Ukuqonda imiphumela yokuhlolelwa i-HIV

-Delile

• Uwuqonda kanjani umphumela
• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi le-HIV
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV okusheshayo
• Yini ukuhlolwa kwegciwane egazini?
• Lapho inganikeza umphumela ongekho wamanga

Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuthola ubukhona begciwane le-HIV emzimbeni futhi kufanele kwenziwe okungenani ezinsukwini ezingama-30 ngemuva kokuchayeka ezimweni eziyingozi, njengokuya ocansini olungaphephile noma ukuthintana negazi noma uketshezi lwabantu abanegciwane. .

Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV kulula futhi kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ngokuhlaziya isampula segazi, kepha amathe angasetshenziswa futhi ukubheka ukuthi likhona yini igciwane emzimbeni. Zonke izivivinyo ze-HIV zihlola izinhlobo ezimbili zegciwane eselivele likhona, i-HIV 1 ne-HIV 2.

Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV kufanele kwenziwe okungenani inyanga eyodwa ngemuva kokuziphatha okuyingozi, ngoba iwindi lomzimba, elihambelana nesikhathi esiphakathi kokuthintana negciwane kanye nethuba lokuthola umaka wokutheleleka, izinsuku ezingama-30, futhi kungahle kube khona ukukhishwa umphumela ongemuhle omubi uma ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezingama-30.

Uwuqonda kanjani umphumela

Ukuze uqonde imiphumela yokuhlolelwa i-HIV, kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi iyasebenza yini, ayisebenzi noma ayinqunyelwe ngaphezu kwamanani abonisiwe, ngoba imvamisa inani eliphakeme, ukutheleleka kuqhubekela phambili.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi le-HIV

Ukuhlolelwa igazi kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi kunegciwane nokuthi lingene egazini, kunikezwa ulwazi ngesigaba sokutheleleka. Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuxilonga elebhu, okusetshenziswa kakhulu okuyindlela ye-ELISA. Imiphumela engaba khona yile:

• Impendulo: Kusho ukuthi lowo muntu ubexhumana futhi usengenwe yigciwane lengculazi;
• Okungasebenzi: Kusho ukuthi umuntu akanalo igciwane lengculazi;
• Akunqunyelwe: Kuyadingeka ukuphinda isivivinyo ngoba isampula ibingacaci ngokwanele. Ezinye izimo eziholela kulolu hlobo lwemiphumela ukukhulelwa nokugoma kwakamuva.

Uma kunomphumela omuhle we-HIV, ilabhorethri uqobo isebenzisa ezinye izindlela ukuqinisekisa ubukhona begciwane emzimbeni, njenge-Western Blot, i-Immunoblotting, i-Indirect immunofluorescence ye-HIV-1. Ngakho-ke, umphumela omuhle unokwethenjelwa ngempela.

Kwamanye amalabhorethri, inani liyakhishwa, ngokungeziwe kunkomba yokuthi liyasebenza, alisebenzi noma alinqunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, leli nani alibalulekanga emtholampilo njengokunquma okuhle noma ukunganaki kokuhlolwa, kuthakazelisa kuphela ukulandelwa kwezokwelapha. Uma udokotela ekuhumusha njengenani elibalulekile kumbono womtholampilo, kungacelwa ukuhlolwa okuningana, njengokuhlolwa kwegciwane egazini, lapho kuhlolwa khona inani lamakhophi egciwane elijikeleza egazini.

Endabeni yomphumela onganqunyiwe, kunconywa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuphindwe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-60 ukuze kubhekwe ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwegciwane. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuhlolwa kufanele kuphindwe noma ngabe azikho izimpawu, njengokuncipha kwesisindo esisheshayo, umkhuhlane ophikelelayo nokukhwehlela, ikhanda elibuhlungu nokuvela kwamabala abomvu noma izilonda zesikhumba ezincane, isibonelo. Yazi izimpawu eziyinhloko ze-HIV.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV okusheshayo

Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kukhombisa ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwaleli gciwane futhi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isampula elincane lamathe noma ithonsi elincane legazi ukukhomba igciwane. Umphumela wokuhlolwa okusheshayo ukhishwa phakathi kwemizuzu eyi-15 nengama-30 futhi unokwethenjelwa, kanti imiphumela kungenzeka ibe yile:

• Oqondile: Kukhombisa ukuthi umuntu unegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kepha kufanele ahlolwe igazi nge-ELISA ukuqinisekisa umphumela;
• Okubi: Kukhombisa ukuthi umuntu akanalo igciwane le-HIV.

Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kuyasetshenziswa emgwaqweni, emikhankasweni kahulumeni ezikhungweni zokuhlola nokwelulekwa (i-CTA) nakwabesifazane abakhulelwe abaqala ukubeletha bengakenzi ukunakekelwa ngaphambi kokubeletha, kepha lezi zivivinyo zingathengwa futhi nge-Intanethi.

Imvamisa imikhankaso kahulumeni isebenzisa izivivinyo ze-OraSure, ezivivinya amathe kanye nokuhlolwa okungathengwa ku-inthanethi ezikhemisi eziku-inthanethi phesheya yi-Home Access Express HIV-1, evunywa yi-FDA futhi isebenzisa ithonsi legazi.

Yini ukuhlolwa kwegciwane egazini?

Ukuhlolwa kobungako begciwane egazini ukuhlolwa kuhlose ukuqapha ukuvela kwalesi sifo nokubheka ukuthi ukwelashwa kuyasebenza yini ngokubheka inani lamakhophi egciwane elikhona egazini ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa.

Lokhu kuhlolwa kuyabiza, ngoba kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amasu wamangqamuzana adinga imishini ekhethekile nama-reagents, ngakho-ke, ayidingeki ngezinhloso zokuxilonga. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwenani legciwane egazini kwenziwa kuphela lapho kutholakala ukuthi kunesandulela-ngculazi yini ukuze kubhekwe futhi kuqashwe isiguli, kucelwa udokotela emasontweni amabili kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ngemuva kokuxilongwa noma ukuqala kokwelashwa nokuphindaphindwa njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu.

Kusukela emphumeleni wokuhlolwa, udokotela angahlola inani lamakhophi egciwane egazini bese eqhathanisa nemiphumela yangaphambilini, ngaleyo ndlela ahlole ukusebenza kokwelashwa. Lapho ukwanda kwenani legciwane egazini kuqashelwa, kusho ukuthi ukutheleleka kuye kwanda futhi, mhlawumbe, ukumelana nokwelashwa, futhi udokotela kufanele ashintshe isu lokwelapha. Uma kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho, okusho ukuthi, lapho kwehla umthamo wegciwane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusho ukuthi ukwelashwa kuyasebenza, ngokuvimbela ukuphindaphindeka kwamagciwane.

Umphumela wesisindo segciwane esingachazwanga akusho ukuthi akusekho ukutheleleka, kepha ukuthi igciwane litholakala ezindaweni eziphansi egazini, okukhombisa ukuthi umuthi uyasebenza. Kunokuvumelana emphakathini wezesayensi ukuthi lapho ukuhlolwa kwegciwane emzimbeni kungatholakali, kunengozi encane yokudluliswa kwegciwane ngokuya ocansini, kepha kusabalulekile ukusebenzisa amakhondomu ngesikhathi socansi.

Lapho inganikeza umphumela ongekho wamanga

Umphumela ongemuhle ongenzeka kungenzeka lapho umuntu ehlolwa kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30 ngemuva kokuziphatha okuyingozi okungenzeka ukuthi bekuwukuya ocansini ngaphandle kwekhondomu, ukwaba imijovo nezinaliti ezilahlayo noma ukubhoboza ngento yokusika engcolisiwe njengemimese noma isikele, isibonelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umzimba awukwazi ukukhiqiza inani elanele lama-antibodies ukuze kube khona igciwane elizokhonjiswa esivivinyweni.

Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngenyanga e-1 ngemuva kokuziphatha okuyingozi, kungathatha izinyanga ezi-3 ukuthi umzimba ukhiqize amasosha omzimba anele alwa negciwane le-HIV futhi umphumela uba muhle. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuphindwe ezinsukwini ezingama-90 nezingama-180 ngemuva kokuziphatha okuyingozi ukuqinisekisa ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwegciwane le-HIV emzimbeni.

Ngokuyinhloko noma nini lapho imiphumela inokuthi une-HIV, akukho kungabaza ukuthi lowo muntu une-HIV, kanti uma kwenzeka kuba nomphumela ongemuhle, kungadingeka ukuphinda ukuhlolwa ngenxa yokuthi une-negative. Kodwa-ke, uchwepheshe wezifo ezithathelwanayo uzokwazi ukukhombisa okufanele akwenze esimweni ngasinye.