Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla: imisebenzi, izitho kanye nenqubo yokugaya ukudla

-Delile

• Izitho zohlelo lokugaya ukudla
• Kwenzeka kanjani ukugaya
• 1. Ukugaya emgodini we-oropharyngeal
• 2. Ukugaya esiswini
• 3. Ukugaya emathunjini amancane
• Yini engaphazamisa ukugaya

Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla, olubizwa nangokuthi i-digestive noma i-gastro-intestinal (SGI) ingenye yezinhlelo ezinkulu zomzimba womuntu futhi lubhekele ukucutshungulwa kokudla nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba, okuvumela ukusebenza kahle komzimba. Lolu hlelo luqukethe imizimba eminingana, esebenza ndawonye ukuze yenze le misebenzi esemqoka elandelayo:

• Thuthukisa ukugaywa kwamaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate nama-lipids ekudleni naseziphuzweni ezidliwayo;
• Umunca uketshezi kanye nezinto ezincane;
• Nikeza isithiyo ngokomzimba nangokomzimba kuma-microorganisms, imizimba yangaphandle kanye nama-antigen adliwe ngokudla.

Ngakho-ke, i-SGI inesibopho sokulawula imetabolism kanye namasosha omzimba, ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle komzimba.

Izitho zohlelo lokugaya ukudla

Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lwakhiwe ngezitho ezivumela ukuqhutshwa kokudla noma isiphuzo esiphuziwe futhi, endleleni, ukumunca izakhi zomzimba ezibalulekile ukuze umzimba usebenze kahle. Lolu hlelo lusuka emlonyeni luye endunu, ngezitho zalo:

1. Umlomo: obhekene nokwamukela ukudla nokunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ukuze zikwazi ukugaywa futhi zimunce kalula, ngaphezu kokukuxuba namathe;
2. Isisu: obhekele ukuthutha ukudla neziphuzo kusuka emlonyeni womlomo kuya esiswini;
3. Isisu: ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekugcineni okwesikhashana nasekugayeni ukudla okudliwayo;
4. Amathumbu amancane: obhekele iningi lokugayeka nokumuncwa kokudla futhi athola uketshezi kumanyikwe nesibindi, okusiza le nqubo;
5. Amathumbu amakhulu: kulapho ukumuncwa kwamanzi ne-electrolyte kwenzeka. Lesi sitho sibuye sibhekele ukugcina okwesikhashana imikhiqizo yokugcina yokugayeka esebenza njengendlela yokwenziwa kwamagciwane ngamavithamini athile;
6. Rectum kanye ingquza: banesibopho sokulawulwa kokuzikhulula.

Ngaphezu kwezitho, uhlelo lokugaya luqukethe ama-enzyme amaningana aqinisekisa ukugaywa okulungile kokudla, okuyinhloko:

• I-salivary amylase, noma i-ptialina, ekhona emlonyeni futhi enesibopho sokugaya kokuqala kwesitashi;
• U-Pepsin, okuyi-enzyme eyinhloko esiswini futhi enesibopho sokuwohloka kwamaprotheni;
• Lipase, etholakala nasesiswini futhi ikhuthaza ukugaywa kokuqala kwama-lipids. Le enzyme nayo ifihlwa amanyikwe futhi yenza umsebenzi ofanayo;
• I-Trypsin, etholakala emathunjini amancane futhi iholele ekuwohlokeni kwamafutha acid kanye ne-glycerol.

Izakhi eziningi zomzimba azinakungeniswa ngendlela yazo yemvelo ngenxa yobukhulu bazo noma iqiniso lokuthi azincibiliki. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokugaya lubhekele ukuguqula lezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu zibe izinhlayiya ezincane, ezincibilikayo ezikwazi ukumuncwa ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme amaningi wokugaya ukudla.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukugaya

Inqubo yokugaya ukudla iqala ngokungeniswa kokudla noma isiphuzo futhi iphele ngokukhishwa kwendle. Ukugaywa kwama-carbohydrate kuqala emlonyeni, yize ukugayeka kukuncane, ngenkathi ukugaywa kwamaprotheni nama-lipids kuqala esiswini. Iningi lokugayeka kwama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni namafutha kwenzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yamathumbu amancane.

Isikhathi sokugaya ukudla siyahluka ngokuya ngevolumu ephelele nezimpawu zokudla okudliwe, futhi kungahlala kuze kufike emahoreni ayi-12 esidlweni ngasinye, isibonelo.

1. Ukugaya emgodini we-oropharyngeal

Emlonyeni, amazinyo agaya futhi achoboze ukudla okudliwe kube izinhlayiya ezincane futhi ikhekhe lokudla elenziwe limanziswa ngamathe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukukhululwa kwe-enzyme yokugaya ukudla, i-salivary amylase noma i-ptialin, eqala ukugaya isitashi esakha ama-carbohydrate. Ukugaywa kwesitashi emlonyeni ngesenzo se-amylase kuncane futhi umsebenzi waso uvinjelwe esiswini ngenxa yobukhona bezinto ezine-asidi.

I-bolus idlula kwi-pharynx, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kokuzithandela, futhi i-esophagus, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kokuzithandela, ifike esiswini, lapho ixubene khona nezicubu zesisu.

2. Ukugaya esiswini

Esiswini, uketshezi olukhiqizwayo lunothe nge-hydrochloric acid nama-enzyme futhi luxutshwe nokudla. Lapho kukhona ukudla esiswini, i-pepsin, engelinye lama-enzyme akhona esiswini, ifihlwa ngendlela yayo engasebenzi (i-pepsinogen) bese iguqulwa ibe yi-pepsin ngesenzo se-hydrochloric acid. Le enzyme idlala indima ebalulekile enqubeni yokugaywa kwamaprotheni, iguqule ukwakheka nosayizi wayo. Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwe-pepsin, kukhona nokukhiqizwa, okuncane, kwe-lipase, eyi-enzyme ebhekele ukonakala kokuqala kwama-lipids.

Uketshezi lwesisu nakho kubalulekile ukukhulisa ukutholakala kwamathumbu nokufakwa kwe-vitamin B12, calcium, iron ne-zinc.

Ngemuva kokucubungula ukudla ngesisu, i-bolus ikhishwa ngamanani amancane emathunjini amancane ngokusho kwesisu. Endabeni yokudla oketshezi, ukukhipha isisu kuthatha cishe ihora eli-1 kuye kwele-2, ngenkathi ekudleni okuqinile kuhlala cishe amahora amabili kuya kwamathathu futhi kuyahluka ngokuya ngevolumu ephelele nezimpawu zokudla okufakiwe.

3. Ukugaya emathunjini amancane

Amathumbu amancane yisitho esiyinhloko sokugaya ukudla nokumunca ukudla nezakhamzimba futhi ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: i-duodenum, i-jejunum ne-ileum. Engxenyeni yokuqala yamathumbu amancane, ukugayeka nokumuncwa kokudla okuningi okudliwayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-enzyme ngamathumbu amancane, amanyikwe kanye nenyongo.

IBile ifihlwa yisibindi nenyongo futhi yenza kube lula ukugaywa nokumuncwa kwama-lipids, cholesterol namavithamini ancibilika ngamafutha. Ama-pancreas anesibopho sokufihla ama-enzyme akwazi ukugaya zonke izakhamzimba ezinkulu. Ama-enzyme akhiqizwa amathumbu amancane anciphisa ama-carbohydrate enesisindo esiphansi samangqamuzana nama-peptide osayizi ophakathi nendawo nobukhulu, ngaphezu kwama-triglycerides adicilelwe phansi abe ngama-fatty acids nama-monoglycerols wamahhala.

Iningi lenqubo yokugaya ukudla iqediwe ku-duodenum nasengxenyeni engenhla ye-jejunum, futhi ukumuncwa kwezakhi eziningi zomzimba cishe sekuqedile ngesikhathi lapho impahla ifinyelela maphakathi ne-jejunum. Ukufakwa kokudla okugayiwe ngokwengxenye kuvuselela ukukhishwa kwamahomoni amaningi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kwama-enzyme neziphuzo eziphazamisa ukushukumiseka kwamathumbu nokusutha.

Kuwo wonke amathumbu amancane cishe wonke ama-macronutrients, amavithamini, amaminerali, izakhi zokulandela umkhondo neziphuzo ziyangena ngaphambi kokufika kukholoni. Ikholoni ne-rectum zimunca iningi loketshezi olusele oluvela emathunjini amancane. Ikholoni idonsa ama-electrolyte kanye nenani elincane lezakhi ezisele.

Izintambo ezisele, isitashi esimelana noshukela nama-amino acid zivutshelwa umngcele webhulashi lekholoni, okuholele ku-chain chain fatty acids negesi. Ama-fatty-chain fatty acids asiza ekugcineni ukusebenza kwe-mucosal okujwayelekile, akhiphe inani elincane lamandla kusuka kwamanye ama-carbohydrate asalayo kanye nama-amino acid, futhi enze lula ukumuncwa kukasawoti namanzi.

Okuqukethwe kwamathumbu kuthatha amahora ama-3 kuye kwayi-8 ukufinyelela i-valve ye-ileocecal, esebenza ukukhawulela inani lezinto ezisemathunjini ezidlula zisuka emathunjini amancane ziye kukholoni futhi zivimbela ukubuya kwalo.

Yini engaphazamisa ukugaya

Kunezici eziningana ezingavimbela ukugaya ukwenziwa ngendlela efanele, okuholele emiphumeleni yempilo yomuntu. Ezinye zezinto ezingathinta ukugaya ukudla yilezi:

• Ubuningi nokwakheka kokudla okudliwayo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuya ngesici sokudla, inqubo yokugaya ingahle isheshe noma ihambe kancane, engathinta umuzwa wokusutha, ngokwesibonelo.
• Izici zengqondo, njengokuvela, iphunga nokunambitha kokudla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le mizwa yandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamathe nezicubu ezivela esiswini, ngaphezu kokuncoma ukusebenza kwemisipha ye-SGI, okwenza ukuthi ukudla kungagayeki kahle futhi kumunceke. Endabeni yemizwa engemihle, njengokwesaba nokudabuka, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanekezela kwenzeka: kuncipha ekukhishweni kwezicubu zesisu kanye nokwehla kokuhamba kwamathumbu e-peristaltic;
• I-microbiota yokugaya ukudla, engaphazamiseka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemithi efana nama-antibiotic, okunciphisa ukumelana namagciwane, noma ezimweni eziholela ekwehleni kokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrochloric acid esiswini, okungadala isifo se-gastritis.
• Ukulungiswa kokudla, ngoba indlela ukudla okudliwa ngayo kungaphazamisa ijubane lokugaya ukudla. Ukudla okuphekiwe kuvame ukugaywa ngokushesha okukhulu kunalokho okudliwe kungavuthiwe, isibonelo.

Uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu ezihlobene nesistimu yamathumbu, efana negesi eyeqile, isilungulela, umuzwa wokuqunjelwa esiswini, ukuqunjelwa noma uhudo, ngokwesibonelo, kubalulekile ukuya kudokotela wamathumbu ukuze kwenziwe izivivinyo ukuze kutholakale imbangela yesifo izimpawu bese uqala ukwelashwa okuhle kakhulu.