Umuthi wokugoma we-COVID-19: usebenza kanjani nemiphumela engemihle

-Delile

• Isebenza Kanjani Imithi Yokugoma I-COVID-19
• Kubalwa kanjani ukusebenza komuthi wokugoma?
• Ngabe umuthi wokugoma usebenza ngokuhlukahluka okusha kwegciwane?
• Lapho imishanguzo yokuqala ingafika
• Uhlelo lokugoma eBrazil
• Uhlelo lokugoma ePortugal
• Ungazi kanjani ukuthi uyingxenye yeqembu eliyingozi
• Ngubani othole i-COVID-19 ongathola umuthi wokugoma?
• Imiphumela emibi engaba khona
• Ubani okungafanele athole umuthi wokugoma
• Hlola ulwazi lwakho
• Umuthi wokugoma we-COVID-19: hlola ulwazi lwakho!

Imithi yokugoma eminingana emelene ne-COVID-19 iyacwaningwa futhi ithuthukiswe emhlabeni wonke ukuzama ukulwa nobhadane olubangelwe yi-coronavirus entsha. Kuze kube manje, umuthi wokugoma we-Pfizer kuphela ovunyiwe yi-WHO, kepha eminye eminingi isendleleni yokuhlolwa.

Imithi yokugoma eyisithupha ekhombise imiphumela ethembisayo yile:

• I-Pfizer ne-BioNTech (BNT162): imithi yokugoma yaseNyakatho Melika neyaseJalimane yayisebenza ngama-90% ezifundweni zesigaba 3;
• Isimanje (mRNA-1273): umuthi wokugoma waseNyakatho Melika ubuphumelela ngama-94.5% ezifundweni zesigaba 3;
• IGamaleya Research Institute (Sputnik V): umuthi wokugoma waseRussia ubusebenza ngama-91.6% uma uqhathaniswa ne-COVID-19;
• I-AstraZeneca ne-Oxford University (AZD1222): umuthi wokugoma wamaNgisi usesifundweni sesigaba 3 kwathi esigabeni sokuqala wakhombisa ukusebenza ngo-70.4%;
• I-Sinovac (Coronavac): umuthi wokugoma waseChina othuthukiswe ngokubambisana ne-Butantan Institute ukhombise izinga lokusebenza elingu-78% lamacala amnene ne-100% lokutheleleka okulingene nokubi;
• UJohnson & Johnson (JNJ-78436735): ngokwemiphumela yokuqala, umuthi wokugoma waseNyakatho Melika ubonakala unamazinga wokusebenza asukela ku-66 kuye ku-85%, futhi leli zinga liyahluka kuye ngezwe lapho lisetshenziswa khona.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, eminye imigomo efana neNVX-CoV2373, evela kwaNovavax, Ad5-nCoV, evela eCanSino noma eCovaxin, evela eBharat Biotech, nayo ikwisigaba 3 sokutadisha, kodwa namanje ayinayo imiphumela eshicilelwe.

UDkt. Esper Kallas, isifo esithathelwanayo kanye noProfesa Ogcwele woMnyango Wezifo Ezithathelwanayo kanye Nezifo Ezisakazwayo e-FMUSP ucacisa ukungabaza okuyinhloko maqondana nokugoma

Isebenza Kanjani Imithi Yokugoma I-COVID-19

Imishanguzo yokulwa ne-COVID-19 isungulwe ngokususelwa ezinhlotsheni ezi-3 zobuchwepheshe:

• Ubuchwepheshe bezofuzo besithunywa i-RNA: ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni imigomo yezilwane futhi okwenza amaseli aphilile emzimbeni akhiqize iphrotheni efanayo esetshenziswa yicoronavirus ukungena kumaseli. Ngokwenza njalo, amasosha omzimba aphoqeleka ukuthi akhiqize amasosha omzimba okuthi, ngesikhathi sokutheleleka, anciphise amaprotheni we-coronavirus yangempela futhi avimbele ukutheleleka ekukhuleni. Lobu yibo ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa emithini yokugoma evela ePfizer naseModerna;
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-adenovirus aguquliwe: siqukethe ukusebenzisa i-adenoviruses, engenabungozi emzimbeni womuntu, nokuyiguqula ngokwezakhi zofuzo ukuze yenze ngendlela efanayo ne-coronavirus, kodwa ngaphandle kwengozi empilweni. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amasosha omzimba aqeqeshe futhi akhiqize ama-antibody akwazi ukuqeda igciwane uma kwenzeka litheleleka. Lobu ubuchwepheshe obusemuva kwemithi yokugoma evela e-Astrazeneca, Sputnik V kanye nomuthi wokugoma ovela kuJohnson & Johnson;
• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-coronavirus engasebenzi: kusetshenziswe ifomu elingasebenzi le-coronavirus entsha engabangeli ukutheleleka noma izinkinga zempilo, kepha evumela umzimba ukuthi ukhiqize amasosha omzimba adingekayo ukulwa negciwane.

Zonke lezi zindlela zokusebenza zisebenza ngokwethiyori futhi sezivele zisebenza ekukhiqizeni imigomo yezinye izifo.

Kubalwa kanjani ukusebenza komuthi wokugoma?

Izinga lokusebenza ngempumelelo komuthi ngamunye wokugoma libalwa ngokususelwa kwinani labantu abathole ukutheleleka futhi abagonywe empeleni, uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abangazange bagonywe futhi abathola i-placebo.

Isibonelo, esimweni somuthi wokugoma iPfizer, kwafundwa abantu abangama-44,000 futhi, kulelo qembu, bangu-94 kuphela abagcina besungula i-COVID-19. Kulabo abangu-94, abayi-9 kwakungabantu ababegonyiwe, kanti abangu-85 abasele kwakungabantu ababethole i-placebo ngakho-ke abawutholanga umuthi wokugoma. Ngokuya ngalezi zibalo, izinga lokusebenza kahle cishe liyi-90%.

Qonda kangcono ukuthi iyini i-placebo nokuthi yenzelwe ini.

Ngabe umuthi wokugoma usebenza ngokuhlukahluka okusha kwegciwane?

Ngokuya ngocwaningo olwenziwe ngomuthi wokugoma wakwaPfizer kanye neBioNTech^[3], amasosha omzimba avuselelwe umuthi wokugoma aboniswe ukuthi ahlala esebenza ngempumelelo uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukahluka okusha kwe-coronavirus, kokubili izinguquko zase-UK naseNingizimu Afrika.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luphinde luveze ukuthi umuthi wokugoma kufanele uhlale usebenza kokunye ukuguqulwa okungaba yi-15 kwegciwane.

Lapho imishanguzo yokuqala ingafika

Kulindeleke ukuthi imithi yokugoma yokuqala emelene ne-COVID-19 izoqala ukusatshalaliswa ngoJanuwari 2021. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokwenziwa kwezinhlelo eziningana ezikhethekile ezivumela ukukhishwa okuphuthumayo kwemigomo ngaphandle kokudlula kuzo zonke izigaba zemvume ezichazwe ngu NGUBANI.

Ezimweni ezijwayelekile futhi ngokwe-WHO, umuthi wokugoma kufanele ukhishelwe abantu kuphela ngemuva kokuqeda lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Ilabhorethri ekhiqiza umuthi wokugoma idinga ukwenza ucwaningo olukhulu lwesigaba 3 olukhombisa imiphumela egculisayo yokuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo;
2. Umuthi wokugoma udinga ukuhlolwa ngamabhizinisi azimele elabhorethri, kubandakanya nomgwamanda olawulayo wezwe, okuthi uma kuyiwa eBrazil yi-Anvisa, nase-Portugal Infarmed;
3. Iqembu labacwaningi elikhethwe yi-WHO lihlaziya imininingwane etholwe kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo, kanye nokuhlela ukuthi umuthi wokugoma ngamunye kufanele usetshenziswe kanjani;
4. Imithi yokugoma evunyelwe yi-WHO kumele ikwazi ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi;
5. Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imishanguzo yokugoma ingasatshalaliswa kuwo wonke amazwe ngobunzima obukhulu.

I-WHO ihlanganyele ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokugunyazwa komuthi wokugoma ngamunye iqhubeka ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi abalawuli ezweni ngalinye nabo sebemukele ukugunyazwa okukhethekile kwemigomo ye-COVID-19.

Endabeni yeBrazil, i-Anvisa igunyaze ukugunyazwa kwesikhashana nokuphuthumayo okuvumela ukuthi eminye imigomo isetshenziswe ngokushesha kumaqembu athile abantu. Noma kunjalo, le mithi yokugoma kufanele ihambisane nemithetho ethile eyisisekelo futhi ingasatshalaliswa kuphela yi-SUS.

Uhlelo lokugoma eBrazil

Ohlelweni olukhishwe okokuqala nguMnyango Wezempilo^[1], ukugoma kuzohlukaniswa ngezigaba ezi-4 ukufinyelela emaqenjini aphambili, kepha, izibuyekezo ezintsha zikhombisa ukuthi ukugoma kungenziwa ngezigaba ezi-3 ezibekwe phambili:

• Isigaba sokuqala: abasebenzi bezempilo, abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-75, abomdabu kanye nabantu abangaphezu kwama-60 abahlala ezikhungweni bazogonywa;
• Isigaba sesibili: abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 bazogonywa;
• Isigaba sesithathu: kuzogonywa abantu abanezinye izifo ezandisa ubungozi bokutheleleka kanzima nge-COVID-19, njengesifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophezulu, isifo sezinso, phakathi kwabanye;

Ngemuva kokuthi kugonywe amaqembu abungozi kakhulu, ukugomela i-COVID-19 kuzokwenziwa kutholakale kubo bonke abantu.

Imithi yokugoma evunyelwe ukusetshenziswa okuphuthumayo yi-Anvisa yiCoronavac, ekhiqizwa yiButantan Institute ngokubambisana neSinovac, kanye ne-AZD1222, ekhiqizwa ilabhorethri yase-AstraZeneca ngokubambisana ne-University of Oxford.

Uhlelo lokugoma ePortugal

Uhlelo lokugoma ePortugal^[2] kukhombisa ukuthi umuthi wokugoma kufanele uqale ukusatshalaliswa ekupheleni kukaDisemba, ngokulandela imihlahlandlela evunyelwe yi-European Medicines Agency.

Kubonwe izigaba ezintathu zokugoma:

• Isigaba sokuqala: ochwepheshe bezempilo, abasebenzi basemakhaya asebekhulile nezikhungo zokunakekela, ochwepheshe embuthweni wezempi, ezokuphepha kanye nabantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-50 kanye nezinye izifo ezihambisana nazo;
• Isigaba sesibili: abantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-65 ubudala;
• Isigaba sesithathu: inani labantu elisele.

Imishanguzo izosatshalaliswa mahhala ezikhungweni zezempilo nasezikhundleni zokugoma ku-NHS.

Ungazi kanjani ukuthi uyingxenye yeqembu eliyingozi

Ukuthola ukuthi ngabe uyilungu leqembu elisengozini enkulu yokuthola izinkinga ezinkulu ze-COVID-19, yenza lokhu kuhlolwa okuku-inthanethi:

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Qala isivivinyo Ubulili:

• Owesilisa
• Abesifazane

Ubudala: Isisindo: Ukuphakama: Kumamitha. Ingabe unakho ukugula okungalapheki?

• Cha
• Isifo sikashukela
• Umfutho wegazi ophezulu
• Umdlavuza
• Isifo senhliziyo
• Okunye

Unesifo esithinta amasosha omzimba?

• Cha
• ILupus
• I-Multiple sclerosis
• I-Sickle Cell Anemia
• I-HIV / AIDS
• Okunye

Unayo i-Down syndrome?

• Yebo
• Cha

Ingabe uyabhema?

• Yebo
• Cha

Ngabe uke wafakelwa kabusha?

• Yebo
• Cha

Ingabe uyayisebenzisa imishanguzo kadokotela?

• Cha
• ICorticosteroids, efana nePrednisolone
• Ama-immunosuppressants, njengeCyclosporine
• Okunye

Langaphambilini Okulandelayo

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lokhu kuhlolwa kukhombisa ubungozi obungaba khona bokuba nezinkinga ezinkulu uma utheleleke nge-COVID-19 hhayi ingozi yokuthola lesi sifo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ingozi yokuthola lesi sifo ayinyuki ngenxa yomlando wezempilo yomuntu siqu, ihlobene kuphela nemikhuba yansuku zonke, njengokungahlali kude nomphakathi, ukungagezi izandla zakho noma ukusebenzisa imaski yokuvikela yomuntu ngamunye.

Bheka konke ongakwenza ukwehlisa ubungozi bokuthola i-COVID-19.

Ngubani othole i-COVID-19 ongathola umuthi wokugoma?

Umhlahlandlela ngukuthi bonke abantu bangagonywa ngokuphepha, noma ngabe bake baba nokutheleleka kwangaphambili kwe-COVID-19. Yize ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ngemuva kokutheleleka umzimba uba nokuzivikela ngokwemvelo ekulweni naleli gciwane okungenani izinsuku ezingama-90, olunye ucwaningo lubuye lukhombise ukuthi amasosha omzimba anikezwe umuthi wokugoma afinyelela kathathu kukhulu.

Ukuzivikela okuphelele okuvela emuthini wokugoma kubhekwa njengokusebenza ngemuva kokuthi yonke imithamo yokugoma ifakiwe.

Kunoma ikuphi, ukuthola ukugoma noma ukuthola ukutheleleka kwangaphambilini nge-COVID-19, kunconywa ukuthi uqhubeke nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuzivikela ngazinye, njengokugqoka imaski, ukugeza izandla kaningi nebanga lomphakathi.

Imiphumela emibi engaba khona

Imiphumela emibi engaba khona yayo yonke imishanguzo ekhiqizwayo elwa ne-COVID-19 ayikaziwa. Kodwa-ke, ngokocwaningo ngemithi yokugoma ekhishwe yiPfizer-BioNTech kanye nelabhorethri iModerna, le miphumela ibonakala ifaka phakathi:

• Ubuhlungu endaweni yomjovo;
• Ukukhathala ngokweqile;
• Ikhanda;
• Imisipha yemisipha;
• Imfiva nokugodola;
• Ubuhlungu obuhlangene.

Le miphumela emibi iyefana neminye imithi eminingi yokugoma, kufaka phakathi umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ojwayelekile, isibonelo.

Njengoba inani labantu landa, kulindeleke ukuthi kuvele ukusabela okubi kakhulu, njengokuphendula kwe-anaphylactic, ikakhulukazi kubantu abazwela kakhulu kwezinye izingxenye zefomula.

Ubani okungafanele athole umuthi wokugoma

Umuthi wokugomela i-COVID-19 akufanele unikezwe abantu abanomlando wokuzwela komzimba kunoma yiziphi izingxenye zomuthi wokugoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugoma kufanele futhi kwenziwe kuphela ngemuva kokuthi udokotela ekuhlolile uma kwenzeka ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16, abesifazane abakhulelwe nabesifazane abancelisayo.

Iziguli ezisebenzisa ama-immunosuppressants noma lezo ezinezifo ezizimele nazo kufanele zigonywe kuphela ngaphansi kweso lodokotela owelaphayo.

Hlola ulwazi lwakho

Hlola ulwazi lwakho ngomuthi wokugoma i-COVID-19 bese uhlala phezu kwencazelo yezinye izinganekwane ezivame kakhulu:

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Umuthi wokugoma we-COVID-19: hlola ulwazi lwakho!

Qala isivivinyo Umuthi wokugoma wenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke awunakuphepha.

• Okwangempela. Umuthi wokugoma wenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu futhi akuyona yonke imiphumela emibi esaziwa okwamanje.
• Amanga. Umuthi wokugoma wenziwe ngokushesha kepha usuhlolwe kaningana kanzima, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwawo.

Umuthi wokugoma usengozini enkulu yokubanga izinkinga ezinkulu, njenge-autism noma ukungazali.

• Okwangempela. Kunemibiko eminingana yabantu ababa nezinkinga ezinkulu ngemuva kokuthatha umuthi wokugoma.
• Amanga. Ezimweni eziningi, umuthi wokugoma ubangela kuphela imiphumela engemihle, njengobuhlungu endaweni okujova kuyo, umkhuhlane, ukukhathala nobuhlungu bemisipha, obunyamalala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Noma ngubani oke waba ne-COVID-19 naye udinga ukuthola umuthi wokugoma.

• Okwangempela. Ukugomela i-COVID-19 kufanele kwenziwe yibo bonke abantu, ngisho nalabo asebethole igciwane.
• Amanga. Noma ngubani oke waba ne-COVID-19 uvikelekile kuleligciwane futhi akadingi ukuthola umuthi wokugoma.

Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ovamile waminyaka yonke awuvikeli i-COVID-19.

• Okwangempela. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane wonyaka uvikela kuphela igciwane elifana nomkhuhlane.
• Amanga. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane uvikela ezinhlotsheni eziningana zamagciwane, kufaka phakathi i-coronavirus entsha.

Labo abathola umuthi wokugoma abasadingi ukuthatha ezinye izindlela zokuzivikela, njengokugeza izandla noma ukufaka isifihla-buso.

• Okwangempela. Kusukela lapho ukugoma kwenziwa, ayikho ingozi yokubamba lesi sifo, noma ukusidlulisa, futhi akukho okunye ukunakekelwa okudingekayo.
• Amanga. Ukuvikelwa okunikezwe umuthi wokugoma kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuvela ngemuva komthamo wokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunakekelwa kusiza ukugwema ukudlulisela leli gciwane kwabanye abangakagomi.

Umuthi wokugoma i-COVID-19 ungadala ukutheleleka ngemuva kokuphathwa.

• Okwangempela. Eminye imithi yokugoma emelene ne-COVID-19 iqukethe izingcezu ezincane zegciwane ezingagcina zidala ukutheleleka, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka.
• Amanga. Ngisho nemithi yokugoma esebenzisa izingcezu zegciwane, isebenzisa ifomu elingasebenzi elingakwazi ukudala noma yiluphi uhlobo lokutheleleka emzimbeni.

Langaphambilini Okulandelayo