokuphefumula nazo zingahlala ezintweni nasebusweni. Ungatheleleka uma uhlangana nento engcolile, njengesibambo somnyango, bese uthinta ubuso bakho, ikhala, noma umlomo.

Igciwane lesimungumungwane lingaphila ngaphandle komzimba isikhathi eside kunalokho ongakucabanga. Eqinisweni, ingahlala itheleleka emoyeni noma ezindaweni ezingafika phezulu.

Ingabe isimungumungwane siyathathelana?

Imasisi iyathelelana kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukutheleleka kungasakazeka kalula kusuka kumuntu kuye komunye.

Umuntu othintekayo odalulwe yigciwane lesimungumungwane unethuba elingamaphesenti angama-90 lokutheleleka. Ngokwengeziwe, umuntu onegciwane angaqhubeka nokusabalalisa leli gciwane kunoma yikuphi phakathi kwabantu abango-9 kuya kwabangu-18 abathintekayo.

Umuntu onesimungumungwane angasabalalisa leli gciwane kwabanye ngaphambi kokuba azi ukuthi unaso. Umuntu othelelekile uyathathelana izinsuku ezine ngaphambi kokuvela kwesifo. Ngemuva kokuvela kokuqubuka, zisathathelana ezinye izinsuku ezine.

Ingcuphe enkulu yokubanjwa yisimungumungwane ukungagonywe. Ngokwengeziwe, amanye amaqembu asengozini enkulu yokuba nezinkinga ezivela ekuthelelekeni kwesimungumungwane, kufaka phakathi izingane ezincane, abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka, nabesifazane abakhulelwe.

Ukuhlonza isimungumungwane

Uma usola ukuthi unesimungumungwane noma uvezwe othile onesimungumungwane, xhumana nodokotela wakho ngokushesha. Bangakuhlola futhi bakuqondise lapho ungabonwa khona ukuthola ukuthi unalo yini leli gciwane.

Odokotela bangaqinisekisa isimungumungwane ngokuhlola ukuqubuka kwesikhumba sakho nokubheka izimpawu zesifo, njengamabala amhlophe emlonyeni, umkhuhlane, ukukhwehlela, nomphimbo.

Uma besola ukuthi ungaba nesimungumungwane ngokuya ngomlando wakho kanye nokubona kwakho, udokotela wakho uzokuyalela ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuhlola igciwane lesimungumungwane.

Ukwelashwa kwesimungumungwane

Akukho ukwelashwa okuqondile kwesimungumungwane. Ngokungafani nokutheleleka kwamagciwane, ukutheleleka ngegciwane akuzweli kuma-antibiotics. Igciwane kanye nezimpawu kuyanyamalala cishe emasontweni amabili noma amathathu.

Kunokungenelela okuthile okutholakala kubantu okungenzeka ukuthi bavezwa yigciwane. Lokhu kungasiza ukuvimbela ukutheleleka noma ukunciphisa ubunzima bayo. Kubandakanya:

• umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane, onikezwe kungakapheli amahora angama-72 wokuvezwa
• umthamo wamaprotheni omzimba abizwa nge-immunoglobulin, athathwe zingakapheli izinsuku eziyisithupha eveziwe

Udokotela wakho angancoma okulandelayo ukukusiza ukuthi ululame:

• i-acetaminophen (iTylenol) noma ibuprofen (Advil) ukunciphisa umkhuhlane
• ukuphumula ukusiza ukukhulisa amasosha akho omzimba
• uketshezi oluningi
• i-humidifier yokunciphisa ukukhwehlela nomphimbo obuhlungu
• izengezo zikavithamini A

Izithombe

Imasisi kubantu abadala

Yize kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokugula kwengane, abantu abadala bangathola isimungumungwane nabo. Abantu abangagonyiwe basengozini enkulu yokubanjwa kwalesi sifo.

Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi abantu abadala abazalwa phakathi noma ngaphambi kuka-1957 ngokwemvelo abavikelekile kumasimusi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuthi wokugoma waqala wanikezwa ilayisense ngo-1963. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abantu abaningi babekade bevezwa yileli gciwane ngokweminyaka yabo yobusha futhi baba namandla okuzivikela ngenxa yalokho.

Ngokusho kwalokhu, izinkinga ezibucayi azigcini ngokuvame kakhulu ezinganeni ezisencane, kepha nakubantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-20. Lezi zinkinga zingafaka izinto ezifana nenyumoniya, i-encephalitis, nokungaboni.

Uma ungumuntu omdala ongazange agonywe noma engaqiniseki ngesimo sabo sokugoma, kufanele ubone udokotela wakho ukuthola umuthi wokugoma. Kunconywa okungenani umthamo owodwa womuthi wokugoma kubantu abadala abangagonyiwe.

Imasisi ezinganeni

Umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane awunikezwa izingane zize zinezinyanga okungenani eziyi-12 ubudala. Ngaphambi kokuthola umthamo wabo wokuqala wokugoma yisikhathi abasengozini enkulu yokutheleleka ngegciwane lesimungumungwane.

Izingane zithola ukuvikelwa okuthile kumasimusi ngokuzivikela kokuziphilisa, okunikezwa kusuka kumama kuye enganeni nge-placenta nangesikhathi sokuncelisa.

Kodwa-ke, kukhombisile ukuthi lo mzimba ungalahleka ezinyangeni ezingaphezudlwana nje kwezingu-2,5 ngemuva kokuzalwa noma isikhathi sokuncelisa sinqanyuliwe.

Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu zinamathuba amaningi okuthi zibe nezinkinga ngenxa yesimungumungwane. Lokhu kungafaka izinto ezifana nenyumoniya, i-encephalitis, kanye nokutheleleka kwezindlebe okungaholela ekulahlekelweni kokuzwa.

Isikhathi sokufukamisela isimungumungwane

Isikhathi sokufukamela sesifo esithathelwanayo yisikhathi esidlula phakathi kokuchayeka nalapho kuvela izimpawu. Isikhathi sokumelana nesimungumungwane siphakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-10 nezili-14.

Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuqala sokufukamela, ungaqala ukuzwa izimpawu ezingafani, ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukukhwehlela, nekhala eligijimayo. Ukuqhuma kuzoqala ukukhula ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi usengasabalalisa ukutheleleka kwabanye izinsuku ezine ngaphambi kokuthuthukisa ukuqubuka. Uma ucabanga ukuthi uvezwe yimasisi futhi awugonywanga, kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho ngokushesha okukhulu.

Izinhlobo zemasisi

Ngaphezu kokutheleleka kwesimungumungwane okudala, kukhona nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezifo zemasisi ongazithola.

Isimungumungwane esingajwayelekile senzeka kubantu abathola umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane obulewe phakathi kuka-1963 no-1967. Lapho bevezwa isimungumungwane, laba bantu behla ngesifo esinezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane omkhulu, ukuqubuka, kwesinye isikhathi inyumoniya.

Izimungumungwane eziguquliwe zenzeka kubantu abanikezwe i-immunoglobulin yangemva kokuchayeka ezinganeni nasezinsaneni ezisenamasosha omzimba athile. Izimungumungwane eziguquliwe zivame ukuba maphakathi kunecala elijwayelekile lezimungumungwane.

Isimungumungwane esopha kakhulu akuvamile ukubikwa e-United States. Kubanga izimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane omkhulu, ukuxhuzula, nokopha esikhunjeni nasezikhungweni ze-mucus.

Imasisi vs. rubella

Kungenzeka wake wezwa i-rubella ibizwa ngokuthi "isimungumungwane saseJalimane." Kodwa isimungumungwane nerubella empeleni kubangelwa amagciwane amabili ahlukene.

I-Rubella ayithelelani njengemvukuzane. Kodwa-ke, kungadala izinkinga ezinkulu uma owesifazane eba nokutheleleka ngenkathi ekhulelwe.

Noma amagciwane ahlukene abanga isimungumungwane ne-rubella, nawo ayafana ngezindlela eziningi. Womabili la magciwane:

• ingasakazeka emoyeni ngokukhwehlela nokuthimula
• kubangele umkhuhlane kanye nokuqubuka okuhlukile
• zenzeka kuphela kubantu

Kokubili isimungumungwane nerubella kufakiwe emithini yokugomela isimungumungwane-mumps-rubella (MMR) kanye nemvukuzane-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV).

Ukuvimbela isimungumungwane

Kukhona izindlela ezimbalwa zokuvimbela ukugula ngesimungumungwane.

Ukugoma

Ukuthola umgomo kuyindlela engcono yokuvikela isimungumungwane. Imithamo emibili yomuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane iyasebenza ekuvimbeleni ukutheleleka kwesimungumungwane.

Kunemithi emibili yokugoma etholakalayo - umuthi wokugomela iMMR nowokugomela iMMRV. Umuthi wokugoma we-MMR wukugoma kathathu kokuthathu okungakuvikela kumasimungumungwane, kumimunxa nase-rubella. Umuthi wokugomela we-MMRV uvikela ezifweni ezifanayo njengomuthi wokugomela we-MMR futhi ubandakanya nokuvikelwa kungxibongo.

Izingane zingathola umuthi wokugoma wokuqala ezinyangeni eziyi-12, noma ngokushesha uma zihambela amazwe omhlaba, kanye nomthamo wazo wesibili ophakathi kweminyaka engu-4 nengu-6. Abantu abadala abangakaze bathole ukugoma bangacela umuthi wokugoma kudokotela wabo.

Amanye amaqembu akufanele athole umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane. Lawa maqembu afaka:

• abantu abake baba nokusabela kwangaphambilini okusongela impilo kumuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane noma izingxenye zawo
• abesifazane abakhulelwe
• abantu abangenakuqedwa, abangabandakanya abantu abane-HIV noma i-AIDS, abantu abelashwa umdlavuza, noma abantu abasebenzisa imishanguzo ecindezela amasosha omzimba

Imiphumela emibi yokugoma imnene futhi inyamalala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Zingafaka izinto ezifana nomkhuhlane nokuqubuka okuncane. Ezimweni ezingavamile, umuthi wokugoma uxhunyaniswe nokubalwa kweplatelet okuphansi noma ukuquleka. Iningi lezingane nabantu abadala abathola umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane ababi nemiphumela engemihle.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane ungadala i-autism ezinganeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani eliningi lokutadisha linikelwe kulesi sihloko eminyakeni eminingi. Lolu cwaningo luthole ukuthi kukhona phakathi kwemithi yokugoma ne-autism.

Ukugoma akubalulekile nje ekuvikeleni wena nomndeni wakho. Kubalulekile futhi ukuvikela abantu abangakwazi ukugoma. Lapho abantu abaningi begonyelwa isifo, mancane amathuba okuthi kusakazeke phakathi kwabantu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-herd immune.

Ukufeza umhlambi ungavikeleki kumasimusi, cishe inani labantu kumele ligonywe.

Ezinye izindlela zokuvimbela

Akuwona wonke umuntu ongathola ukugonyelwa isimungumungwane. Kodwa kunezinye izindlela ongasiza ngazo ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwesimungumungwane.

Uma usengozini yokutheleleka:

• Zijwayeze ukuhlanzeka kwesandla okuhle. Geza izandla zakho ngaphambi kokudla, ngemuva kokugeza, nangaphambi kokuthinta ubuso, umlomo, noma ikhala.
• Ungabelani ngezinto zakho nabantu okungenzeka ukuthi bagula. Lokhu kungafaka izinto ezifana nezitsha zokudla, izingilazi zokuphuza kanye namabhulashi wamazinyo.
• Gwema ukuthintana nabantu abagulayo

Uma ugula isimungumungwane:

• Hlala ekhaya ungekho emsebenzini noma esikoleni nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi uze ungathathelani. Lokhu sekuyizinsuku ezine uqale ukuthuthukisa ukuqubuka kwesimungumungwane.
• Gwema ukuxhumana nabantu abangaba sengozini yokutheleleka, njengezinsana ezisencane kakhulu ukuthi zingagonywa kanye nabantu abangakwazi ukuzivikela.
• Vala ikhala lakho nomlomo uma udinga ukukhwehlela noma ukuthimula. Lahla zonke izicubu ezisetshenzisiwe ngokushesha. Uma ungenaso isicubu esitholakalayo, thimula ku-crook wendololwane yakho, hhayi esandleni sakho.
• Qiniseka ukuthi ugeza izandla zakho njalo futhi ubulala amagciwane kunoma iyiphi indawo noma izinto ozithinta njalo.

Imasisi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa

Abesifazane abakhulelwe abangenakho ukuzivikela kumasimusi kufanele banakekele ukugwema ukuvezwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwabo. Ukwehla nesimungumungwane ngesikhathi ukhulelwe kungaba nemiphumela emibi kwezempilo kumama nakumbungu.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe basengozini ekhulayo yezinkinga ezivela kumasimusi ezifana ne-pneumonia. Ngokwengeziwe, ukuba nesimungumungwane ngenkathi ukhulelwe kungaholela ezinkingeni ezilandelayo zokukhulelwa:

• ukukhulelwa kwesisu
• ukusebenza kwangaphambi kwesikhathi
• isisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi
• ukuzala ingane ishonile

Izimungumungwane zingadluliselwa zisuka kumama ziye enganeni uma umama enesimungumungwane esiseduze nesikhathi sakhe sokubeletha. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isimungumungwane sokuzalwa. Izingane ezinesimungumungwane ezizalwe nazo ziqubuka ngemuva kokuzalwa noma zikhule zibe khona ngemuva nje kwalokho. Basengozini eyandayo yezinkinga, ezingasongela impilo.

Uma ukhulelwe, ungabi nokuzivikela kumasimusi, futhi ukholwe ukuthi uveziwe, kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho ngokushesha. Ukuthola umjovo we-immunoglobulin kungasiza ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.

Ukubikezelwa kwesimungumungwane

Imasisi inezinga lokufa eliphansi ezinganeni nakubantu abadala abanempilo, futhi abantu abaningi abathola igciwane lesimungumungwane balulama ngokuphelele. Ubungozi bezinkinga bukhulu kula maqembu alandelayo:

• izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu ubudala
• abantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ubudala
• abesifazane abakhulelwe
• abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka
• abantu abangondlekile kahle
• abantu abanokushoda kukavithamini A

Cishe abantu abanesimungumungwane bahlangabezana nenkinga eyodwa noma eziningi. Imasisi ingaholela ezinkingeni ezisongela impilo, njenge-pneumonia nokuvuvukala kobuchopho (encephalitis).

Ezinye izinkinga ezihambisana nesimungumungwane zingafaka:

• ukutheleleka kwezindlebe
• i-bronchitis
• croup
• isifo sohudo esibi
• ubumpumputhe
• izinkinga zokukhulelwa, njengokukhulelwa kwesisu noma ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• i-subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), isimo esingajwayelekile sokuwohloka kwesistimu yezinzwa esikhula eminyakeni ngemuva kokutheleleka

Awukwazi ukuthola isimungumungwane kaningi. Ngemuva kokuba uthole igciwane, uvikelekile impilo yakho yonke.

Kodwa-ke, isimungumungwane kanye nezinkinga ezikhona ezingavikeleka ngokugoma. Ukugoma akuvikeli wena nomndeni wakho kuphela, kodwa futhi kuvimbela igciwane lesimungumungwane ukuthi lingazungezi emphakathini wakho futhi lithinte labo abangakwazi ukugoma.