Umlobi: Laura McKinney
Usuku Lokudalwa: 6 Epreli 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 18 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
THE DEMONS ARE HERE IN THIS SCARY HOUSE
Ividiyo: THE DEMONS ARE HERE IN THIS SCARY HOUSE

-Delile

I-psychotropic ichaza noma yimuphi umuthi othinta ukusebenza, imizwa, imicabango, noma umbono. Yisikhathi sesambulela semithi eminingi ehlukene, kufaka phakathi imishanguzo kadokotela nezidakamizwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa kabi.

Sizogxila kuma-psychotropics kadokotela nokusetshenziswa kwawo lapha.

Ucwaningo Lukazwelonke Lokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwezempilo Yengqondo (SAMHSA) mayelana Nokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa kanye Nemininingwane Yezempilo luthole ukuthi ngo-2018, abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-47 abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18 babike isimo sempilo yengqondo.

Lokhu cishe kungumuntu oyedwa kwabahlanu e-United States. Abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-11 babike ukugula okungathi sína kwengqondo.

Impilo yengqondo nenhlalakahle kuthinta impilo yethu yansuku zonke. Imithi yokwelashwa kwengqondo ingaba yingxenye ebalulekile yamathuluzi atholakalayo okusisiza ukuthi sihlale siphilile.

Amaqiniso asheshayo ngezidakamizwa ze-psychotropic

  • Ama-Psychotropics ayisigaba esibanzi semithi elapha izimo eziningi ezahlukahlukene.
  • Zisebenza ngokulungisa amazinga amakhemikhali obuchopho, noma ama-neurotransmitters, njenge-dopamine, i-gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), i-norepinephrine, ne-serotonin.
  • Kunezigaba ezinhlanu ezinkulu zemithi esemthethweni ye-psychotropic:
    • ama-anti-anxiety agents
    • imishanguzo
    • ama-antipsychotic
    • okusimamisa imizwa
    • izikhuthazi
  • Eminye ingadala imiphumela emibi kakhulu futhi ibe nezidingo ezikhethekile zokuqapha ngabahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Kungani kunikezwa izidakamizwa ze-psychotropic?

Ezinye izimo eziphathwa yi-psychotropics zifaka:


  • ukukhathazeka
  • ukudana
  • schizophrenia
  • ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo
  • ukuphazamiseka kokulala

Le mithi isebenza ngokuguqula ama-neurotransmitters ukuthuthukisa izimpawu. Isigaba ngasinye sisebenza ngokuhlukile, kepha sinokufana okuthile, futhi.

Uhlobo noma isigaba semithi kadokotela asinqumayo sincike kuzimpawu zomuntu ngamunye nezithize. Eminye imithi idinga ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile amasonto ambalwa ukubona izinzuzo.

Ake sibheke eduze kwezidakamizwa ze-psychotropic kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Amakilasi namagama ezidakamizwa ze-psychotropic

IsigabaIzibonelo
Ama-antipsychotic ajwayelekilei-chlorpromazine (i-Thorazine);
i-fluphenazine (Prolixin);
i-haloperidol (iHaldol);
i-perphenazine (iTrilafon);
thioridazine (Mellaril)
Ama-antipsychotic e-Atypicali-aripiprazole (Abilify);
i-clozapine (iClozaril);
iloperidone (Fanapt);
i-olanzapine (iZyprexa);
i-paliperidone (Invega);
i-quetiapine (iSeroquel);
i-risperidone (i-Risperdal);
i-ziprasidone (Geodon)
Ama-anti-anxiety agentsi-alprazolam (Xanax);
i-clonazepam (iKlonopin);
diazepam (Valium);
I-lorazepam (Ativan)
Izikhuthazii-amphetamine (i-Adderall, i-Adderall XR);
i-dexmethylphenidate (Focalin, Focalin XR);
i-dextroamphetamine (i-Dexedrine);
lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse);
i-methylphenidate (Ritalin, Metadate ER, Methylin, Concerta)
Ama-antidepressants akhethiwe e-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) i-citalopram (Celexa);
i-escitalopram (iLexapro);
i-fluvoxamine (i-Luvox);
i-paroxetine (Paxil); i-sertraline (Zoloft)
ISerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) imishanguzo yokucindezela i-atomoxetine (iStrattera);
i-duloxetine (iCymbalta);
i-venlafaxine (i-Effexor XR); desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
I-Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) ye-anti-depressantsisocarboxazid (Marplan);
i-phenelzine (i-Nardil);
i-tranylcypromine (i-Parnate);
u-selegiline (Emsam, Atapryl, Carbex, Eldepryl, Zelapar)

I-Tricyclicimishanguzo		amitriptyline;
i-amoxapine;
i-desipramine (i-Norpramin); imipramine (Tofranil);
i-nortriptyline (Pamelor); i-protriptyline (Vivactil)
Ama-Mood stabilizers i-carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, Tegretol XR);
i-divalproex sodium (iDepakote);
i-lamotrigine (iLamictal);
i-lithium (Eskalith, Eskalith CR, Lithobid)

Izigaba ezinkulu zezidakamizwa ze-psychotropic, ukusetshenziswa kwazo, nemiphumela engemihle

Sizomboza kafushane amakilasi nezinye zezimpawu ezelashwa yi-psychotropics.


Njalo khuluma nodokotela wakho ngezimpawu ezithile obhekene nazo. Bazothola izindlela zokwelashwa ezihamba phambili ukukusiza uzizwe ungcono.

Lokhu kufaka izinketho zokunganikeli ngemithi, njengokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo.

Eminye imishanguzo, njengemithi elwa nokwelashwa kwengqondo, ingathatha ukusiza ukusiza ukukhululeka kwezimpawu. Kubalulekile ukunikeza umuthi ithuba lokusebenza ngaphambi kokuwumisa.

Ama-anti-anxiety agents

Ama-anti-anxiety agents, noma ama-anxiolytics, angaphatha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesifo sokukhathazeka, kufaka phakathi i-phobia yomphakathi ehlobene nokukhuluma esidlangalaleni. Bangaphatha futhi:

  • ukuphazamiseka kokulala
  • ukwethuka
  • ukucindezeleka

Basebenza kanjani

Lesi sigaba saziwa njenge. Zinconyelwa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana. Ama-BZD asebenza ngokwandisa amazinga we-GABA ebuchosheni, okudala umphumela wokuphumula noma wehlise umoya. Banemiphumela emibi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukuncika nokuhoxa.

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi ye-BZD ifaka phakathi:

  • isiyezi
  • ukozela
  • ukudideka
  • ukulahlekelwa ibhalansi
  • izinkinga zememori
  • umfutho wegazi ophansi
  • ukuphefumula kancane

Ukuqapha

Le mithi ingaba yindlela yokwenza uma isetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Azinconywa ngaphezu kwamasonto ambalwa.


Izidakamizwa ze-SSRI

Ama-SSRI asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinhlobo ezahlukene zokucindezeleka. Phakathi kwazo kunezinkinga ezinkulu zokucindezeleka kanye ne-bipolar disorder.

Ukudangala kungaphezu kokuzizwa udabukile izinsuku ezimbalwa. Kuyizimpawu eziphikelelayo ezihlala amasonto ngasikhathi. Ungase futhi ube nezimpawu zomzimba, njengezinkinga zokulala, ukungathandi ukudla, kanye nobuhlungu bomzimba.

Basebenza kanjani

Ama-SSRI asebenza ngokwandisa inani le-serotonin etholakala ebuchosheni. Ama-SSRI ayindlela yokuqala yokwelashwa yezinhlobo eziningi zokucindezeleka.

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi yama-SSRI ifaka phakathi:

  • umlomo owomile
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuhlanza
  • isifo sohudo
  • ukulala kabi
  • ukuzuza kwesisindo
  • ukuphazamiseka kwezocansi

Ukuqapha

Amanye ama-SSRI angadala ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuphezulu. Abanye bangakhuphula ingozi yokuphuma kwegazi uma usebenzisa imishanguzo yokuncipha kwegazi, njengezidakamizwa ezingezona ukuvuvukala ezifana ne-aspirin noma i-warfarin (i-Coumadin, i-Jantoven).

Izidakamizwa ze-SNRI

Basebenza kanjani

Ama-SNRI asiza ekwelapheni ukudangala kepha asebenza ngokwehlukile kune-SSRI. Bandisa kokubili i-dopamine ne-norepinephrine ebuchosheni ukuthuthukisa izimpawu. Ama-SNRI angahle asebenze kangcono kwabanye abantu uma ama-SSRI engalethi ukuthuthuka.

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi ye-SNRI ifaka phakathi:

  • ikhanda
  • isiyezi
  • umlomo owomile
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuyaluza
  • izinkinga zokulala
  • izingqinamba zokudla

Ukuqapha

Le mithi ingakhuphula umfutho wegazi nokushaya kwenhliziyo. Umsebenzi wakho wesibindi kufanele ubhekwe ngenkathi usebenzisa le mithi.

Ama-anti-depressants e-MAOI

Le mithi indala futhi ayisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla.

Basebenza kanjani

Ama-MAOIs athuthukisa izimpawu zokudangala ngokwandisa i-dopamine, i-norepinephrine, namazinga e-serotonin ebuchosheni.

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi yama-MAOIs ifaka:

  • isicanucanu
  • ukuhlanza
  • isiyezi
  • isifo sohudo
  • umlomo owomile
  • ukuzuza kwesisindo

Ukuqapha

Ama-MAO athathwe ngokudla okuthile okune-chemical tyramine angakhuphula umfutho wegazi ube sezingeni eliyingozi. I-Tyramine itholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zoshizi, ukhukhamba, namanye amawayini.

I-Tricyclic antidepressants

Lezi ngesinye sezigaba ezindala kakhulu zemithi elwa nokudangala esatholakala emakethe. Zigcinelwe ukusetshenziswa lapho imithi emisha ingasebenzi.

Basebenza kanjani

Ama-tricyclics akhulisa inani le-serotonin ne-norepinephrine ebuchosheni ukuthuthukisa imizwa.

Odokotela futhi basebenzisa ama-tricyclics off-label ukwelapha ezinye izimo. Ukusetshenziswa kwelebuli engekho kusho ukuthi umuthi usetshenziselwa isimo esingenayo imvume yeFood and Drug Administration (FDA) yalesi simo.

Ukusetshenziswa okungekho kwelebula kwama-tricyclic kufaka:

  • ukuphazamiseka kwesifo
  • migraine
  • ubuhlungu obungapheli
  • ukuphazamiseka okuphoqelela ngokweqile

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi ifaka phakathi:

  • umlomo owomile
  • isiyezi
  • ukozela
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuzuza kwesisindo

Ukuqapha

Amaqembu athile kufanele agweme ama-tricyclic. Lokhu kufaka abantu abane:

  • i-glaucoma
  • i-prostate ekhulisiwe
  • izingqinamba ze-thyroid
  • izinkinga zenhliziyo

Le mithi ingakhuphula ushukela wegazi. Uma unesifo sikashukela, kungadingeka ukuthi ubheke ngokucophelela amazinga kashukela wakho.

Ama-antipsychotic ajwayelekile

Le mithi ilapha izimpawu ezihambisana ne-schizophrenia. Zingasetshenziselwa nezinye izimo.

Basebenza kanjani

Ama-antipsychotic ajwayelekile avimba i-dopamine ebuchosheni. Isidakamizwa sokuqala se-antipsychotic kuleli klasi, i-chlorpromazine, sethulwe ngaphezu kwe-. Isasebenza nanamuhla.

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi yemithi elwa ne-psychotic ifaka:

  • ukungaboni kahle
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuhlanza
  • inkathazo yokulala
  • ukukhathazeka
  • ukozela
  • ukuzuza kwesisindo
  • izinkinga zocansi

Ukuqapha

Lesi sigaba semithi sidala ukuphazamiseka okuhlobene nokunyakaza okubizwa ngemiphumela emibi ye-extrapyramidal. Lokhu kungaba kubi futhi kuhlale isikhathi eside. Kubandakanya:

  • ukuthuthumela
  • ukunyakaza kobuso okungalawulwa
  • ukuqina kwemisipha
  • izinkinga zokuhamba noma ukuhamba

Ama-antipsychotic e-Atypical

Le yimithi esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-schizophrenia.

Basebenza kanjani

Le mithi isebenza ngokuvimba amakhemikhali obuchopho i-dopamine D2 nomsebenzi we-serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.

Odokotela basebenzisa ama-antipsychotic atypical ukwelapha izimpawu ze:

  • ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo
  • ukudana
  • I-Tourette syndrome

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Ama-antipsychotic e-atypical anakho. Lokhu kufaka ingozi eyengeziwe ye:

  • isifo sikashukela
  • amazinga aphezulu e-cholesterol
  • izinkinga ezihlobene nemisipha yenhliziyo
  • ukunyakaza okungazibandakanyi, kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kwemisipha, ukuthuthumela
  • unhlangothi

Imiphumela emibi yama-antipsychotic atypical ifaka:

  • isiyezi
  • ukuqunjelwa
  • umlomo owomile
  • ukungaboni kahle
  • ukuzuza kwesisindo
  • ubuthongo

Ukuqapha

I-Aripiprazole (Abilify), i-clozapine (i-Clozaril), ne-quetiapine (i-Seroquel) inesixwayiso sebhokisi elimnyama ngezinkinga ezithile zokuphepha. Kukhona ingozi yemicabango yokuzibulala nokuziphatha kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 abathatha owodwa wale mithi.

Ama-Mood stabilizers

Odokotela basebenzisa le mithi ukwelapha ukudangala nezinye izifo zemizwa, njengesifo se-bipolar.

Basebenza kanjani

Indlela ngqo yokusimamisa imizwa ayikaqondakali kahle okwamanje. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi le mithi izolisa izindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezinomthelela ekushintsheni kwemizwa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kanye nezimo ezihlobene.

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi yeziqinisi zemizwa ifaka:

  • isiyezi
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuhlanza
  • ukukhathala
  • izinkinga zesisu

Ukuqapha

Izinso zisusa i-lithium emzimbeni, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kwezinso namazinga e-lithium kufanele ahlolwe njalo. Uma unomsebenzi ombi wezinso, udokotela wakho angadinga ukulungisa umthamo wakho.

Izikhuthazi

Le mithi ikakhulukazi iphatha ukunakekelwa kokushoda kokungasebenzi (ADHD).

Basebenza kanjani

Izikhuthazi zandisa i-dopamine ne-norepinephrine ebuchosheni. Umzimba ungathuthukisa ukuncika uma usetshenziswa isikhathi eside.

Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo

Imiphumela emibi yokuvuselela ihlanganisa:

  • izinkinga zokulala
  • ukungathandi ukudla
  • ukuncipha komzimba

Ukuqapha

Izikhuthazi zingakhuphula izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo nomfutho wegazi. Zingase zingabi inketho engcono kakhulu uma unenkinga yenhliziyo noma yegazi.

Izingozi kanye nezixwayiso zebhokisi elimnyama le-psychotropics

I-FDA idinga imishanguzo ethile noma amakilasi emithi. Lokhu kungaba ngezizathu ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  1. Ubungozi bokusabela okuyingozi okuyingozi kufanele kukalwe ngezinzuzo zako ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
  2. Ukulungiswa komthamo kungadingeka ekuchazeni okuphephile.
  3. Iqembu elithile labantu, njengezingane noma abesifazane abakhulelwe, lingadinga ukuqashwa okukhethekile ukuze lisetshenziswe ngokuphepha.

Nazi izidakamizwa ezimbalwa kanye namakilasi anezexwayiso zesibhakela. Lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwezexwayiso. Njalo buza udokotela wakho noma usokhemisi mayelana nemiphumela ethile emibi yezidakamizwa nezingozi:

  • I-Aripiprazole (Abilify) ne-quetiapine (i-Seroquel) ayivunyelwe i-FDA ukuthi isetshenziswe kunoma ngubani ongaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ngenxa yobungozi bokucabanga ukuzibulala nokuziphatha.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokwelapha i-antipsychotic kubantu abadala asebekhulile abane-psychosis ehlobene nokuwohloka komqondo kungandisa ingozi yokufa.
  • Ama-anti-depressants angadabukisa imicabango yokuzibulala nokuziphatha ezinganeni nasebusheni.
  • Izidakamizwa ezikhuthazayo zingadala ukuncika nokulutha.
  • I-Benzodiazepines ethathwe ngemithi ye-opioid ingakhuphula ingozi yokweqisa.
  • I-Clozapine (i-Clozaril) ingadala i-agranulocytosis, isifo esibi segazi. Udinga ukuthi kwenziwe umsebenzi wegazi ukuqapha ukubalwa kwamaseli wakho amhlophe egazi. Kungadala nokuquleka kanye nezinkinga zenhliziyo nokuphefumula, okungasongela impilo.

Gwema ukuxuba izidakamizwa ze-psychotropic notshwala. Amanye amakilasi, njengama-BZD, ama-anti-depressants, kanye nemithi yokulwisana ne-psychotic, anemiphumela emikhulu yokulalisa ngotshwala. Lokhu kungadala izinkinga ngokulinganisela, ukuqwashisa, nokuxhumanisa. Kunganciphisa noma kuyeke ukuphefumula, okungasongela impilo.

Ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa

Izidakamizwa ze-Psychotropic zinokuxhumana okuningi nezinye izidakamizwa, ukudla, utshwala nemikhiqizo ye-over-the-counter (OTC). Njalo utshele udokotela kanye nosokhemisi yonke imithi nezithako ozithathayo ukugwema ukusabela okungekuhle.

Izidakamizwa ezikhuthazayo ezifana ne-amphetamine zixhumana no:

  • Ama-SSRIs
  • Ama-SNRIs
  • Ama-MAOIs
  • ama-tricyclics
  • lithium

Ukuhlanganisa le mithi kungadala ukusabela okungathi sína okubizwa nge-serotonin syndrome. Uma udinga ukuthatha zombili izinhlobo zemithi, udokotela wakho uzoshintsha imithamo ukugwema ukuhlangana okungahambi kahle.

Izexwayiso Ezikhethekile Zezingane, Abantu Abakhulelwe, kanye Nabadala Abadala
  • Izingane. Eminye imithi ye-psychotropic inengozi ephezulu yemiphumela emibi ezinganeni futhi ayivunyelwe i-FDA ukuthi isetshenziswe ezinganeni. Udokotela wakho uzoxoxa ngobungozi obuhambisana nezinzuzo zemithi ethile.
  • Ukukhulelwa. Kunolwazi olunqunyelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwama-psychotropics ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Izinzuzo nobungozi kufanele kucatshangwe ngokucophelela kumuntu ngamunye nakumuthi ngamunye. Izidakamizwa ezithile, njenge-BZD kanye ne-lithium, ziyingozi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Amanye ama-SSRI angandisa ingozi yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-SNRI ku-trimester yesibili kungadala izimpawu zokuhoxa ezinganeni. Udokotela wakho kufanele akuqaphele ngokucophelela wena nengane yakho uma usebenzisa noma yimaphi ama-psychotropics.
  • Abantu abadala asebekhulile. Imithi ethile ingathatha isikhathi eside ukuthi umzimba wakho usule uma isibindi noma izinso zakho zingasebenzi kahle. Kungenzeka ukuthi uthatha imishanguzo eminingi, engasebenzisana noma inyuse ubungozi bemiphumela emibi noma ukusabela okubi. Umthamo wakho ungadinga ukulungiswa. Ngaphambi kokuqala noma imiphi imishanguzo emisha, qiniseka ukuthi uxoxa ngayo yonke imithi yakho, kufaka phakathi izidakamizwa ze-OTC kanye nezithasiselo, nodokotela wakho.

Izinkinga zomthetho ezizungeze izidakamizwa ze-psychotropic

Ama-BZD nama-stimulants yizinto ezilawulwayo ngoba zingadala ukuncika futhi zibe namandla okusebenzisa kabi.

Ungalokothi wabelane noma uthengise imithi yakho kadokotela. Kukhona izinhlawulo zikahulumeni ngokuthengisa noma ukuthenga le mithi ngokungemthetho.

Le mithi nayo ingadala ukuncika futhi iholele ekuphazamisweni kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.

Uma wena noma othandekayo nisengozini yokuzilimaza, finyelela kuNational Suicide Prevention Lifeline ku-800-273-TALK ukuthola usizo.

Ukuthola ukwesekwa nokufunda kabanzi mayelana nokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, finyelela kulezi zinhlangano:

  • I-Narcotic Anonymous (NA)
  • I-National Institute on Abuse Abuse (NIDA)
  • Ukuphathwa Kwezidakamizwa Nokuphathwa Kwezinsizakalo Zempilo Yengqondo (SAMHSA)

Ukufuna nini usizo oluphuthumayo

Imithi ye-Psychotropic ingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Kwabanye abantu, imiphumela emibi ingaba nzima.

funa ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo

Shayela udokotela wakho noma u-911 ngokushesha uma unezinye zalezi zimpawu:

  • izimpawu zakho ziya ngokuya ziba zimbi (ukudana, ukukhathazeka, imania)
  • imicabango yokuzibulala
  • ukwethuka
  • ukuyaluza
  • ukungahlaliseki
  • ukuqwasha
  • ukukhuphuka kwenhliziyo nomfutho wegazi
  • ukuzizwa uthukuthele, uthukuthele, unodlame
  • ukwenza ngokuxhamazela nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinguquko ezinkulu ekuziphatheni
  • isithuthwane

Okubalulekile

Ama-Psychotropics amboza isigaba esikhulu kakhulu semithi esetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinhlobo eziningi zezimpawu.

Zonke zisebenza ngokulungisa amazinga e-neurotransmitter ukukusiza uzizwe ungcono.

Imithi oyinikezwa udokotela incike ezintweni eziningi, njengobudala bakho, ezinye izimo zempilo ongaba nazo, eminye imishanguzo oyisebenzisayo, nomlando wakho wemithi owedlule.

Akuyona yonke imithi esebenza ngokushesha. Ezinye zithatha isikhathi. Yiba nesineke, futhi ukhulume nodokotela wakho uma izimpawu zakho ziba zimbi kakhulu.

Xoxa ngazo zonke izindlela zokwelashwa, kufaka phakathi ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo, nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze athuthukise uhlelo lokunakekelwa okuhle kakhulu kuwe.

Ukuthola Ukuthandwa

Ukwelashwa Kwemvelo Kwe-Panic Syndrome
Impilo

Ukwelashwa Kwemvelo Kwe-Panic Syndrome

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