Ukushoda kwegazi

I-anemia yisimo lapho umzimba ungenawo amangqamuzana egazi abomvu anele anele. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi anikeza umoya-mpilo ezicutshini zomzimba.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-anemia zifaka:

• I-anemia ngenxa yokushoda kukavithamini B12
• I-anemia ngenxa yokushoda kwe-folate (folic acid)
• Ukushoda kwegazi ngenxa yokushoda ngensimbi
• Ukushoda kwegazi kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona
• I-hemolytic anemia
• I-Idiopathic anemia aplastic
• I-anemia ye-Megaloblastic
• I-anaemia ekhathazayo
• I-sickle cell anemia
• Thalassemia

Ukushoda kwe-iron anemia uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-anemia.

Yize izingxenye eziningi zomzimba zisiza ekwenzeni amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, iningi lomsebenzi wenziwa kumnkantsha wethambo. Umnkantsha wethambo yizicubu ezithambile ezisenkabeni yamathambo ezisiza ukwakha wonke amaseli egazi.

Amaseli egazi abomvu anempilo ahlala phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-90 kanye ne-120. Izingxenye zomzimba wakho bese zisusa amangqamuzana egazi amadala. I-hormone ebizwa ngokuthi i-erythropoietin (epo) eyenziwe ezinso zakho itshengisa umnkantsha wakho wokwenza amangqamuzana egazi abomvu amaningi.

IHemoglobin yiprotheni ethwala umoya-mpilo ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Inikeza amangqamuzana abomvu egazi umbala wawo. Abantu abane-anemia abanayo i-hemoglobin eyanele.

Umzimba udinga amavithamini, amaminerali kanye nezakhamzimba ezithile ukwenza amangqamuzana egazi abomvu anele. I-Iron, i-vitamin B12, ne-folic acid yizinto ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu. Umzimba ungahle ungabi nazo lezi zakhi zomzimba ngenxa:

• Izinguquko kulwelwesi lwesisu noma amathumbu ezithinta ukuthi umsoco ufakwa kanjani (isibonelo, isifo se-celiac)
• Ukudla okungafanele
• Ukuhlinzwa okususa ingxenye yesisu noma yamathumbu

Izimbangela ezingenzeka ze-anemia zifaka:

• Ukushoda kwe-Iron
• Ukuntuleka kwe-Vitamin B12
• Ukushoda kwefolate
• Imithi ethile
• Ukucekelwa phansi kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi ngaphambi kokujwayelekile (okungadalwa yizinkinga zesistimu yomzimba)
• Izifo zesikhathi eside (ezingapheli) ezifana nesifo esingapheliyo sezinso, umdlavuza, i-ulcerative colitis, noma i-rheumatoid arthritis
• Ezinye izinhlobo ze-anemia, njenge-thalassemia noma i-sickle cell anemia, engazuzwa njengefa
• Ukukhulelwa
• Izinkinga ngomnkantsha wethambo njenge-lymphoma, i-leukemia, i-myelodysplasia, i-myeloma eminingi, noma i-aplastic anemia
• Ukwehla kancane kwegazi (ngokwesibonelo, kusuka esikhathini esindayo sokuya esikhathini noma izilonda zesisu)
• Ukwehla kwegazi okusindayo okungazelelwe

Ungahle ungabi nazimpawu uma i-anemia imnene noma uma inkinga ikhula kancane. Izimpawu ezingenzeka kuqala zifaka:

• Ukuzizwa ubuthakathaka noma ukhathele kaningi kunokujwayelekile, noma ngokuzivocavoca umzimba
• Ukuphathwa ikhanda
• Izinkinga ukugxila noma ukucabanga
• Ukuthukuthela
• Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla
• Ukuba ndikindiki nokuthinteka kwezandla nezinyawo

Uma i-anemia iba yimbi, izimpawu zingafaka:

• Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwabamhlophe bamehlo
• Izipikili eziphukile
• Isifiso sokudla iqhwa noma ezinye izinto ezingezona zokudla (i-pica syndrome)
• Ikhanda elikhanyayo lapho usukuma
• Umbala wesikhumba okhanyayo
• Ukuphefumula ngomsebenzi omncane noma ngisho nokuphumula
• Ulimi oluhlungu noma oluvuvukele
• Izilonda zomlomo
• Ukopha okungavamile noma okwandayo kokuya esikhathini kwabesifazane
• Ukulahleka kwesifiso sobulili emadodeni

Umhlinzeki uzokwenza ukuhlolwa komzimba, futhi angathola:

• Inhliziyo ibubula
• Umfutho wegazi ophansi, ikakhulukazi uma usukuma
• Umkhuhlane omncane
• Isikhumba esiphaphathekile
• Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-anemia zingadala ezinye izinto ekuhlolweni komzimba.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okusetshenziselwa ukuthola izinhlobo ezithile ezijwayelekile ze-anemia kungafaka:

• Izinga legazi lensimbi, uvithamini B12, i-folic acid, namanye amavithamini namaminerali
• Qedela ukubalwa kwegazi
• Ukubalwa kwe-Reticulocyte

Olunye uvivinyo lungenziwa ukuthola izinkinga zokwelashwa ezingadala i-anemia.

Ukwelashwa kufanele kuqondiswe kumbangela we-anemia, futhi kungafaka:

• Ukumpontshelwa igazi
• ICorticosteroids noma eminye imithi ecindezela amasosha omzimba
• I-Erythropoietin, umuthi osiza umnkantsha wakho wenze amangqamuzana egazi amaningi
• Izithasiselo zensimbi, uvithamini B12, i-folic acid, noma amanye amavithamini namaminerali

I-anemia enamandla ingadala amazinga e-oxygen aphansi ezithweni ezibalulekile njengenhliziyo, futhi ingaholela ekuhlulekeni kwenhliziyo.

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho uma unezimpawu zokushoda kwegazi noma ukopha okungavamile.

• Amaseli abomvu egazi - i-elliptocytosis
• Amaseli abomvu egazi - i-spherocytosis
• Amaseli abomvu egazi - amaseli amaningi amasikela
• I-Ovalocytosis
• Amaseli abomvu egazi - isikela nePappenheimer
• Amaseli abomvu egazi, ama-target cell
• IHemoglobin

I-Elghetany MT, iSchexneider KI, ukuphazamiseka kwe-Banki K. Erythrocytic. Ku: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, abahleli. UHenry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Umhla ka-23. ISt Louis, MO: Elsevier; I-2017: isahluko 32.

I-Lin JC. Indlela yokuthola i-anemia kumuntu omdala nasenganeni. Ku: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, ama-eds. I-Hematology: Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Nokuzijwayeza. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 34.

Kusho i-RT. Sondela kuma-anemias. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 149.