I-immunotherapy yomdlavuza

I-Immunotherapy uhlobo lokwelashwa komdlavuza oluthembele ohlelweni lomzimba lokulwa nokutheleleka (amasosha omzimba). Isebenzisa izinto ezenziwe ngumzimba noma elebhu ukusiza amasosha omzimba asebenze kanzima noma ngendlela ebhekiswe kakhulu ukulwa nomdlavuza. Lokhu kusiza umzimba wakho ukususa amaseli omdlavuza.

I-Immunotherapy isebenza ngo:

• Ukumisa noma ukubambezela ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza
• Ukuvimbela umdlavuza ukuthi usabalalele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba
• Ukukhuthaza amandla omzimba wokuqeda amaseli omdlavuza

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-immunotherapy yomdlavuza.

Amasosha omzimba avikela umzimba ekuthelelekeni. Lokhu ikwenza ngokuthola amagciwane afana namagciwane noma amagciwane nokwenza amaprotheni alwa nokutheleleka. Lawa maprotheni abizwa ngama-antibody.

Ososayensi bangenza ama-antibodies akhethekile ebhodini elifuna amangqamuzana omdlavuza esikhundleni sebhaktheriya. Ebizwa ngama-antibody monoclonal, nawo awuhlobo lokwelashwa okuhlosiwe.

Amanye ama-antibody monoclonal asebenza ngokunamathela kumaseli womdlavuza. Lokhu kwenza kube lula kwamanye amaseli enziwe amasosha omzimba ukuthola, ukuhlasela nokubulala amaseli.

Amanye ama-antibody monoclonal asebenza ngokuvimba amasignali ebusweni beseli lomdlavuza elitshela ukuthi lihlukane.

Olunye uhlobo lwe-anti-monoclonal antibody luthwala imisebe noma umuthi we-chemotherapy kumangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lezi zinto ezibulala umdlavuza zixhunywe kuma-antibody monoclonal, bese eletha ubuthi kumaseli womdlavuza.

Ama-antibody monoclonal manje asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza.

"Izindawo zokubheka" ngamangqamuzana athile kumaseli athile omzimba wokuzivikela amasosha omzimba awasebenzisayo noma awavale ukudala impendulo yomzimba. Amaseli womdlavuza angasebenzisa lezi zindawo zokubheka ukugwema ukuhlaselwa amasosha omzimba.

Ama-immune checkpoint inhibitors awuhlobo olusha lwe-monoclonal antibody olusebenza kulezi zindawo zokuhlola ukukhulisa amasosha omzimba ukuze ahlasele amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Ama-PD-1 inhibitors zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomdlavuza.

Ama-PD-L1 inhibitors welapha umdlavuza wesinye, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, kanye neMerkel cell carcinoma, futhi bayahlolwa babhekene nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza.

Izidakamizwa eziqondisiwe I-CTLA-4 welapha i-melanoma yesikhumba, umdlavuza wezinso, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza ezibonisa izinhlobo ezithile zokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.

Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zithuthukisa amasosha omzimba ngendlela ejwayelekile kunama-antibody monoclonal. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

I-Interleukin-2 (IL-2) isiza amaseli omzimba ukuthi akhule futhi ahlukane ngokushesha okukhulu. Inguqulo eyenziwe ngelebhu ye-IL-2 isetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezithuthukile zomdlavuza wezinso ne-melanoma.

I-Interferon alpha (INF-alfa) kwenza amaseli athile omzimba akwazi kangcono ukuhlasela amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Akuvamile ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha:

• I-leukemia yeseli lezinwele
• Umdlavuza wegazi ongamahlalakhona
• I-non-Hodgkin lymphoma elandelayo
• I-T-cell lymphoma enesikhumba (isikhumba)
• Umdlavuza wezinso
• I-Melanoma
• Kaposi sarcoma

Lolu hlobo lwezokwelapha lusebenzisa amagciwane aguqulwe ebhodini ukuze athelele futhi abulale amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lapho la maseli efa, akhipha izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-antigen. Lawa ma-antigen atshela amasosha omzimba ukuthi akhombe futhi abulale amanye amangqamuzana omdlavuza emzimbeni.

Lolu hlobo lwe-immunotherapy okwamanje lusetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-melanoma.

Imiphumela emibi yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-immunotherapy yomdlavuza yehluka ngohlobo lokwelashwa. Eminye imiphumela emibi yenzeka lapho umjovo noma i-IV ingena emzimbeni, okwenza indawo ibe:

• Kubuhlungu noma kubuhlungu
• Kuvuvukele
• Okubomvu
• Ukulunywa

Eminye imiphumela emibi engaba khona ifaka:

• Izimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane (umkhuhlane, amakhaza, ubuthakathaka, ikhanda elibuhlungu)
• Isicanucanu nokuhlanza
• Uhudo
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha noma obuhlangene
• Ukuzizwa ngikhathele kakhulu
• Ubuhlungu bekhanda
• Umfutho wegazi ophansi noma ophakeme
• Ukuvuvukala kwesibindi, amaphaphu, izitho ze-endocrine, umgudu wamathumbu, noma isikhumba

Lezi zindlela zokwelashwa zingadala ukusabela okunzima, kwesinye isikhathi okubulalayo, kokungezwani komzimba nabantu abazwela izithako ezithile ekwelashweni. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuvamile kakhulu.

Ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo; I-Biotherapy

Cancer.Net iwebhusayithi. Ukuqonda i-immunotherapy. www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/immunotherapy-and-vaccines/understanding-immunotherapy. Kubuyekezwe uJanuwari, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoMashi 27, 2020.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Amaseli e-CAR T: amaseli omzimba eziguli ophethwe ukwelapha umdlavuza wawo. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells. Kubuyekezwe ngoJulayi 30, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoMashi 27, 2020.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. I-Immunotherapy yokwelapha umdlavuza. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy. Kubuyekezwe uSepthemba 24, 2019. Kufinyelelwe ngoMashi 27, 2020.

UTseng D, Schultz L, Pardoll D, Mackall C. Umdlavuza wokuvikela umdlavuza. Ku: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, abahleli. I-Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology. Umhlaka 6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 6.

• I-Cancer Immunotherapy