Imithi yokugoma: iyini, izinhlobo nokuthi yenzelwe ini

-Delile

• Izinhlobo zomuthi wokugoma
• Yenziwa kanjani imijovo yokugoma
• Isigaba 1
• Izinga 2
• Isigaba 3:
• Uhlelo lokugoma lukazwelonke
• 1. Izingane kuze kube yizinyanga eziyi-9
• 2. Izingane ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka-1 no-9 ubudala
• 
  3. Abantu abadala nezingane ezineminyaka eyishumi
• Imibuzo ejwayelekile kakhulu ngemigomo
• 1. Ngabe ukuvikelwa komuthi wokugoma kuhlala impilo yonke?
• 2. Ngabe imijovo yokugoma ingasetshenziswa ekukhulelweni?
• 3. Ngabe imijovo yokugoma idala ukuthi abantu baquleke?
• 4. Ngabe abesifazane abancelisayo bangayithola yini imigomo yokugoma?
• 5. Ungaba nemithi yokugoma engaphezu kweyodwa ngasikhathi sinye?
• 6. Yimiphi imigomo ehlangene?

Imithi yokugoma yizinto ezikhiqizwa elabhoratri umsebenzi wazo omkhulu ukuqeqesha amasosha omzimba abhekane nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezifo, ngoba avuselela ukukhiqizwa kwama-antibodies, okuyizinto ezikhiqizwa ngumzimba ukulwa nama-microorganism ahlaselayo. Ngakho-ke, umzimba uba nama-antibody ngaphambi kokuhlangana ne-microorganism, uwushiye ulungele ukusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu lapho lokhu kwenzeka.

Yize iningi lemithi yokugoma idinga ukwenziwa ngomjovo, kunemithi yokugoma engathathwa ngomlomo, njengoba kunjalo nge-OPV, okuwumuthi wokugomela uvendle womlomo.

Ngaphandle kokulungiselela umzimba ukuthi ubhekane nokutheleleka, ukugoma kwehlisa nokuqina kwezimpawu futhi kuvikele bonke abantu emphakathini, ngoba kunciphisa ubungozi bokudluliswa kwezifo. Bheka izizathu ezi-6 zokugoma bese ugcine incwadi yokungena isesikhathini.

Izinhlobo zomuthi wokugoma

Imithi yokugoma ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko, kuya ngokwakhiwa kwayo:

• Imithi yokugoma ye-Attenuated microorganism: i-microorganism ebhekene nalesi sifo ibhekana nezinqubo ezilandelanayo elabhorethri ezinciphisa ukusebenza kwaso. Ngakho-ke, lapho kugonywa umuthi wokugoma, kuyakhuthazeka ukuphendula omzimba okulwa naleli gciwane, kepha akukho ukuthuthuka kwalesi sifo, ngoba i-microorganism ibuthakathaka. Izibonelo zale mithi yokugoma umuthi wokugomela i-BCG, igciwane eliphindwe kathathu nenkukhu;
• Imithi yokugoma yamagciwane angasebenzi noma afile: aqukethe ama-microorganisms, noma izingcezu zalawo magciwane, angaphili avuselela ukusabela komzimba, njengoba kunjalo ngomuthi wokugoma i-hepatitis kanye nomuthi wokugomela i-meningococcal.

Kusukela lapho umuthi ufakwa, amasosha omzimba asebenza ngqo kwi-microorganism, noma izingcezu zawo, ekhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-antibodies athile. Uma lo muntu ehlangana ne-ejenti elithathelwanayo ngokuzayo, amasosha omzimba asevele ekwazi ukulwa nokuvimbela ukukhula kwesifo.

Yenziwa kanjani imijovo yokugoma

Ukukhiqizwa kwemithi yokugoma nokwenza ukuthi kutholakale kubo bonke abantu kuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya uchungechunge lwezinyathelo, yingakho ukwenziwa kwemithi yokugoma kungathatha phakathi kwezinyanga kuye eminyakeni eminingana.

Izigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zenqubo yokudala umuthi wokugoma yilezi:

Isigaba 1

Umuthi wokugaya wokuhlola wenziwa futhi wahlolwa ngezingcezu zabafileyo, ezingasebenzi noma ezingancishisiwe noma i-agent ethelelanayo kubantu abambalwa, bese ukusabela komzimba kubonwa ngemuva kokuphathwa komuthi wokugoma kanye nokwenziwa kwemiphumela emibi.

Lesi sigaba sokuqala sithatha isilinganiso seminyaka emi-2 futhi uma kunemiphumela egculisayo, umuthi wokugoma udlulela esigabeni sesi-2.

Izinga 2

Umuthi ofanayo wokugoma uqala ukuhlolwa kubantu abaningi, ngokwesibonelo abantu abayi-1000, futhi ngaphezu kokubheka ukuthi umzimba wakho uphendula kanjani nemiphumela emibi eyenzekayo, sizama ukuthola ukuthi ingabe imithamo ehlukene iyasebenza yini ukuze kutholakale umthamo owanele, onemiphumela engeyona eyingozi, kepha okwazi ukuvikela bonke abantu, emhlabeni wonke.

Isigaba 3:

Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi umuthi wokugoma ofanayo uphumelele kwaze kwaba isigaba sesi-2, uya esigabeni sesithathu, esiqukethe ukusebenzisa lo mgomo kubantu abaningi, ngokwesibonelo 5000, nokubheka ukuthi ngabe bavikelekile ngempela noma cha.

Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe kukhona umuthi wokugoma esigabeni sokugcina sokuhlola, kubalulekile ukuthi umuntu asebenzise izindlela ezifanayo zokuvikela ezihlobene nokuvikelwa ekungcolisweni yi-ejenti elithelelanayo elibhekele lesi sifo okukhulunywa ngaso. Ngakho-ke, uma umuthi wokugoma uvivinya i-HIV, isibonelo, kubalulekile ukuthi umuntu aqhubeke nokusebenzisa amakhondomu futhi agweme ukwabelana ngezinaliti.

Uhlelo lokugoma lukazwelonke

Kunemithi yokugoma eyingxenye yohlelo lukazwelonke lokugoma, enikezwa mahhala, neminye enganikezwa ngezincomo zezokwelapha noma uma umuntu eya ezindaweni lapho kunengozi yokuthola isifo esithathelwanayo.

Imithi yokugoma eyingxenye yohlelo lukazwelonke lokugoma futhi enganikezwa mahhala ifaka:

1. Izingane kuze kube yizinyanga eziyi-9

Ezinganeni kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-9 ubudala, imigomo emikhulu yohlelo lokugoma yile:

2. Izingane ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka-1 no-9 ubudala

Ezinganeni ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka-1 no-9 ubudala, imithi yokugoma emikhulu ekhonjiswe ohlelweni lokugoma yile:

3. Abantu abadala nezingane ezineminyaka eyishumi

Kubantu abasha, abadala, asebekhulile nabesifazane abakhulelwe, imishanguzo ivamise ukukhonjiswa lapho uhlelo lokugoma lungalandelwanga ngesikhathi sobuntwana. Ngakho-ke, imithi yokugoma emikhulu ekhonjisiwe ngalesi sikhathi yile:

Buka le vidiyo elandelayo bese uqonda ukuthi kungani ukugoma kubaluleke kangaka:

Imibuzo ejwayelekile kakhulu ngemigomo

1. Ngabe ukuvikelwa komuthi wokugoma kuhlala impilo yonke?

Kwezinye izimo, inkumbulo ye-immunological ihlala impilo yonke, kepha kwezinye, kuyadingeka ukuqinisa umuthi wokugoma, njengesifo se-meningococcal, diphtheria noma tetanus, ngokwesibonelo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi umuthi wokugoma uthatha isikhathi esithile ukuqala ukusebenza, ngakho-ke uma umuntu etheleleka ngemuva nje kokuwuthatha, umuthi wokugoma kungenzeka ungasebenzi futhi lowo muntu aqale ukugula.

2. Ngabe imijovo yokugoma ingasetshenziswa ekukhulelweni?

Yebo.Njengoba beyiqembu eliyingozi, abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bathathe imithi yokugoma, efana nomuthi wokugomela imfuluwenza, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B, udiphtheria, isifo sokuqina kwemisipha kanye nokukhwehlela, okusetshenziselwa ukuvikela owesifazane okhulelwe nengane. Ukuphathwa kweminye imijovo yokugoma kufanele kuhlolwe ngesimo ngasinye bese kunqunywa udokotela. Bheka ukuthi yimiphi imigomo ekhonjwayo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

3. Ngabe imijovo yokugoma idala ukuthi abantu baquleke?

Cha. Ngokuvamile, abantu abadlulayo ngemuva kokuthola umuthi wokugoma kungenxa yokuthi bayayesaba inaliti, ngoba bezwa ubuhlungu nokwethuka.

4. Ngabe abesifazane abancelisayo bangayithola yini imigomo yokugoma?

Yebo.Imithi yokugoma inganikezwa abesifazane abancelisayo, ukuze kuvinjelwe umama ekudluliseni amagciwane noma amagciwane enganeni, kepha kubalulekile ukuthi owesifazane athole ukuqondiswa kukadokotela. Imithi yokugoma kuphela ephikisiwe yabesifazane abancelisayo yi-yellow fever nodenga.

5. Ungaba nemithi yokugoma engaphezu kweyodwa ngasikhathi sinye?

Yebo. Ukunikeza umuthi wokugoma ongaphezu koyedwa ngasikhathi sinye akulimazi impilo yakho.

6. Yimiphi imigomo ehlangene?

Imishanguzo ehlanganisiwe yileyo evikela umuntu ezifweni ezingaphezu kwesisodwa futhi lapho kudingeka khona ukuphathwa komjovo owodwa nje, njengoba kunjalo ngegciwane eliphindwe kathathu legciwane, i-tetraviral noma i-bacterial penta.