Umlobi: Louise Ward
Usuku Lokudalwa: 3 Ufebhuwari 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 26 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
I-Theophylline, Ithebhulethi Yomlomo - Impilo
I-Theophylline, Ithebhulethi Yomlomo - Impilo

-Delile

Okuvelele kwe-theophylline

  1. Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeTheophylline itholakala kuphela njengomuthi ojwayelekile.
  2. I-Theophylline isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimpawu zesifuba somoya noma ezinye izimo zamaphaphu ezivimba imigwaqo yakho yomoya, njenge-emphysema noma i-bronchitis engamahlalakhona. Isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesikhathi eside.
  3. Lesi sidakamizwa siza ngesimo sethebhulethi yomlomo, i-capsule yomlomo, noma isisombululo somlomo. Le mithi uyiphuza ngomlomo.

Izexwayiso ezibalulekile

  • Isicanucanu nokuhlanza: Uma unalezi zimpawu ngenkathi uthatha lo muthi, ungaba ne-theophylline eningi kakhulu emzimbeni wakho. Udokotela wakho angahlola inani lalesi sidakamizwa emzimbeni wakho.
  • Ukubhema: Ukubhema osikilidi noma insangu kungathinta inani le-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Tshela udokotela wakho uma ubhema.

Yini i-theophylline?

I-Theophylline ngumuthi kadokotela. Itholakala njengesisombululo somlomo, ithebhulethi ekhishwe isikhathi eside, ne-capsule ekhishwe isikhathi eside. Iphinde itholakale ngendlela efakwa emthanjeni (IV), enikezwa kuphela ngumhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo.


Ithebhulethi ye-theophylline itholakala kuphela njengomuthi ojwayelekile. Imithi ejwayelekile ijwayele ukubiza imali encane kunohlobo lwamagama.

Kungani kusetshenziswa

I-Theophylline isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimpawu zesifuba somoya noma ezinye izimo zamaphaphu ezivimba imigwaqo yakho yomoya, njenge-emphysema noma i-bronchitis engamahlalakhona.

I-Theophylline ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye yokwelashwa okuhlanganayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungadinga ukuyithatha neminye imithi.

Isebenza kanjani

ITheophylline ingeyesigaba semithi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-methylxanthines. Isigaba semithi siyiqembu lemithi esebenza ngendlela efanayo. Le mithi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimo ezifanayo.

I-Theophylline isebenza ngokuvula imigwaqo yomoya emaphashini akho. Lokhu ikwenza ngokuxegisa imisipha futhi inciphise ukusabela ezintweni ezibangela ukuthi imimoya yakho iminyanise. Lokhu kwenza kube lula kuwe ukuphefumula.

Imiphumela emibi ye-Theophylline

Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeTheophylline ayibangeli ukozela kepha ingadala eminye imiphumela emibi.

Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile

Eminye yemiphumela emibi ejwayelekile engenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwe-theophylline ifaka:


  • ikhanda
  • inkathazo yokulala

Uma le miphumela imnene, ingahle ihambe zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa noma amasonto ambalwa. Uma zinzima kakhulu noma zingahambi, khuluma nodokotela wakho noma usokhemisi.

Imiphumela emibi kakhulu

Shayela udokotela wakho ngokushesha uma unemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Shayela ku-911 uma izimpawu zakho zizizwa zisongela impilo noma uma ucabanga ukuthi unezimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha. Imiphumela emibi kanye nezimpawu zayo zingafaka okulandelayo:

  • Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile. Izimpawu zingafaka:
    • ukuphelelwa umoya
    • isiyezi
    • ukuphephuka noma ubuhlungu esifubeni sakho
  • Ukudlikiza. Izimpawu zingafaka:
    • ukudideka
    • unenkinga yokukhuluma
    • ukuthuthumela noma ukudikiza
    • ukulahleka kwethoni lezicubu noma imisipha eshubile

Ukuzikhulula: Inhloso yethu ukukunikeza imininingwane efanelekile futhi yamanje. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izidakamizwa zithinta umuntu ngamunye ngokuhlukile, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu lwazi lubandakanya yonke imiphumela emibi engaba khona. Lolu lwazi aluyithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha. Hlala uxoxa ngemiphumela emibi engaba khona nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo owazi umlando wakho wezokwelapha.


I-Theophylline ingaxhumana neminye imithi

Ithebhulethi yomlomo yeTheophylline ingaxhumana neminye imithi, amavithamini, noma amakhambi okungenzeka ukuthi uthatha. Ukusebenzisana kulapho into iguqula indlela umuthi osebenza ngayo. Lokhu kungaba yingozi noma kuvimbele umuthi ukuthi usebenze kahle.

Ukusiza ukugwema ukuxhumana, udokotela wakho kufanele aphathe yonke imithi yakho ngokucophelela. Qiniseka ukuthi utshela udokotela wakho ngayo yonke imithi, amavithamini, noma amakhambi owathathayo. Ukuthola ukuthi lo muthi ungahlangana kanjani nokunye okuthathayo, khuluma nodokotela wakho noma usokhemisi.

Izibonelo zezidakamizwa ezingadala ukusebenzisana ne-theophylline zibalwe ngezansi.

Izidakamizwa zisebenzisa kabi utshwala

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo sale mithi yile:

  • disulfiram

Izidakamizwa zokukhathazeka

Uma uthatha le mithi nge-theophylline, ungadinga umthamo omkhulu ukuze isebenze. Izibonelo zale mithi zifaka:

  • mzingisi
  • umagazine
  • mzwandile
  • midazolam

Izidakamizwa zegazi

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Izibonelo zale mithi zifaka:

  • pentoxifylline
  • i-ticlopidine

Izidakamizwa zokudangala

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo sale mithi yile:

  • i-fluvoxamine

Izidakamizwa ze-gout

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo sale mithi yile:

  • ingulube

Izidakamizwa zesigqi senhliziyo

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Izibonelo zale mithi zifaka:

  • mexiletine
  • propafenone
  • sibongile
  • i-propranolol

Izidakamizwa ze-hepatitis

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo sale mithi yile:

  • i-interferon alfa-2a

Izinkinga zeHormone / izidakamizwa zokulawula ukubeletha

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo sale mithi yile:

  • i-estrogen

Izidakamizwa zokuphazamiseka komzimba

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo sale mithi yile:

  • imethotrexate

Izidakamizwa zokutheleleka

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Izibonelo zale mithi zifaka:

  • ciprofloxacin
  • kucofe
  • erythromycin

I-Ketamine

Lesi sidakamizwa siphakamisa ubungozi bakho bemiphumela emibi evela ku-theophylline.

ILithium

Uma uthathwa nge-theophylline, ungadinga umthamo omkhulu we-lithium ukuze usebenze.

Izidakamizwa zokubamba

Le mithi inganciphisa amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka kungasebenzi ukwelapha isimo sakho. Izibonelo zale mithi zifaka:

  • lindokuhle
  • mthombeni

Izidakamizwa zesisu esiswini

Le mithi ingakhuphula amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaba neminye imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo sale mithi yile:

  • cimetidine

Ezinye izidakamizwa

Le mithi inganciphisa amazinga e-theophylline emzimbeni wakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka kungasebenzi ukwelapha isimo sakho. Izibonelo zale mithi zifaka:

  • carbamazepine
  • phumlani
  • Isibungu iSt

Ukuzikhulula: Inhloso yethu ukukunikeza imininingwane efanelekile futhi yamanje. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izidakamizwa zisebenzisana ngokwehlukile kumuntu ngamunye, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu lwazi lubandakanya konke ukuxhumana okungenzeka. Lolu lwazi aluyithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha. Hlala ukhuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo mayelana nokuhlangana okungenzeka ngayo yonke imishanguzo kadokotela, amavithamini, amakhambi nezithako, kanye nemithi oyithenga uphuza yona.

Izexwayiso zeTheophylline

Lesi sidakamizwa siza nezixwayiso eziningana.

Isexwayiso sotshwala

Ukusetshenziswa kweziphuzo eziqukethe utshwala kuphakamisa ubungozi bakho bemiphumela emibi evela ku-theophylline. Uma uphuza utshwala, khuluma nodokotela wakho.

Izexwayiso kubantu abanezinkinga ezithile zempilo

Kubantu abanesifo sesibindi: Ungahle ungakwazi ukusula i-theophylline emzimbeni wakho kahle. Lokhu kungakhuphula inani lalesi sidakamizwa emzimbeni wakho futhi kubangele imiphumela emibi eminingi.

Kubantu abanokwehluleka kwenhliziyo: Ungahle ungakwazi ukusula i-theophylline emzimbeni wakho kahle. Lokhu kungakhuphula inani lalesi sidakamizwa emzimbeni wakho futhi kubangele imiphumela emibi eminingi.

Kubantu abanezilonda: Lesi sidakamizwa singenza izilonda zakho zibe zimbi kakhulu.

Okwabantu abanesithuthwane: Lesi sidakamizwa singenza ukuqubuka kwakho kube kubi kakhulu.

Kubantu abanesilinganiso senhliziyo esingajwayelekile: Lesi sidakamizwa singenza isilinganiso sakho senhliziyo esingajwayelekile sibi kakhulu.

Kubantu abanamazinga aphansi e-thyroid: Ungahle ungakwazi ukusula i-theophylline emzimbeni wakho kahle. Lokhu kungakhuphula inani lalesi sidakamizwa emzimbeni wakho futhi kubangele imiphumela emibi eminingi.

Izexwayiso zamaqembu athile

Kwabesifazane abakhulelwe: ITheophylline yisigaba C somuthi wokukhulelwa. Lokho kusho izinto ezimbili:

  1. Ukucwaninga ngezilwane kukhombise imiphumela emibi embungwini lapho umama ethatha umuthi.
  2. Akuzange kube nezifundo ezanele ezenziwe ebantwini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umuthi ungawuthinta kanjani umbungu.

Khuluma nodokotela wakho uma ukhulelwe noma uhlela ukukhulelwa. Lesi sidakamizwa kufanele sisetshenziswe kuphela uma inzuzo engaba khona ibeka ubungozi enganeni.

Kwabesifazane abancelisayo: I-Theophylline ingadlulela ebisini lwebele futhi ingadala imiphumela emibi enganeni enceliswa ibele. Khuluma nodokotela wakho uma uncelisa ingane yakho ibele. Ungadinga ukunquma ukuthi uyeka ukuncelisa noma uyeke ukuthatha le mithi.

Okwabadala: I-Theophylline isuswa emzimbeni kancane kancane kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60. Udokotela wakho angakuqapha kakhulu ngemiphumela emibi. Inani le-theophylline egazini lakho nalo lingabhekelwa eduze.

Okwezingane: I-Theophylline iphephile ezinganeni. Kodwa-ke, i-theophylline isuswa kancane kancane emzimbeni ezinganeni ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa. Udokotela wakho kufanele aqaphe usana lwakho ngokucophelela uma ethatha lo muthi.

Ungayithatha kanjani i-theophylline

Yonke imithamo namafomu okungenzeka angafakwa lapha. Umthamo wakho, ifomu, nokuthi ulithatha kangaki kuzoya ngokuthi:

  • iminyaka yakho
  • isimo esilashwa
  • sinzima kangakanani isimo sakho
  • ezinye izimo zezokwelapha onazo
  • ukuthi usabela kanjani esilinganisweni sokuqala

Amafomu namandla

Okujwayelekile: Theophylline

  • Ifomu: ithebhulethi ekhishwa enwetshiwe
  • Amandla: 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 450 mg, 600 mg

Umthamo wesifuba somoya noma ezinye izifo zamaphaphu

Isikali sabadala (iminyaka eyi-18-59)

Isilinganiso sokuqala esijwayelekile singama-300-400 mg ngosuku. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3, umthamo wakho ungakhuphukela ku-400-600 mg ngosuku uma ungenayo imiphumela emibi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu ngaphezulu, uma umthamo wakho ubekezelelwa futhi kudingeka imishanguzo eminingi, umthamo wakho ungalungiswa ngokususelwa ezingeni le-theophylline egazini lakho.

Isilinganiso sengane (iminyaka eyi-16-17 iminyaka)

Isilinganiso sokuqala esijwayelekile singama-300-400 mg ngosuku. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3, umthamo wakho ungakhuphukela ku-400-600 mg ngosuku uma ungenayo imiphumela emibi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu ngaphezulu, uma umthamo wakho ubekezelelwa futhi kudingeka imishanguzo eminingi, umthamo wakho ungalungiswa ngokususelwa ezingeni le-theophylline egazini lakho.

Isikali sengane (iminyaka eyi-1-15 yeminyaka enesisindo esingaphezu kwama-45 kg)

Umthamo wokuqala ungama-300-400 mg ngosuku. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu, udokotela wakho angakhuphula umthamo wakho uye ku-400-600 mg ngosuku. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu ngaphezulu, umthamo wakho ungalungiswa njengoba kudingeka ngokuya ngezinga le-theophylline egazini lakho.

Isilinganiso sengane (iminyaka eyi-1-15 enesisindo esingaphansi kuka-45 kg)

Umthamo wokuqala ngu-12-14 mg / kg ngosuku kuze kufike ku-300 mg ngosuku. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3, udokotela wakho angakhuphula umthamo wakho ube ngu-16 mg / kg nsuku zonke kuze kufike ku-400 mg ngosuku uma ungenayo imiphumela emibi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu ngaphezulu, uma umthamo ubekezelelwa, ungakhuphukela ku-20 mg / kg nsuku zonke kuze kufike kuma-600 mg ngosuku.

Lo muthi unikezwa ngemithamo ehlukanisiwe njalo emahoreni ama-4-6. Umthamo wakho uzolungiswa ngokuya ngenani le-theophylline esegazini.

Isilinganiso sezingane (izingane ezizalwe ngesikhathi esigcwele kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ubudala)

Udokotela wakho uzobala umthamo wengane yakho ngokuya ngeminyaka yakhe nesisindo somzimba. Umthamo uzolungiswa ngokuya ngenani le-theophylline esegazini.

  • Ezinganeni amasonto angama-0-25: Ingqikithi yomthamo wansuku zonke kufanele ihlukaniswe ngamanani amathathu alinganayo athathwe ngomlomo njalo ngamahora ayisishiyagalombili.
  • Ezinganeni ezinamasonto angama-26 ubudala nangaphezulu: Umthamo ophelele wansuku zonke kufanele uhlukaniswe ngamanani amane alinganayo athathwe ngomlomo njalo ngamahora ayisithupha.

Isilinganiso sezingane (izingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyi-12 ubudala)

  • Izingane ezingaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-24: 1 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba
  • Izingane izinsuku ezingama-24 nangaphezulu: 1.5 mg / kg wesisindo somzimba

Umthamo omkhulu (uneminyaka engama-60 nangaphezulu)

  • Izinso zabantu abadala zingase zingasebenzi ngendlela ababevame ngayo. Lokhu kungadala ukuthi umzimba wakho ukwazi ukucubungula izidakamizwa kancane. Njengomphumela, isidakamizwa esiningi sihlala emzimbeni wakho isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwandisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi.
  • Udokotela wakho angakuqala ngomthamo owehlisiwe noma ohlelweni lwemithi ehlukile. Lokhu kungasiza ukugcina amazinga alo muthi ekwakheni kakhulu emzimbeni wakho.
  • Umthamo wakho omkhulu ngosuku akufanele ube ngaphezu kuka-400 mg.

Ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile komthamo

Uma unezici zobungozi bokuncipha okuncishisiwe, okufana nesifo sesibindi: Umthamo wakho omkhulu ngosuku akufanele ube ngaphezu kuka-400 mg.

Ukuzikhulula: Inhloso yethu ukukunikeza imininingwane efanelekile futhi yamanje. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izidakamizwa zithinta umuntu ngamunye ngokuhlukile, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu hlu lubandakanya yonke imithamo engenzeka. Lolu lwazi aluyithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha. Hlala ukhuluma nodokotela wakho noma usokhemisi ngemithamo ekufanele.

Thatha njengoba kuqondisiwe

I-Theophylline isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesikhathi eside. Kuza nezingozi uma ungayithathi njengokuyalelwe.

Uma uyeka ukuthatha umuthi noma ungawuthathi nhlobo

Izimpawu zakho, kufaka phakathi inkinga yokuphefumula, zingase zibe zimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kungabulala (kubangele ukufa).

Uma uphuthelwa imithamo noma ungaphuzi umuthi ngesikhathi

Imithi yakho kungenzeka ingasebenzi kahle noma ingayeka ukusebenza ngokuphelele. Ukuze lo muthi usebenze kahle, inani elithile lidinga ukuba semzimbeni wakho ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Uma uthatha kakhulu

Ungaba namazinga ayingozi omuthi emzimbeni wakho. Ungaba nalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:

  • ukuhlanza okukhulu
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuzizwa ungenakho ukuphumula noma ukucasuka
  • isithuthwane
  • izinkinga zesigqi senhliziyo

Uma ucabanga ukuthi uthathe kakhulu lo muthi, shayela udokotela wakho noma isikhungo sendawo sokulawula ubuthi. Uma izimpawu zakho zinzima, shayela ku-911 noma uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo eliseduze ngokushesha.

Okufanele ukwenze uma uphuthelwa umthamo

Thatha umthamo olandelayo ngesikhathi esivame ukuhlelelwa. Ungawenzi umthamo ongabanjwanga.

Ungasho kanjani ukuthi umuthi uyasebenza

Ungakwazi ukuphefumula kangcono.

Ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokuthatha i-theophylline

Gcina lokhu kubheka engqondweni uma udokotela wakho ekuchazela i-theophylline.

Jikelele

  • Thatha amaphilisi ngokudla. Kodwa-ke, ungabathathi ngesidlo esinamafutha amaningi. Ukuthatha umthamo wakho usondele kakhulu ekudleni okunamafutha amaningi kungakhuphula amazinga akho e-theophylline futhi kudale imiphumela emibi.
  • Ungasika amaphilisi azuziwe kuphela.

Isitoreji

  • Gcina i-theophylline ekamelweni lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-59 ° F no-86 ° F (15 ° C no-30 ° C).
  • Yigcine kude namazinga okushisa aphezulu.

Ukugcwalisa kabusha

Imibhalo kadokotela yalomuthi iyagcwaliseka. Akudingeki ukuthi unikezwe umuthi omusha kadokotela ukuze ugcwaliswe futhi lo muthi. Udokotela wakho uzobhala inani lama-refill eligunyazwe kudokotela wakho.

Ukuvakasha

Lapho uhamba nemithi yakho:

  • Ngaso sonke isikhathi phatha imithi yakho.Lapho undiza, ungalokothi uwufake esikhwameni esihloliwe. Yigcine esikhwameni sakho sokuthwala.
  • Ungakhathazeki ngemishini ye-X-ray yesikhumulo sezindiza. Abakwazi ukulimaza umuthi wakho.
  • Ungadinga ukukhombisa abasebenzi bezindiza ilebula lekhemisi lemithi yakho. Ngaso sonke isikhathi phatha ibhokisi elinelebula kadokotela.
  • Ungafaki lo muthi egumbini legilavu ​​lemoto yakho noma uwushiye emotweni. Qinisekisa ukugwema ukwenza lokhu lapho isimo sezulu sishisa kakhulu noma sibanda kakhulu.

Ukuzilawula

Udokotela wakho kungenzeka ukuthi ubheke ukusebenza kwamaphaphu akho usebenzisa imitha yokugeleza ephakeme. Bazokukhombisa ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu. Bangakucela ukuthi urekhode izimpawu zakho.

Ukuqapha komtholampilo

Udokotela wakho angaqapha izinkinga ezithile zezempilo. Lokhu kungasiza ukuthi uqiniseke ukuthi uhlala uphephile ngenkathi usebenzisa lo muthi. Lezi zinkinga zingafaka:

  • Amazinga egazi eTheophylline. Lokhu kuzosiza udokotela wakho anqume ukuthi uthatha umthamo ofanele. Udokotela wakho uzoqapha lawa mazinga njengoba kudingeka. Imiphumela izonquma ukuthi ngabe udinga umthamo ophakeme noma ophansi.

Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela?

Kuneminye imithi etholakalayo yokwelapha isimo sakho. Ezinye zingakulungela kangcono kunabanye. Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngezinye izinketho zezidakamizwa ezingakusebenzela.

Ukuzikhulula: I-Healthline yenze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi lonke ulwazi luyiqiniso, luphelele futhi lusesikhathini. Kodwa-ke, le ndatshana akufanele isetshenziswe njengokungena esikhundleni solwazi nobungoti bochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo onelayisense. Kufanele uhlale uthintana nodokotela wakho noma omunye uchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngaphambi kokuthatha noma imuphi umuthi. Imininingwane yezidakamizwa equkethwe lapha ingashintsha futhi ayihloselwe ukumboza konke ukusetshenziswa okungaba khona, izinkomba, izixwayiso, izexwayiso, ukuxhumana kwezidakamizwa, ukungezwani komzimba, noma imiphumela emibi. Ukungabikho kwezixwayiso noma olunye ulwazi lomuthi othile awukhombisi ukuthi inhlanganisela yezidakamizwa noma yezidakamizwa iphephile, iyasebenza, noma ilungele zonke iziguli noma konke ukusetshenziswa okuthile.

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