Ukudla okwenziwe ngezakhi zofuzo

Ukudla okwenziwe ngofuzo (i-GE) kudliwe i-DNA yabo kusetshenziswa izakhi zofuzo ezivela kwezinye izitshalo noma izilwane. Ososayensi bathatha ufuzo lwesici esifunekayo esitshalweni noma esilwaneni esisodwa, bese besifaka leso sizakhi esitokisini sesinye isitshalo noma isilwane.

Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo bungenziwa ngezitshalo, izilwane, noma amabhaktheriya nezinye izinto ezincane kakhulu. Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo buvumela ososayensi ukuba bathuthe izakhi zofuzo ezifunwayo besuka kwesinye isitshalo noma isilwane baye kwesinye. Izakhi zofuzo nazo zingasuswa kusuka esilwaneni ziye esitshalweni noma okuphambene nalokho. Elinye igama lalokhu izinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe, noma ama-GMO.

Inqubo yokwakha ukudla kwe-GE yehlukile kunokuzalisa okukhethiwe. Lokhu kubandakanya ukukhetha izitshalo noma izilwane ezinezici ezifunwayo bese uzifuya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuholela enzalweni ngalezo zimfanelo ezifiselekayo.

Enye yezinkinga ngokuzalaniswa okukhethiwe ukuthi kungadala nezici ezingafuneki. Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo buvumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhethe isakhi esisodwa esizofakwa. Lokhu kugwema ukwethula ezinye izakhi zofuzo ngezici ezingathandeki. Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo busiza nokusheshisa inqubo yokwakha ukudla okusha ngezici ezifunwayo.

Izinzuzo ezingaba khona zobunjiniyela zifaka:

• Ukudla okunomsoco okwengeziwe
• Ukudla okumnandi kakhulu
• Izitshalo ezingamelana nezifo nesomiso ezidinga izinsizakusebenza ezimbalwa zemvelo (njengamanzi nomanyolo)
• Ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwezibulala-zinambuzane
• Ukunikezwa kokudla okwandisiwe ngezindleko ezincishisiwe nempilo eshalofini ende
• Izitshalo nezilwane ezikhula ngokushesha
• Ukudla okunezici ezifiseleka kakhulu, njengamazambane akhiqiza into encane ebanga umdlavuza lapho ethosiwe
• Ukudla okwelapha okungasetshenziswa njengemithi yokugoma noma eminye imithi

Abanye abantu baye bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokudla kwe-GE, okufana nalokhu:

• Ukudalwa kokudla okungadala ukusabela okweqile noma okunobuthi
• Izinguquko zofuzo ezingalindelekile noma eziyingozi
• Ukudluliselwa ngokungazelelwe kwezakhi zofuzo kusuka kwesinye isitshalo se-GM noma isilwane kuya kwesinye isitshalo noma isilwane esingahloselwe ukuguqulwa kofuzo
• Ukudla okungenamsoco kangako

Lokhu kukhathazeka kuze kube manje akunasisekelo. Akukho okunye kokudla kwe-GE okusetshenzisiwe namuhla okubangele noma iyiphi yalezi zinkinga. I-US Food and Drug Administration (i-FDA) ihlola konke ukudla kwe-GE ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuphephile ngaphambi kokukuvumela ukuthi kuthengiswe. Ngaphezu kwe-FDA, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kanye noMnyango wezoLimo wase-US (i-USDA) balawula izitshalo nezilwane ezenziwe ngamakhemikhali. Bahlola ukuphepha kokudla kwe-GE kubantu, ezilwaneni, ezitshalweni, nasemvelweni.

Ukotini, ummbila, nobhontshisi yizitshalo eziyinhloko ze-GE ezitshalwe e-United States. Eziningi zalezi zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izithako zokunye ukudla, njenge:

• Isiraphu yommbila esetshenziswa njengesiphunga ekudleni naseziphuzweni eziningi
• Isitashi sommbila esisetshenziswa kumasobho nososo
• Amafutha wesoya, ummbila, ne-canola asetshenziswa ekudleni okulula, izinkwa, okokugqoka isaladi, nemayonnaise
• Ushukela osuka kuma-beet ushukela
• Ukudla kwemfuyo

Ezinye izitshalo ezinkulu ze-GE zifaka:

• Ama-apula
• Upopo
• Amazambane
• Ugalonci

Ayikho imiphumela emibi ngokudla ukudla kwe-GE.

I-World Health Organisation, i-National Academy of Science, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezinkulu zesayensi emhlabeni wonke ziye zabuyekeza ucwaningo ngokudla kwe-GE futhi azitholanga bufakazi bokuthi ziyingozi. Ayikho imibiko yokugula, ukulimala, noma ukulimala kwemvelo ngenxa yokudla kwe-GE. Ukudla okwenziwe ngezakhi zofuzo kuphephe njengokudla okuvamile.

UMnyango Wezolimo wase-US usanda kuqala ukufuna ukuthi abenzi bokudla badalule imininingwane mayelana nokudla okwenziwe ngamakhemikhali kanye nezithako zawo.

Ukudla okwenziwe ngamakhemikhali; Ama-GMO; Ukudla okushintshwe izakhi zofuzo

UHielscher S, uPies I, uValentinov V, uChatalova L. Ukulinganisa impikiswano ye-GMO: indlela ye-ordonomic yokubhekana nezinganekwane zezolimo. Int J Environ Res Impilo Yomphakathi. 2016; 13 (5): 476. I-PMID: 27171102 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27171102/.

Izifundiswa Zikazwelonke Zesayensi, Ubunjiniyela Nezokwelapha. 2016. Izitshalo Ezenziwe Ngofuzo: Okuhlangenwe Nalokho Namathemba. IWashington, DC: I-National Academies Press.

Iwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo wase-US. Izinga likazwelonke lokudalulwa kokudla okwenziwe ngamakhemikhali. www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/national-bioengineered-food-disclosure-standard. Usuku oluqala ukusebenza: Februwari 19, 2019. Kufinyelelwe kuSepthemba 28, 2020.

Iwebhusayithi ye-US Food and Drug Administration. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo. www.fda.gov/food/food-new-plant-variversity/consumer-info-about-food-genetically-engineered-plants. Kubuyekezwe ngoMashi 2, 2020. Kufinyelelwe kuSepthemba 28, 2020.