AmaMicrowaves: Imibuzo Yakho Iyaphendulwa

-Delile

• Kwenzekani ekudleni uma kuphekwe ku-microwave?
• Yiziphi izinguquko zamangqamuzana, uma zikhona, ezenzeka ekudleni lapho kwenziwa ama-microwave?
• Yiziphi izinguquko zokudla okunempilo, uma zikhona, ezenzeka ekudleni lapho kwenziwa ama-microwave?
• Yimiphi imiphumela emibi engaba khona yokudla kwama-microwaving?
• Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi izitshalo ezinikezwa ngamanzi ama-microwave azikhuli. Ingabe lokhu kuvumelekile?
• Ingabe kunomehluko olinganisekayo phakathi kokudla okuphekwe esitofu noma okuphekwe kuhhavini nokudla okuphekwe ngemicrowave?

Ngawo-1940, uPercy Spencer eRaytheon wayehlola i-magnetron - ithuluzi elenza ama-microwave - lapho ebona ukuthi uswidi ephaketheni lakhe usuncibilikile.

Lokhu kutholwa ngengozi kungaholela ekutheni athuthukise lokho manje esikwaziyo njengehhavini le-microwave yanamuhla. Eminyakeni edlule, le divayisi yasekhishini isibe yinto eyodwa eyenza umsebenzi wasekhaya ube lula kakhulu.

Noma kunjalo imibuzo ezungeze ukuphepha kwamahhavini e-microwave isalokhu ikhona. Ingabe imisebe esetshenziswa yila kuhhavini iphephile kubantu? Ngabe imisebe efanayo ibulala izakhamzimba ekudleni kwethu? Futhi kuthiwani ukuthi Ucwaningo olwenziwe ezitshalweni ezondliwe ngamanzi ashubisa imicrowave (ngaphezulu kulokhu kamuva)?

Ukuphendula eminye yemibuzo edume kakhulu (futhi ecindezelayo) ezungeze ama-microwave, sibuze umbono wochwepheshe abathathu bezokwelapha: uNatalie Olsen, i-RD, i-LD, i-ACSM EP-C, ingcwethi yezokudla ebhalisiwe ne-physiologist; Natalie Butler, RD, LD, isazi sokudla esibhalisiwe; noKaren Gill, MD, udokotela wezingane.

Nakhu obekufanele bakusho.

Kwenzekani ekudleni uma kuphekwe ku-microwave?

UNatalie Olsen: Ama-microwaves awuhlobo lwemisebe ye-electromagnetic engasebenzisi amandla futhi asetshenziselwa ukushisa ukudla ngokushesha. Babangela ukuthi ama-molecule adlidlize futhi akhe amandla okushisa (ukushisa).

Ngokusho kwe-FDA, lolu hlobo lwemisebe alunawo amandla anele okukhipha ama-electron aphume kuma-athomu. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nemisebe ye-ionizing, engashintsha ama-athomu nama-molecule futhi idale ukulimala kwamaselula.

UNatalie Butler: Amagagasi emisebe kagesi, noma ama-microwaves, ahanjiswa ngethambo likagesi elibizwa ngokuthi i-magnetron. La magagasi amuncwa ngamamolekyu wamanzi ekudleni, okwenza [ama-molecule] adlidlize ngokushesha, kuphumele ekudleni okufudumalayo.

UKaren Gill: Ovini bemicrowave basebenzisa amagagasi kagesi anobude obukhethekile nemvamisa ukushisa nokupheka ukudla. Lawa magagasi akhomba izinto ezithile, esebenzisa amandla awo ukukhiqiza ukushisa, futhi ikakhulukazi amanzi ekudleni kwakho ashiswayo.

Yiziphi izinguquko zamangqamuzana, uma zikhona, ezenzeka ekudleni lapho kwenziwa ama-microwave?

Cha: Izinguquko ezincane kakhulu zamangqamuzana zenzeka nge-microwaving, ngenxa yamagagasi aphansi wamandla anikezwayo. Njengoba ethathwa njengamagagasi angafuni ukuhlangana, ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kuma-molecule ekudleni akwenzeki.

Lapho ukudla kufudunyezwa ku-microwave, amandla ayangena ekudleni, abangele ukuthi i-ions ekudleni ipholishe futhi ijikeleze [ibangele] ukushayisana okuncane. Yilokhu okwenza ukungqubuzana futhi ngaleyo ndlela kushise. Ngakho-ke, okuwukuphela koshintsho lwamakhemikhali noma lomzimba ekudleni ukuthi manje selushisiwe.

QAPHELA: Ama-molecule wamanzi ekudleni okuyi-microwaved adlidliza ngokushesha njengoba amunca amaza emisebe kagesi kagesi. Ukudla okuphekiwe nokuphekwe ngama-microwaved kuzothola ukuthungwa okunenjoloba, okomile ngenxa yokuhamba ngokushesha nokuhwamuka okusheshayo kwama-molecule wamanzi.

KG: Ama-microwaves enza ukuthi ama-molecule wamanzi ahambe ngokushesha futhi abangele ukungqubuzana phakathi kwawo - lokhu kudala ukushisa. Ama-molecule wamanzi ashintsha ubumbano, owaziwa ngokuthi "ukujiya," ekuphenduleni inkambu kagesi eyakhiwe ngama-microwave. Lapho i-microwave icishiwe, insimu yamandla ayisekho futhi ama-molecule wamanzi ayayeka ukushintsha ubumbano.

Yiziphi izinguquko zokudla okunempilo, uma zikhona, ezenzeka ekudleni lapho kwenziwa ama-microwave?

Cha: Uma kufudunyezwa, ezinye izakhamzimba ekudleni ziyonakala, kungakhathalekile ukuthi kuphekwe ngemicrowave, esitofini noma kuhhavini. Lokho kusho ukuthi, iHarvard Health ithe ukudla okuphekwe isikhathi esifushane, futhi okusebenzisa uketshezi oluncane ngangokunokwenzeka, kuzogcina umsoco kangcono. I-microwave ingakufeza lokhu, njengoba kuyindlela esheshayo yokupheka.

Ucwaningo olulodwa lwango-2009 olwaqhathanisa ukulahleka kwezakhi zomzimba ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokupheka lwathola ukuthi ukugaya, ukupheka ama-microwave, kanye nokubhaka [yizindlela] ezikhiqiza ukulahleka okuphansi kakhulu kwezakhamzimba kanye nama-antioxidants.

QAPHELA: Okuqukethwe kwamanzi ngaphakathi kokudla okune-microwaved kuyancipha njengoba kushisa ngokushesha. Uma kuphekwe noma kuphekwe ngemicrowave, ukuthungwa kokudla kungahle kungathandeki. Amaphrotheni angaba yiraba, ukwakheka okukhanyayo kuthambe, nokudla okumanzi kube komile.

Ngokunjalo, uvithamini C uvithamini ozwelayo oncibilikiswa ngamanzi futhi uthambekele ekonakaleni ngokupheka kwemicrowave kunokupheka nge-convection. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi ukupheka kwe-microwave kunganciphisa i-antioxidant (ukugxila kwamavithamini kanye ne-phytonutrient yezitshalo ezithile), kungagcina ezinye izakhamzimba ezingcono ezitshalweni ezifanayo kunezinye izindlela zokupheka, njengokuwosa noma ukuthosa.

I-Microwaving, inganciphisa nokuqukethwe kwamagciwane kokudla, okungaba indlela ewusizo yokuphaka ukudla nokuphepha kokudla. Isibonelo, iklabishi elibomvu le-microwaving liphakeme kune-steaming yokuvikela kepha kubi kakhulu lapho uzama ukulondolozwa kukavithamini C.

I-microwaving better ivikela i-quercetin, i-flavonoid ku-cauliflower, kodwa kubi kakhulu ekuvikeleni i-kaempferol, i-flavonoid ehlukile, uma iqhathaniswa ne-steaming.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-microwaving garlic egayiwe imizuzwana engama-60 ivimbela kakhulu okuqukethwe kwayo i-allicin, inhlanganisela enamandla yokulwa nomdlavuza. Kutholakele, noma kunjalo, ukuthi uma uphumula ugalikhi imizuzu eyi-10 ngemuva kokuyichoboza, i-allicin eningi ivikelekile ngesikhathi sokupheka kwemicrowave.

KG: Zonke izindlela zokupheka ukudla zidala ukulahleka komsoco ngenxa yokushisa. Ukudla ngemicrowave kuhle ukugcina izakhamzimba ngoba awudingi ukusebenzisa inani lamanzi elengeziwe (njengokubilisa) kanye nokupheka kwakho kokudla isikhashana.

Imifino ikulungele ngokukhethekile ukupheka i-microwave, njengoba inamanzi amaningi futhi, ngakho-ke, ipheka ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokudinga amanzi amaningi. Lokhu kufana nokushunqa, kodwa ngokushesha.

Yimiphi imiphumela emibi engaba khona yokudla kwama-microwaving?

Cha: I-Scientific American inikeze incazelo evela ku-Anuradha Prakash, uprofesa ongumsizi eMnyangweni Wezokudla Nezokudla eNyuvesi yaseChapman University, eyathi abukho ubufakazi obanele bokusekela ukuthi impilo yomuntu ithinteke kabi yi-microwave.

Kwathiwa, "ngokwazi kwethu, ama-microwave awunawo umthelela ekudleni." Ngamanye amagama, ngaphandle kokushintsha izinga lokushisa lokudla, kuncane kakhulu okungenamthelela.

QAPHELA: Iziqukathi zokudla zepulasitiki ezifakwe ngama-microwave zingangena kumakhemikhali anobuthi ekudleni ngakho-ke kufanele kugwenywe - sebenzisa ingilazi esikhundleni salokho. Ukuvuza kwemisebe kungenzeka futhi kuma-microwaves aklanywe kahle, anamaphutha, noma amadala, ngakho-ke qiniseka ukuthi ume okungenani amasentimitha ayisithupha ukusuka kwimayikhroweyidi lapho upheka.

KG: Ayikho imiphumela emfushane noma yesikhathi eside evela ekudleni kwama-microwaving. Ingozi enkulu ngeziphuzo ezinamagciwane noma ukudla okunamanzi amaningi ukuthi zingashisa ngokungalingani noma emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu.

Ngaso sonke isikhathi govuza ukudla neziphuzo ngemuva kokukufaka kuma-microwave nangaphambi kokubheka izinga lokushisa. Futhi, khetha iziqukathi eziphephile ze-microwave zokushisa nokupheka.

Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi izitshalo ezinikezwa ngamanzi ama-microwave azikhuli. Ingabe lokhu kuvumelekile?

Cha: Ucwaningo ngalokhu kuhanjiswa. Ezinye izifundo zikhombise umthelela ezitshalweni ngendlela engeyinhle lapho kusetshenziswa amanzi ama-microwave. Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi imisebe ezitshalweni ingathinta ukuvezwa kofuzo nempilo yabo. Lokhu, noma kunjalo, kubonakala ikakhulu ngemisebe ye-ionizing (noma ngemisebe yamandla ephezulu) [kunalokho] kunemisebe ekhishwa ngama-microwaves (nonionizing, energy low).

QAPHELA: Iphrojekthi yokuqala yezobulungiswa yesayensi eyayifundisisa ngomthelela wamanzi e-microwave ezitshalweni yaqala ukubuyela emuva ngo-2008. Kuze kube namuhla, amanzi ama-microwaved asabuzwa.

Amanzi ama-microwaved akhonjisiwe kwezinye izifundo ukwenza ngcono ukukhula kwezimbewu zezitshalo nokuhluma, njengakwimbewu ye-chickpea, ngenkathi inomphumela ophambene nakwezinye izitshalo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezinguquko ku-pH, ukusebenza kwamaminerali, kanye nokuhamba kwama-molecule wamanzi.

Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa nemiphumela ephikisanayo nokuqukethwe yizitshalo: Izitshalo ezithile zinciphise okuqukethwe umbala nombala we-chlorophyll lapho ziniselwa ngamanzi ama-microwaved, kanti ezinye eziveziwe zikhuphule okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll. Kubonakala sengathi ezinye izitshalo zizwela kakhulu emisebeni ye-microwave kunezinye.

KG: Cha, lokhu akulona iqiniso. Le nganekwane ibisizungeza iminyaka futhi ibonakala ivela ekucwaningeni kwesayensi okucatshangwa ukuthi ngumntwana. Amanzi afudunyezwe ngemicrowave abese esepholisa ayafana nalawo manzi ngaphambi kokuthi afudunyezwe. Alukho ushintsho oluhlala njalo esakhiweni samangqamuzana samanzi lapho sishiswa ngemicrowave.

Ingabe kunomehluko olinganisekayo phakathi kokudla okuphekwe esitofu noma okuphekwe kuhhavini nokudla okuphekwe ngemicrowave?

Cha: Ovini bama-microwave banokupheka okungcono ngoba ushisa ukudla ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, kunokuba ungaphandle, njengoba kunjalo ngesitofu noma i-ovini. Ngakho-ke, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokudla okuphekwe esitofu noma kuhhavini kuqhathaniswa ne-microwave isikhathi sokupheka.

Ngokwe-World Health Organisation (WHO), ukudla okuphekwe kuhhavini we-microwave kuphephile futhi futhi kunamanani wezakhi ezifanayo njengokudla okuphekwe esitofini.

QAPHELA: Yebo, umehluko ekudleni okuphekwe ku-microwave uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela kungalinganiswa ngokuqina kombala, ukuthungwa, okuqukethwe umswakama, kanye ne-polyphenol noma okuqukethwe kwamavithamini.

KG: Ngokuvamile, cha, akukho. Uhlobo lokudla okuphekayo, inani lamanzi owangezile ukupheka, kanye nesitsha osisebenzisayo konke kungathinta izikhathi zokupheka kanye nenani lezakhamzimba ezilahlekile ngesikhathi sokupheka.

Ukudla okune-microwave kaningi kungaba nempilo enhle ngenxa yezikhathi zokupheka ezimfishane kanye nesidingo esincane samafutha engeziwe, uwoyela, noma amanzi adingekayo ekuphekeni.

UNatalie Olsen ungudokotela obhalisiwe wezokudla nokuzivocavoca umzimba ogxile ekuphatheni nasekuvikeleni izifo. Ugxila ekulinganiseni ingqondo nomzimba ngendlela yokudla okuphelele. Uneziqu ezimbili zeBachelor ku-Health and Wellness Management nakwiDietetics, futhi uyi-physiologist yokuqinisekisa umzimba ye-ACSM. UNatalie usebenza kwa-Apple njengomuntu odla ukudla okunempilo, futhi ubonisana nesikhungo sempilo esiphelele esibizwa nge-Alive + Well, nangebhizinisi lakhe e-Austin, eTexas. UNatalie uvotelwe phakathi "Kwezazi Ezinhle Kakhulu Zokudla e-Austin" ngu-Austin Fit Magazine. Uyakujabulela ukuba ngaphandle, isimo sezulu esifudumele, ukuzama izindlela zokupheka nezindawo zokudlela ezintsha, nokuhamba.

UNatalie Butler, i-RDN, i-LD, uyisidlo senhliziyo futhi unentshisekelo yokusiza abantu bathole amandla okunomsoco, ukudla kwangempela ngokugcizelela ekudleni okunesitshalo. Wathweswa iziqu eStephen F. Austin State University empumalanga yeTexas futhi wenza ngokukhethekile ekuvikeleni nasekuphatheni izifo ezingapheli kanye nasekudleni kokudla kanye nempilo yezemvelo. Ungudokotela odlayo wezinkampani we-Apple, Inc., e-Austin, eTexas, futhi uphatha nendlela yakhe yangasese, iNutritionbynatalie.com. Indawo yakhe ejabulisayo yikhishi lakhe, ingadi, nokudla ngaphandle, futhi uthanda ukufundisa izingane zakhe ezimbili ukupheka, ukwenza ingadi, ukukhuthala nokujabulela impilo enempilo.

UDkt Karen Gill ungudokotela wezingane. Wathweswa iziqu e-University of Southern California. Ubuchwepheshe bakhe buhlanganisa ukuncelisa, ukondleka, ukuvimbela ukukhuluphala, nezinkinga zokulala nokuziphatha kwengane. Uke wasebenza njengosihlalo woMnyango Wezingane esibhedlela iWoodland Memorial. Wayengumphathi wemitholampilo neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eDavis, efundisa abafundi ohlelweni lokusiza odokotela. Manje usebenza eMission Neighborhood Health Center, esebenzela izakhamizi zaseLatino esifundeni seMission eSan Francisco.