Umdlavuza

Umdlavuza ukukhula okungalawulwa kwamaseli angajwayelekile emzimbeni. Amaseli anomdlavuza abizwa nangokuthi amaseli amabi.

Umdlavuza uphuma kumaseli emzimbeni. Amaseli ajwayelekile ayanda lapho umzimba uwadinga, bese efa lapho elimele noma umzimba ungawadingi.

Umdlavuza ubonakala kwenzeka lapho izinto zofuzo zeseli ziguqulwa. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amaseli akhule ngaphandle kolawulo. Amaseli ahlukana ngokushesha okukhulu futhi awafi ngendlela ejwayelekile.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza. Umdlavuza ungakhula cishe kunoma yisiphi isitho noma izicubu, njengephaphu, ikholoni, isifuba, isikhumba, amathambo, noma izicubu zemizwa.

Kunezici eziningi eziyingozi zomdlavuza, kufaka phakathi:

• I-Benzene nokunye ukuvezwa kwamakhemikhali
• Ukuphuza kakhulu utshwala
• Ubuthi bezemvelo, njengamakhowe athile anobuthi nohlobo lwesikhunta olungakhula ezitshalweni zamakinati futhi lukhiqize ubuthi obubizwa nge-aflatoxin
• Izinkinga zofuzo
• Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile
• Ukuvezwa kwemisebe
• Ukukhanya kakhulu kwelanga
• Amagciwane

Imbangela yemidlavuza eminingi ayikaziwa.

Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokufa okuhlobene nomdlavuza umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

E-United States, umdlavuza wesikhumba yiwo umdlavuza otholakala kakhulu.

Emadodeni ase-US, ngaphandle komdlavuza wesikhumba imidlavuza emithathu ejwayelekile yile:

• Umdlavuza wendlala yesinye
• Umdlavuza wamaphaphu
• Umdlavuza we-Colorectal

Kwabesifazane base-US, ngaphandle komdlavuza wesikhumba imidlavuza emithathu ejwayelekile yile:

• Umdlavuza webele
• Umdlavuza wamaphaphu
• Umdlavuza we-Colorectal

Eminye imidlavuza ivame kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba. Isibonelo, eJapane, kunezimo eziningi zomdlavuza wesisu. Kodwa e-United States, lolu hlobo lomdlavuza aluvamile kakhulu. Ukungafani kokudla noma izici zemvelo kungadlala indima.

Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza zifaka:

• Umdlavuza wobuchopho
• Umdlavuza wesibeletho
• IHodgkin lymphoma
• Umdlavuza wezinso
• Umdlavuza wegazi
• Umdlavuza wesibindi
• I-non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Umdlavuza we-Ovarian
• Umdlavuza wepancreatic
• Umdlavuza wamasende
• Umdlavuza wegilo
• Umdlavuza wesibeletho

Izimpawu zomdlavuza zixhomeke ohlotsheni nasendaweni okuyo umdlavuza. Isibonelo, umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungadala ukukhwehlela, ukuphefumula okuncane, noma ubuhlungu besifuba. Umdlavuza wamakholoni uvame ukudala isifo sohudo, ukuqunjelwa, noma igazi esitokisini.

Amanye umdlavuza kungenzeka angabi nazimpawu. Eminye imidlavuza, njengomdlavuza wepancreatic, izimpawu kaningi aziqali size isifo sifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme.

Izimpawu ezilandelayo zingavela ngomdlavuza:

• Amakhaza
• Ukukhathala
• Imfiva
• Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla
• UMalaise
• Ukujuluka ebusuku
• Ubuhlungu
• Ukwehla kwesisindo

Njengezimpawu, izimpawu zomdlavuza ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo nendawo yesimila. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kufaka okulandelayo:

• I-biopsy yesimila
• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi (okubheka amakhemikhali afana nezimpawu zomzimba)
• I-bone marrow biopsy (ye-lymphoma noma i-leukemia)
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• Qedela ukubalwa kwegazi (CBC)
• Iskena se-CT
• Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi
• Ukuskena kwe-MRI
• Ukuskena kwe-PET

Iningi lomdlavuza litholwa yi-biopsy. Ngokuya ngendawo yesimila, i-biopsy ingaba inqubo elula noma ukuhlinzwa okungathi sína. Iningi labantu abanomdlavuza banezikena ze-CT ukuthola indawo kanye nobukhulu besimila noma izicubu.

Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza kunzima ukubhekana nakho. Kubalulekile ukuthi uxoxe ngohlobo, usayizi nendawo okuyo umdlavuza nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo lapho kutholakala ukuthi unawo. Futhi uzofuna ukubuza ngezinketho zokwelashwa, kanye nezinzuzo nobungozi.

Kungumqondo omuhle ukuba nomunye umuntu ehhovisi lomhlinzeki akusize udlule futhi uqonde ukuxilongwa. Uma unenkinga yokubuza imibuzo ngemuva kokuzwa ngokuxilongwa kwakho, umuntu oze naye angakucela yena.

Ukwelashwa kuyahlukahluka, kuya ngohlobo lomdlavuza nesigaba saso. Isigaba somdlavuza sisho ukuthi sesikhule kangakanani nokuthi isimila sesisakazekile sisuka lapho sasikhona.

• Uma umdlavuza usendaweni eyodwa futhi ungakasakazeki, indlela yokwelashwa ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ukuhlinzwa ukwelapha umdlavuza. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngomdlavuza wesikhumba, kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, webele nowekholoni.
• Uma isimila sesisabalalele kuma-lymph node wendawo kuphela, kwesinye isikhathi nawo angasuswa.
• Uma ukuhlinzwa kungakwazi ukususa wonke umdlavuza, izinketho zokwelashwa zingafaka imisebe, i-chemotherapy, i-immunotherapy, izindlela zokwelashwa zomdlavuza ezihlosiwe, noma ezinye izinhlobo zokwelashwa. Amanye umdlavuza adinga inhlanganisela yokwelashwa. I-Lymphoma, noma umdlavuza wezinhlayiya ze-lymph, akuvamile ukuthi uphathwe ngokuhlinzwa. I-Chemotherapy, i-immunotherapy, i-radiation therapy, nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa ezingezona ezokuhlinzwa zivame ukusetshenziswa.

Yize ukwelashwa komdlavuza kungaba nzima, kunezindlela eziningi zokuqhubeka namandla akho.

Uma uthola ukwelashwa ngemisebe:

• Ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlelwa njalo phakathi nesonto.
• Kufanele uvumele imizuzu engama-30 kwiseshini ngayinye yokwelashwa, noma ngabe ukwelashwa uqobo kuvame ukuthatha imizuzu embalwa nje.
• Kufanele uthole ukuphumula okuningi futhi udle ukudla okunomsoco phakathi nokwelashwa kwakho ngemisebe.
• Isikhumba endaweni elashwa singazwela futhi sicasuke kalula.
• Eminye imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa ngemisebe ingeyesikhashana. Ziyashiyana, kuya ngendawo yomzimba elashwa.

Uma une-chemotherapy:

• Yidla kahle.
• Thola ukuphumula okuningi, futhi ungazizwa sengathi kufanele ufeze imisebenzi ngasikhathi sinye.
• Gwema abantu abanemikhuhlane noma umkhuhlane. I-Chemotherapy ingadala ukuthi amasosha omzimba wakho abe buthakathaka.

Khuluma nomndeni, abangane, noma iqembu lokusekela ngemizwa yakho. Sebenza nabahlinzeki bakho kulo lonke ukwelashwa kwakho. Ukuzisiza kungakwenza uzizwe ulawula kakhulu.

Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa komdlavuza kuvame ukudala ukukhathazeka okuningi futhi kungathinta impilo yonke yomuntu. Kunezinsizakusebenza eziningi zeziguli ezinomdlavuza.

Umbono uncike ohlotsheni lomdlavuza kanye nesigaba somdlavuza lapho kutholakala.

Amanye umdlavuza ungelapheka. Eminye imidlavuza engelapheki isengalashwa ngempumelelo. Abanye abantu bangaphila iminyaka eminingi benomdlavuza. Ezinye izicubu zisongela impilo ngokushesha.

Izinkinga zixhomeke ohlotsheni nesigaba somdlavuza. Umdlavuza ungasakazeka.

Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho uma uba nezimpawu zomdlavuza.

Unganciphisa ubungozi bokuthola isimila somdlavuza (esibi) ngo:

• Ukudla ukudla okunempilo
• Ukuzivocavoca umzimba njalo
• Ukunciphisa utshwala
• Ukugcina isisindo esinempilo
• Ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakho emisebeni yelanga kanye namakhemikhali anobuthi
• Ukungabhemi noma ukuhlafuna ugwayi
• Ukunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga, ikakhulukazi uma ushisa kalula

Ukuhlolwa komdlavuza, njenge-mammography nokuhlolwa kwesifuba somdlavuza webele kanye ne-colonoscopy yomdlavuza wekoloni, kungasiza ukubamba le mdlavuza lapho isanda kuqala lapho yelashwa kakhulu. Abanye abantu abasengozini enkulu yokuthola umdlavuza othile bangaphuza imithi ukunciphisa ubungozi.

I-Carcinoma; Isimila esibi

• Ngemuva kwamakhemikhali - ukukhishwa

UDoroshow JH. Sondela esigulini esinomdlavuza. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-25. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: isahluko 179.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. I-Chemotherapy nawe: ukwesekwa kwabantu abanomdlavuza. www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you nawe. Kubuyekezwe uSepthemba 2018. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 6, 2019.

Iwebhusayithi yeNational Cancer Institute. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kanye nawe: ukusekelwa kwabantu abanomdlavuza. www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy- kanye nawe. Kubuyekezwe u-Okthoba 2016. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 6, 2019.

UNiederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, abahleli. I-Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology. Umhlaka 5. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014.

ISiegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Izibalo zomdlavuza, i-2019. I-CA Cancer J Clin. 2019; 69 (1): 7-34. I-PMID: 30620402 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30620402.