Buyini Ubungozi Bokudluliswa Kwegciwane Lesandulela Ngculaza? Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa yemibhangqwana yezimo ezixubile

-Delile

• Idluliselwa kanjani i-HIV?
• Yini engenziwa ukunciphisa ingozi yokudluliswa ngesikhathi socansi?
• Yini ukwelashwa njengokuvimbela (TasP)?
• Ucwaningo lwe-HPTN 052
• Akutholakali = akunakudluliswa
• Abantu bangayisebenzisa kanjani i-PrEP ukuvikela i-HIV?
• Ukusebenza ngempumelelo
• Abazongenela ukhetho iPrEP
• Ukuthola i-PrEP
• Yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezingavimbela ukudluliswa kwe-HIV?
• Amakhondomu
• Ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane kuhlanganiswe ne-PrEP
• Ngabe umbhangqwana wesimo esixubile ungaba nezingane?
• Ingabe umbhangqwana wesimo esixubile ungazama ukukhulelwa kwemvelo?
• Ngabe i-HIV ingadluliselwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?
• Uyini umbono wabantu abane-HIV namuhla?

Ukubuka konke

Ubudlelwano bezocansi phakathi kwabantu abanezimo ezahlukahlukene ze-HIV bake babhekwa njengemingcele. Manje kunezinsizakusebenza eziningi ezitholakala kumibhangqwana enesimo esixubekile.

Ukunciphisa ubungozi bokudluliswa kwe-HIV, kubalulekile ukuthi bobabili abalingani emibhangqwaneni enezimo ezixubekile bathathe izinyathelo zokuzivikela.

Ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane, i-pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), namakhondomu kungasiza bobabili abalingani ukuphatha nokuphatha impilo yabo. Ukubonisana ngochwepheshe kungabasiza nokuthi baqonde izinketho zabo zokuba nezingane.

Idluliselwa kanjani i-HIV?

I-HIV ayikwazi ukudluliselwa isuka komunye umuntu iye komunye ngokuqabulana noma ngokuthintana okulula kwesikhumba nesikhumba, njengokugona noma ukuxhawulana. Esikhundleni salokho, leli gciwane lidluliswa ngoketshezi oluthile lomzimba. Lokhu kufaka igazi, isidoda, nokukhishwa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane kanye nokwesikhumba - kepha hhayi amathe.

Ngokusho kwalokhu, ukuya ocansini kwendunu ngaphandle kwekhondomu kungenzeka ukuthi kuholele ekutheni umuntu athole i-HIV kunanoma yikuphi okunye ukuziphatha ngokocansi. Abantu banamathuba aphindwe kayi-13 okuthola igciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngesikhathi socansi lwendunu uma "bengabalingani abangaphansi," noma lowo ongene.

Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi abantu bathole i-HIV ngesikhathi socansi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Ingozi yokudluliswa ngesikhathi socansi lomlomo iphansi.

Yini engenziwa ukunciphisa ingozi yokudluliswa ngesikhathi socansi?

Lapho abantu benamazinga aphezulu e-HIV egazini labo, kuba lula ukuthi badlulisele i-HIV kozakwabo abalala nabo. Imishanguzo yegciwane lengculazi ingasetshenziswa ukunqanda i-HIV ukuthi ingaziphindi, noma izenzele amakhophi ayo egazini.

Ngale mithi, abantu abane-HIV bangakwazi ukufeza nokugcina inani legciwane egazini elingatholakali. Umthamo wegciwane ongatholakali wenzeka lapho umuntu one-HIV enalo igciwane elincane egazini lakhe elingatholakali ngokuhlolwa.

Abantu abanomthamo wegciwane lengculazi ongabonakali “abanabungozi” bokudlulisela i-HIV kozakwabo abalala nabo, ngokusho kwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu, kanye nemithi yokuvikela umlingani wakho ongenayo i-HIV, nakho kunganciphisa ubungozi bokudluliswa.

Yini ukwelashwa njengokuvimbela (TasP)?

“Ukwelashwa njengokuvikela” (i-TasP) igama elichaza ukusetshenziswa kwemishanguzo yokuvikela ukudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Ingculazaimininingwane, insizakalo yoMnyango Wezempilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu e-U.S. incoma ukuthi bonke abantu abane-HIV bathole ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane.

Kubalulekile ukuqala ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane ngokushesha okukhulu ngemuva kokuxilongwa. Ukwelashwa kusenesikhathi kungehlisa ingozi yomuntu yokudlulisa i-HIV futhi kwehlise namathuba akhe okuba nesigaba 3 se-HIV, esaziwa kakhulu nge-AIDS.

Ucwaningo lwe-HPTN 052

Ngo-2011, i-New England Journal of Medicine yashicilela ucwaningo lwamazwe omhlaba olwaziwa nge-HPTN 052. Lathola ukuthi ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane kwenza okungaphezu kokumisa ukuphindaphindeka kwegciwane kubantu abane-HIV. Kuphinde kwehlise nengozi yabo yokudlulisela leli gciwane kwabanye.

Ucwaningo belubheke ngaphezu kwe-1,700 imibhangqwana yabantu abaxubile, ikakhulukazi abesilisa nabesifazane. Cishe bonke ababambiqhaza bocwaningo babika ukuthi basebenzisa amakhondomu ngesikhathi socansi, futhi bonke bathole ukwelulekwa.

Abanye babahlanganyeli abane-HIV baqala imishanguzo yokuthithibalisa igciwane lesandulela ngculaza kusenesikhathi, lapho babenezibalo eziphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa zamaseli e-CD4. Iseli le-CD4 luhlobo lwamaseli amhlophe egazi.

Abanye ababambe iqhaza abane-HIV baphuze imishanguzo yabo kuze kubalwe izibalo zabo ze-CD4 ezehlela emazingeni aphansi.

Emibhangqwaneni lapho umlingani one-HIV athola ukwelashwa kusenesikhathi, ingozi yokudluliswa kwe-HIV yehliswe ngamaphesenti angama-96.

Akutholakali = akunakudluliswa

Olunye ucwaningo lukuqinisekisile ukuthi ukugcina umthamo wegciwane elingatholakali kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa kwegciwane.

Ngo-2017, kwabikwa ukuthi “abukho ubungozi” bokudlulisela lapho ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane kucindezela amazinga e-HIV kumazinga angatholakali. Amazinga angatholakali achazwe njengamakhophi angaphansi kwama-200 nge-milliliter (amakhophi / mL) wegazi.

Lokhu okutholakele kusebenza njengesisekelo somkhankaso we-Prevention Access Campaign's Undetectable = Umkhankaso ongenakudluliswa. Lo mkhankaso waziwa nangokuthi U = U.

Abantu bangayisebenzisa kanjani i-PrEP ukuvikela i-HIV?

Abantu abangenayo i-HIV bangazivikela ekutholeni leli gciwane ngokusebenzisa imishanguzo eyaziwa nge-pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). I-PrEP njengamanje iyatholakala ngefomu lephilisi ngaphansi kwegama lomkhiqizo elithi Truvada nelithi Descovy.

ITruvada iqukethe imishanguzo emibili yezidambisigciwane: i-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ne-emtricitabine. IDescovy iqukethe imishanguzo yokuthithibalisa igciwane i-tenofovir alafenamide ne-emtricitabine.

Ukusebenza ngempumelelo

I-PrEP isebenza kahle kakhulu uma iphuzwa nsuku zonke futhi ngokungaguquguquki.

Ngokwe-CDC, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi iPrEP nsuku zonke ingehlisa ingozi yomuntu yokuthola igciwane lesandulela ngculazi ocansini ngokuthi. IDaily PrEP inciphisa ubungozi bokudluliswa ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-74 kubantu abasebenzisa imishanguzo ejojowe.

Uma i-PrEP ingathathwa nsuku zonke futhi ngokungaguquguquki, ayisebenzi kangako. , njengocwaningo lwe-PROUD, luqinise ukuxhumana phakathi kokunamathela ku-PrEP nokusebenza kwayo.

Abazongenela ukhetho iPrEP

Noma yimuphi umuntu ohlela ukuya ocansini nomlingani one-HIV angafuna ukucabanga ngokubuza umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo nge-PrEP. I-PrEP ingasiza nabantu abaya ocansini ngaphandle kwamakhondomu futhi:

• abazi isimo se-HIV sabalingani babo
• babe nabalingani abanobungozi obaziwayo be-HIV

Ukuthola i-PrEP

Izinhlelo eziningi zomshuwalense wezempilo zimboza i-PrEP manje, futhi kuzoba ngaphezulu nangaphezulu ngemuva kwe-PrEP enconyelwe bonke abantu abanezici eziyingozi ze-HIV. Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho womshuwalense wezempilo ukuthola eminye imininingwane.

Abanye abantu bangahle bathole uhlelo losizo lwemithi oluqhutshwa yiGileyadi, umenzi weTruvada neDescovy.

Yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezingavimbela ukudluliswa kwe-HIV?

Ngaphambi kokwenza ucansi ngaphandle kwamakhondomu, kungcono ukuhlolela i-HIV nezinye izifo zocansi. Cabanga ngokubuza ozakwethu ukuthi ngabe bahlolwe yini muva nje.

Uma ngabe ilunga lombhangqwana lithole ukuthi linegciwane lesandulela ngculaza noma elinye i-STI, ukuthola imishanguzo kuzosiza ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa. Bangabuza futhi kumhlinzeki wabo wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngamathiphu okuthi banciphise kanjani ubungozi bokudlulisela.

Amakhondomu

Amakhondomu angasiza ekunqandeni ukudluliswa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kanye nezinye izifo zocansi ezithathelanayo. Zisebenza kahle kakhulu uma zisetshenziswa njalo uma umuntu eya ocansini. Kubalulekile futhi ukuwasebenzisa ngokuya ngemikhombandlela yephakheji bese ulahla amakhondomu aphelelwe yisikhathi, asetshenzisiwe noma adabukile.

Ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane kuhlanganiswe ne-PrEP

Uma umuntu esebudlelwaneni besimo esisodwa esixubekile sobabili, umhlinzeki wabo wezokunakekelwa kwempilo cishe uzobakhuthaza yena nabalingani bakhe ukuhlanganisa amakhondomu nokwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane. Le nhlanganisela isiza ukwehlisa ingozi yokudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Uma umlingani one-HIV enomthamo wegciwane elibonakalayo, umlingani ongenayo i-HIV angasebenzisa i-PrEP ukuvimbela ukuthola i-HIV.

Cabanga ukucela umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngolwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana ne-PrEP namanye amasu okuvikela.

Ngabe umbhangqwana wesimo esixubile ungaba nezingane?

Ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi yezokwelapha, kunezindlela eziningi ongakhetha kuzo imibhangqwana esezimweni ezixubile efuna ukuba nezingane.

Ingculazaimininingwane ikhuthaza imibhangqwana enezimo ezixubekile ukuthi ifune ukubonisana ngochwepheshe ngaphambi kokuzama ukukhulelwa. Umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angabazisa ngezinketho zabo zokukhulelwa okunempilo nokulethwa.

Uma ilungu lowesifazane we-cisgender lobudlelwano besimo esixubile ene-HIV, i-AIDSimininingwane uncoma ukusebenzisa ukusizakala okusizwayo ukuzama ukukhulelwa. Le ndlela ifaka engcupheni ephansi yokudluliswa kwe-HIV uma iqhathaniswa nobulili obuvamile ngaphandle kwamakhondomu.

Uma ilungu lesilisa le-cisgender lobudlelwano besimo esixubile line-HIV, i-AIDSimininingwane yeluleka ukusebenzisa isidoda esivela kumnikeli ongenayo i-HIV ukukhulelwa. Uma lokhu kungeyona inketho, amadoda angakwazi "ukuhlanza" isidoda sabo elabhoratri ukuze kususwe i-HIV.

Nokho, ingculazaimininingwane uphawula ukuthi le nqubo ayiboniswanga ukuthi isebenza ngokuphelele. Kuyabiza futhi, ngokuvamile kubiza amakhulu ambalwa amadola.

Ingabe umbhangqwana wesimo esixubile ungazama ukukhulelwa kwemvelo?

Ngoba kufaka ucansi ngaphandle kwamakhondomu, ukukhulelwa kwemvelo kungabeka abantu abangenayo i-HIV engcupheni yokuyithola. Kodwa-ke, kunezinyathelo umbhangqwana ongazithatha ukwehlisa ingozi yokudluliswa.

Ngaphambi kokuzama ukukhulelwa kwemvelo, ingculazaimininingwane iphakamisa ukuthi umlingani one-HIV azame ukucindezela umthamo wakhe wegciwane ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ezimweni eziningi, bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane ukufeza nokugcina umthamo wegciwane elingatholakali. Uma bengakwazi ukwenza kanjalo, umlingani wabo angazama i-PrEP.

Ingculazaimininingwane ibuye yeluleke imibhangqwana enezimo ezixubekile ukuthi ibeke umkhawulo ocansini ngaphandle kwamakhondomu ngezikhathi zokuzala okuphezulu. Ukuzala okuphakeme kungahle kwenzeke ezinsukwini ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kanye nangosuku lokuvuthwa. Ukusebenzisa amakhondomu kuze kuphele inyanga kungasiza ekwehliseni ubungozi bokudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Ngabe i-HIV ingadluliselwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?

Kungenzeka ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe abane-HIV bayidlulise ngegazi nangobisi lwebele. Ukuthatha izinyathelo ezithile zokuqapha kunganciphisa ubungozi.

Ukwehlisa ingozi yokudluliswa kwe-HIV ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ingculazaimininingwane ikhuthaza abazoba omama ukuthi:

• uthole ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane ngaphambi kokukhulelwa, ngesikhathi nangemva kokukhulelwa, ukukhulelwa nokubeletha
• imvume yokuthi ingane yabo yelashwe ngemishanguzo yama-antiretroviral amasonto ama-4 kuya kwayisithupha ngemuva kokuzalwa
• gwema ukuncelisa bese usebenzisa ifomula lengane esikhundleni salokho
• khuluma nabahlinzeki babo bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo mayelana nezinzuzo ezingase zibe khona zokulethwa ngokuhlinzwa, okunconyelwa ikakhulu abesifazane abanamazinga aphezulu e-HIV noma angaziwa

Ingculazaimininingwane uphawula ukuthi, uma owesifazane nengane yakhe bethatha imishanguzo yabo ye-HIV njengoba kunqunyiwe, kungehlisa ingozi yengane yokuthola i-HIV kunina iye kumaphesenti ayi-1 noma ngaphansi.

Uyini umbono wabantu abane-HIV namuhla?

Izindlela zokwelashwa zenze abaningi bakwazi ukuphila impilo ende futhi enempilo nge-HIV. Intuthuko ebalulekile yezokwelapha nayo yenziwe emkhakheni wokuvimbela i-HIV, okwenyuse amathuba okuba imibhangqwana enezimo ezixubekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngithuthukise izinsiza zemfundo ukusiza ukubhekana nemibono eyiphutha kanye nezimo zokubandlulula ngabantu abaphila ne-HIV. Yize kusamele kwenziwe umsebenzi omningi, ucwaningo olushicilelwe kwiJenali ye-International AIDS Society lukhombisa ukuthi inqubekelaphambili iyenziwa.

Ngaphambi kokuya ocansini nomuntu onesimo esihlukile se-HIV, cabanga ukwenza i-aphoyintimenti nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Bangasiza ekwenzeni uhlelo lokuvimbela ukudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Imibhangqwana eminingi enezimo ezixubekile inobudlelwano bezocansi obenelisayo futhi ikhulelwa nezingane ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi umlingani ongenalo i-HIV uzolithola igciwane.