Thayipha 2 sikashukela

Uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2 yisifo sempilo yonke (esingapheli) lapho kunezinga eliphakeme likashukela (glucose) egazini. Uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 luhlobo oluvame kakhulu sikashukela.

I-insulin yihomoni ekhiqizwa amanyikwe ngamaseli akhethekile, abizwa ngama-beta cells. Ama-pancreas angaphansi nangemuva kwesisu. I-insulin iyadingeka ukuhambisa ushukela wegazi (i-glucose) kumaseli. Ngaphakathi kwamaseli, i-glucose iyagcinwa bese isetshenziselwa amandla kamuva.

Uma unesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, amafutha akho, isibindi, namaseli emisipha awaphenduli kahle ku-insulin. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukumelana ne-insulin. Ngenxa yalokhu, ushukela wegazi awungeni kula maseli ukuze ugcinelwe amandla.

Lapho ushukela ungakwazi ukungena kumaseli, ushukela osezingeni eliphezulu uyakheka egazini. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-hyperglycemia. Umzimba awukwazi ukusebenzisa i-glucose ukuthola amandla. Lokhu kuholela ezinkomba zohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.

Uhlobo lwesibili sikashukela lukhula kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Iningi labantu abanalesi sifo likhuluphele ngokweqile noma likhuluphele lapho litholakala. Ukwanda kwamafutha kwenza kube nzima emzimbeni wakho ukusebenzisa i-insulin ngendlela eyiyo.

Uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 lungakhula futhi kubantu abangakhuluphali ngokweqile noma abakhuluphele ngokweqile. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu kubantu abadala asebekhulile.

Umlando womndeni kanye nezakhi zofuzo zidlala indima kuhlobo lwesibili sikashukela. Izinga lomsebenzi ophansi, ukungadli kahle, kanye nesisindo somzimba esingeqile okhalweni kukhulisa amathuba akho okuthola lesi sifo.

Abantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 bavame ukungabi nazimpawu ekuqaleni. Kungenzeka bangabi nazo izimpawu iminyaka eminingi.

Izimpawu zokuqala zesifo sikashukela ezibangelwa izinga eliphakeme likashukela egazini zingafaka:

• Isinye, izinso, isikhumba, noma ezinye izifo ezivame kakhulu noma eziphola kancane
• Ukukhathala
• Indlala
• Ukoma okwengeziwe
• Ukwanda kokuchama
• Ukubona okufiphele

Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi, isifo sikashukela singaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zempilo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, nezinye izimpawu eziningi.

Umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angasola ukuthi unesifo sikashukela uma izinga likashukela egazini lakho lingaphezulu kwama-milligram angama-200 nge-deciliter (mg / dL) noma ngo-11.1 mmol / L. Ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa, ukuhlolwa okukodwa noma okuningi okulandelayo kufanele kwenziwe.

• Izinga lokushukela egazini - Isifo sikashukela sitholakala uma singu-126 mg / dL (7.0 mmol / L) noma ngaphezulu izikhathi ezimbili ezihlukene.
• Ukuhlolwa kweHemoglobin A1c (A1C) - Isifo sikashukela siyatholakala uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingu-6.5% noma ngaphezulu.
• Ukuhlolwa kokubekezelelana kwe-glucose yomlomo - Isifo sikashukela sitholakala uma izinga le-glucose lingu-200 mg / dL (11.1 mmol / L) noma ngaphezulu kwamahora amabili ngemuva kokuphuza isiphuzo esikhethekile sikashukela.

Ukuhlolisiswa kwesifo sikashukela kunconyelwa lokhu:

• Izingane ezikhuluphele kakhulu ezinezinye izinto ezinobungozi besifo sikashukela, ziqala eminyakeni yobudala eyi-10 ziphindwe njalo eminyakeni emi-2
• Abantu abadala abakhuluphele ngokweqile (i-BMI engama-25 noma ngaphezulu) abanezinye izinto ezinobungozi, ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, noma ukuba nomama, ubaba, udadewabo noma umfowenu onesifo sikashukela
• Abesifazane abakhuluphele kakhulu abanezinye izinto ezinobungozi, ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, abahlela ukukhulelwa
  
• Abantu abadala baqala eminyakeni engama-45 njalo eminyakeni emithathu, noma besebancane uma umuntu enezinto eziyingozi

Uma utholakale unesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, udinga ukusebenza eduze nomhlinzeki wakho. Bona umhlinzeki wakho kaningi njengokuyalelwa. Lokhu kungaba njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu.

Izivivinyo nokuhlolwa okulandelayo kuzokusiza wena nomhlinzeki wakho ukuthi niqaphele isifo sikashukela futhi nivikele nezinkinga.

• Hlola isikhumba, izinzwa, namalunga ezinyawo zakho nasemilenzeni.
• Bheka ukuthi izinyawo zakho ziyafa yini (isifo sikashukela sezinzwa).
• Yenza ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi yakho okungenani kanye ngonyaka (inhloso yegazi kufanele ibe ngu-140/80 mm Hg noma ngaphansi).
• Yenza i-A1C yakho ihlolwe njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha uma isifo sikashukela silawulwa kahle. Yenza ukuhlolwa njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu uma isifo sakho sikashukela singalawulwa kahle.
• Yenza ukuthi amazinga akho e-cholesterol ne-triglyceride ahlolwe kanye ngonyaka.
• Thola izivivinyo okungenani kanye ngonyaka ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi izinso zakho zisebenza kahle (i-microalbuminuria ne-serum creatinine).
• Vakashela udokotela wamehlo wakho okungenani kanye ngonyaka, noma kaningi uma unezimpawu zesifo sikashukela esamehlo.
• Bheka udokotela wamazinyo njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ukuze uhlanzwe kahle futhi uhlolwe. Qiniseka ukuthi udokotela wamazinyo kanye nenhlanzeko bazi ukuthi unesifo sikashukela.

Umhlinzeki wakho angafuna ukubheka amazinga wevithamini B12 egazi lakho uma uthatha i-metformin yezidakamizwa.

Ekuqaleni, inhloso yokwelashwa ukunciphisa izinga lakho le-glucose ephezulu yegazi. Izinhloso zesikhathi eside ukuvimbela izinkinga. Lezi yizinkinga zempilo ezingabangelwa ukuba nesifo sikashukela.

Indlela ebaluleke kunazo zonke yokwelapha nokuphatha uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela esingu-2 ngokusebenza nokudla ukudla okunempilo.

Wonke umuntu onesifo sikashukela kufanele athole imfundo efanele nokuxhaswa ngezindlela ezingcono zokulawula isifo sikashukela. Buza umhlinzeki wakho ngokubona uchwepheshe wesifo sikashukela oqinisekisiwe nemfundo kanye nodokotela wezokudla.

FUNDA LAMA KHONO

Ukufunda amakhono okuphatha isifo sikashukela kuzokusiza uphile kahle nesifo sikashukela. Lawa makhono asiza ukuvimbela izinkinga zempilo kanye nesidingo sokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. Amakhono afaka:

• Uyihlola kanjani futhi uyiqophe ushukela wegazi lakho
• Yini, nini, futhi kangakanani ukudla
• Ungawukhulisa kanjani ngokuphepha umsebenzi wakho futhi ulawule isisindo sakho
• Ungayiphuza kanjani imithi, uma kudingeka
• Ungayibona kanjani futhi uyiphathe kanjani ushukela wegazi ophansi futhi ophakeme
• Ungaziphatha kanjani izinsuku zokugula
• Ukuthenga kuphi izinto zesifo sikashukela nokuthi ungazigcina kanjani

Kungathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ukufunda la makhono. Qhubeka ufunde ngesifo sikashukela, ubunzima baso, nokuthi ungasilawula kanjani futhi uphile kahle nalesi sifo. Hlala usesikhathini ngocwaningo olusha kanye nokwelashwa. Qiniseka ukuthi uthola imininingwane emithonjeni ethembekile, njengomhlinzeki wakho nomfundisi wesifo sikashukela.

UKUPHATHA ISUKU LAKHO LEGAZI

Ukuzihlola izinga likashukela egazini lakho bese ubhala imiphumela ekutshela ukuthi usilawula kahle kangakanani isifo sikashukela. Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho kanye nomfundisi wesifo sikashukela mayelana nokuthi uhlola kangaki.

Ukuhlola izinga likashukela egazini lakho, usebenzisa umshini obizwa ngokuthi i-glucose meter. Imvamisa, uthinta umunwe wakho ngenaliti encane, ebizwa nge-lancet. Lokhu kukunikeza ithonsi legazi elincane. Ubeka igazi emgqeni wokuhlola bese ubeka umugqa emitha. Imitha ikunikeza ukufundwa okutshela izinga likashukela egazini lakho.

Umhlinzeki wakho noma uthisha wesifo sikashukela uzokusiza ukusetha uhlelo lokuhlola. Umhlinzeki wakho uzokusiza ukusetha uhla lokukhomba lwezinombolo zakho zoshukela egazini. Gcina lezi zinto engqondweni:

• Iningi labantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 badinga kuphela ukuhlola ushukela wegazi kanye noma kabili ngosuku.
• Uma izinga likashukela egazini lakho lilawulwa, ungahle udinge ukulibheka izikhathi ezimbalwa ngesonto.
• Ungazihlola lapho uvuka, ngaphambi kokudla, nangesikhathi sokulala.
• Kungadingeka ukuthi uvivinye kaningi lapho ugula noma unengcindezi.
• Ungadinga ukuthi uvivinye kaningi uma unezimpawu zeshukela ezisezingeni eliphansi kaningi.

Gcina irekhodi likashukela egazini lakho wena nomhlinzeki wakho. Ngokuya ngezinombolo zakho, kungadingeka ukuthi wenze izinguquko ekudleni kwakho, emsebenzini, noma emithini ukuze ugcine ushukela wegazi lakho usezingeni elifanele. Hlala uletha imitha yeglucose egazini lakho kuma-aphoyintimenti wezokwelapha ukuze idatha ingalandwa futhi ixoxwe.

Umhlinzeki wakho angancoma ukuthi usebenzise i-glucose monitor (CGM) eqhubekayo ukukala ushukela wegazi uma:

• Usebenzisa imijovo ye-insulin kaningi ngosuku
• Ube nesiqephu sikashukela wegazi ophansi kakhulu
• Izinga likashukela egazini lakho lihluka kakhulu

I-CGM inenzwa efakwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba ukukala i-glucose kuketshezi lwakho lwezicubu njalo ngemizuzu engu-5.

UKUDLA OKUNEMPILO NOKULAWULWA KWESisindo

Sebenza eduze nabahlinzeki bakho bezempilo ukuze ufunde ukuthi ungakanani amafutha, amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate owadingayo ekudleni kwakho. Izinhlelo zakho zokudla kufanele zivumelane nendlela ophila ngayo nemikhuba yakho futhi kufanele zifake nokudla okuthandayo.

Ukuphatha isisindo sakho nokudla ngendlela efanelekile kubalulekile. Abanye abantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili bangayeka ukuthatha imishanguzo ngemuva kokuncipha. Lokhu akusho ukuthi isifo sikashukela siyelapheka. Basenaso isifo sikashukela.

Abantu abakhuluphele abanesifo sikashukela esingaphathwa kahle ngokudla nangemithi bangabheka ukuhlinzwa kwesisindo (bariatric).

UMSEBENZI OWENZIWE NGOKUVAMILE

Umsebenzi ojwayelekile ubalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Kubaluleke nakakhulu uma unesifo sikashukela. Ukuzivocavoca kuhle empilweni yakho ngoba:

• Yehlisa izinga likashukela egazini lakho ngaphandle kwemithi
• Ishisa ama-calories amaningi namafutha ukusiza ukuphatha isisindo sakho
• Ithuthukisa ukugeleza kwegazi nomfutho wegazi
• Kukhuphula izinga lamandla akho
• Kuthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokusingatha ukucindezeleka

Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho ngaphambi kokuqala noma yiluphi uhlelo lokuzivocavoca. Abantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili bangadinga ukuthatha izinyathelo ezikhethekile ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kokuzivocavoca umzimba noma ukuzivocavoca umzimba, kufaka phakathi ukulungisa imithamo ye-insulin uma kudingeka.

IMITHI YOKULAPHA ISIFO SIKASHUKELA

Uma ukudla nokuzivocavoca kungakusizi ukugcina ushukela wegazi lakho usezingeni elijwayelekile noma eliseduze, umhlinzeki wakho angakunikeza umuthi. Njengoba le mithi isiza ukwehlisa izinga likashukela egazini lakho ngezindlela ezihlukile, umhlinzeki wakho angakuthatha izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.

Ezinye zezinhlobo zemithi ezivame kakhulu zibalwe ngezansi. Athathwa ngomlomo noma ngomjovo.

• I-Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
• Ama-Biguanides
• Ama-sequestrants we-Bile acid
• Izivimbeli ze-DPP-4
• Imithi ejojowe (ama-analog we-GLP-1)
• Meglitinides
• I-SGLT2 inhibitors
• I-Sulfonylureas
• Abongile

Ungadinga ukuthatha i-insulin uma ushukela wegazi lakho ungeke ulawulwe ngeminye yemithi engenhla. Ngokuvamile, i-insulin ijojowe ngaphansi kwesikhumba kusetshenziswa isirinji, ipeni le-insulin, noma ipompo. Olunye uhlobo lwe-insulin uhlobo oluhogelwayo. I-insulini ayikwazi ukuthathwa ngomlomo ngoba i-asidi esiswini ibulala i-insulin.

UKUVIMBELA IZINKINGA

Umhlinzeki wakho angahle anikeze imishanguzo noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukunciphisa amathuba akho okuba nezinkinga ezivame kakhulu zesifo sikashukela, kufaka phakathi:

• Isifo samehlo
• Isifo sezinso
• Isifo senhliziyo nesifo sohlangothi

UKUNAKEKELWA KWEZINYAWO

Abantu abanesifo sikashukela banamathuba amaningi kunalawo angenasifo sikashukela ukuba nezinkinga ezinyaweni. Isifo sikashukela silimaza izinzwa. Lokhu kungenza izinyawo zakho zingakwazi ukuzwa ingcindezi, ubuhlungu, ukushisa noma ukubanda. Ungahle ungaboni ukulimala konyawo kuze kube yilapho unomonakalo omkhulu esikhunjeni nasezicutshini ezingezansi, noma uthola ukutheleleka okunzima.

Isifo sikashukela singalimaza nemithambo yegazi. Izilonda ezincane noma ukuqhuma esikhunjeni kungahle kube yizilonda zesikhumba ezijulile (izilonda). Isitho esithintekile singadinga ukunqunywa uma lezi zilonda zesikhumba zingapholi noma zikhule, zijule noma zitheleleke.

Ukuvimbela izinkinga ngezinyawo zakho:

• Yeka ukubhema uma ubhema.
• Thuthukisa ukulawula ushukela wegazi lakho.
• Thola ukuhlolwa kwezinyawo ngumhlinzeki wakho okungenani kabili ngonyaka ukuze ufunde uma unokonakala kwemizwa.
• Cela umhlinzeki wakho ukuthi ahlole izinyawo zakho ngezinkinga ezinjenge-calluses, bunions noma hammertoes. Lezi zidinga ukwelashwa ukuvimbela ukubola kwesikhumba nezilonda.
• Hlola futhi unakekele izinyawo zakho nsuku zonke. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma usuvele unenkinga yezinzwa noma yegazi noma izinkinga zonyawo.
• Phatha izifo ezincane, njengonyawo lomsubathi, zisuka.
• Sebenzisa i-lotion ethambisa esikhunjeni esomile.
• Qiniseka ukuthi ugqoka uhlobo olufanele lwezicathulo. Buza umhlinzeki wakho ukuthi hlobo luni lwesicathulo olukufanele.

IMPILO YOMzwelo

Ukuphila nesifo sikashukela kungaba yingcindezi. Ungazizwa ukhungathekile ngakho konke okudingeka ukwenze ukuphatha isifo sikashukela. Kepha ukunakekela impilo yakho engokomzwelo kubaluleke kakhulu njengempilo yakho engokomzimba.

Izindlela zokuqeda ukucindezeleka zifaka:

• Ukulalela umculo ophumuzayo
• Ukuzindla ukususa ingqondo yakho ezinkingeni zakho
• Ukuphefumula okujulile ukusiza ukukhulula ukungezwani komzimba
• Ukwenza i-yoga, i-taichi, noma ukuphumula okuqhubekayo

Ukuzizwa udabukile noma udangele (ucindezelekile) noma ukhathazekile kwesinye isikhathi kuyinto ejwayelekile. Kepha uma unale mizwa kaningi futhi bangena endleleni yokuphatha isifo sikashukela, khuluma nethimba lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Bangathola izindlela zokukusiza uzizwe ungcono.

Abantu abanesifo sikashukela kufanele baqiniseke ukuthi bagcina uhlelo lwabo lokugoma.

Kunezinsizakusebenza eziningi zikashukela ezingakusiza uqonde kabanzi ngohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Ungafunda nezindlela zokuphatha isimo sakho ukuze uphile kahle nesifo sikashukela.

Isifo sikashukela yisifo sempilo yonke futhi asikho ikhambi.

Abanye abantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili abasadingi umuthi uma benciphisa isisindo futhi beba namandla ngokwengeziwe. Lapho befinyelela isisindo sabo esifanele, i-insulin yemizimba yabo kanye nokudla okunempilo kungalawula izinga labo likashukela egazini.

Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi, isifo sikashukela singaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zempilo:

• Ungaba nezinkinga zamehlo, kufaka phakathi inkinga yokubona (ikakhulukazi ebusuku), nokuzwela okukhanyayo. Ungaba yimpumputhe.
• Izinyawo zakho nesikhumba sakho kungaba nezilonda nezifo. Uma amanxeba engapholi kahle, unyawo noma umlenze wakho kungadingeka unqunywe. Ukutheleleka nakho kungadala ubuhlungu nokushaywa isikhumba.
• Isifo sikashukela singenza kube nzima ukulawula umfutho wegazi kanye ne-cholesterol yakho. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, nezinye izinkinga. Kungaba nzima ukuthi igazi ligobhozele emilenzeni nasezinyaweni zakho.
• Izinzwa emzimbeni wakho zingalimala, zibangele ubuhlungu, ukuhayiza, nokuba ndikindiki.
• Ngenxa yomonakalo wezinzwa, ungaba nezinkinga ekugayeni ukudla okudlayo. Ungazizwa ubuthakathaka noma unenkinga yokuya endlini yangasese. Ukulimala kwemithambo kungenza kube nzima ukuthi amadoda abe nokwakhiwa.
• Ushukela ophakeme wegazi nezinye izinkinga kungaholela ekulimaleni kwezinso. Izinso zakho kungenzeka zingasebenzi kahle njengakuqala. Bangayeka nokusebenza ukuze udinge i-dialysis noma ukufakelwa izinso.
• Ushukela ophakeme wegazi unganciphisa amasosha akho omzimba. Lokhu kungenza ukuthi kube lula ngawe ukuthola izifo, kufaka phakathi izifo ezisongela impilo zesikhumba kanye nezifo zefungal.
  

Shayela ku-911 noma inombolo ephuthumayo yendawo ngokushesha uma une:

• Ubuhlungu besifuba noma ingcindezi
• Ukuquleka, ukudideka noma ukuquleka
• Ukudlikiza
• Ukuphelelwa umoya
• Isikhumba esibomvu, esibuhlungu esisakazeka ngokushesha

Lezi zimpawu zingasheshe zibe zimbi kakhulu futhi zibe yizimo eziphuthumayo (njengokuquleka, ikhoma le-hypoglycemic noma ikhoma le-hyperglycemic).

Shayela nomhlinzeki wakho uma une:

• Ukuba ndikindiki, ukudikiza, noma ubuhlungu ezinyaweni noma emilenzeni
• Izinkinga ngokubona kwakho
• Izilonda noma izifo ezinyaweni zakho
• Izimpawu zeshukela eliphakeme legazi (ukoma ngokweqile, ukungaboni kahle, isikhumba esomile, ubuthakathaka noma ukukhathala, isidingo sokuchama kakhulu)
• Izimpawu zikashukela wegazi ophansi (ubuthakathaka noma ukukhathala, ukuthuthumela, ukujuluka, ukucasuka, ukukhathazeka ngokucabanga kahle, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, umbono ophindwe kabili noma ofiphele, umuzwa ongathandeki)
• Imizwa ejwayelekile yokudangala noma ukukhathazeka

Ungasiza ekuvikeleni uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela esingu-2 ngokuhlala esisindweni somzimba esinempilo. Ungafinyelela esisindweni esinempilo ngokudla ukudla okunempilo, ulawule osayizi bezabelo zakho, futhi uhole indlela yokuphila esebenzayo. Eminye imithi ingabuye ibambezele noma ivimbele uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kubantu abasengozini yokuthola lesi sifo.

Isifo sikashukela esincike ku-noninsulin; Isifo sikashukela - uhlobo II; Isifo sikashukela sabantu abadala; Isifo sikashukela - uhlobo 2 sikashukela; Isifo sikashukela somlomo - uhlobo 2 sikashukela; Isifo sikashukela esisezingeni eliphakeme sohlobo 2

• Ama-ACE inhibitors
• Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa kwesisindo - yini ongayibuza udokotela wakho
• Ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa kwesisindo - yini okufanele ubuze udokotela wakho
• Isifo sikashukela nokuzivocavoca umzimba
• Ukunakekelwa kwamehlo sikashukela
• Isifo sikashukela - izilonda ezinyaweni
• Isifo sikashukela - ukuhlala sisebenza
• Isifo sikashukela - ukuvimbela isifo senhliziyo nesifo sohlangothi
• Isifo sikashukela - ukunakekela izinyawo zakho
• Ukuhlolwa kwesifo sikashukela nokuhlolwa
• Isifo sikashukela - uma ugula
• Ukunqunywa unyawo - ukukhishwa
• Ukuhlinzwa kokudlula esiswini - ukukhipha
• I-laparoscopic gastric banding - ukukhipha
• Ukunqunywa umlenze - ukukhishwa
• Ukunqunywa umlenze noma unyawo - ukugqoka
• Ushukela wegazi ophansi - ukuzinakekela
• Ukuphatha ushukela wegazi lakho
• Thayipha i-2 yesifo sikashukela - okufanele ubuze udokotela wakho

• Isifo sikashukela nokuzivocavoca umzimba
• Izimpahla eziphuthumayo zesifo sikashukela
• 15/15 umthetho
• Ukudla okunesitashi
• Izimpawu zeshukela ezisezingeni eliphansi
• Ishukela egazini
• I-Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
• Ama-Biguanides
• Isidakamizwa seSulfonylureas
• Abongile
• Ukukhishwa kokudla kanye ne-insulin
• Ukuqapha ushukela wegazi - Uchungechunge

I-American Diabetes Association. 2. Ukwahlukaniswa nokuxilongwa kwesifo sikashukela: izindinganiso zokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kusifo sikashukela - 2020. Ukunakekelwa yisifo sikashukela. 2020; 43 (Suppl 1): S14-S31. I-PMID: 31862745 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862745/.

I-American Diabetes Association. 11.Izinkinga ze-Microvascular nokunakekelwa kwezinyawo: amazinga wokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kusifo sikashukela - 2020. Ukunakekelwa yisifo sikashukela. 2020; 43 (Suppl 1): S135-S151. I-PMID: 31862754 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862754/.

I-American Diabetes Association. 8. Ukuphathwa kokukhuluphala ngokwelashwa kohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2: amazinga okunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kusifo sikashukela - 2020. Ukunakekelwa yisifo sikashukela. 2020; 43 (Suppl 1): S89-S97. I-PMID: 31862751 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862751/.

Imfumbe MC, Ahmann AJ. Ukwelashwa kohlobo lwesibili sikashukela mellitus. Ku: Melmed S, Auchus, RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, abahleli. Incwadi kaWilliams ye-Endocrinology. Umhlaka 14. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 35.