Izinguquko zokuguga ezithweni, kwizicubu nasemangqamuzaneni

Zonke izitho ezibalulekile ziqala ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi othile njengoba ukhula ngenkathi usumdala. Izinguquko zokuguga zenzeka kuwo wonke amaseli omzimba, izicubu, nezitho zomzimba, futhi lezi zinguquko zithinta ukusebenza kwazo zonke izinhlelo zomzimba.

Izicubu eziphilayo zakhiwa ngamaseli. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamaseli, kepha zonke zinesakhiwo esifanayo. Izicubu yizendlalelo zamaseli afanayo enza umsebenzi othile. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezicubu ziyahlangana zenze izitho.

Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyisisekelo zezicubu:

Izicubu ezixhuma isekela ezinye izicubu futhi ibophele ndawonye. Lokhu kufaka izicubu zethambo, zegazi nezama-lymph, kanye nezicubu ezisekela nokwakheka kwesikhumba nezitho zangaphakathi.

Izicubu ze-Epithelial inikeza isembozo sezingqimba zomzimba ezingaphezulu nangaphezulu. Isikhumba nokulengiswa kwamaphaseji angaphakathi komzimba, njengohlelo lwesisu, kwenziwa ngezicubu ze-epithelial.

Izicubu zemisipha kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu zezicubu:

• Imisipha evuthayo, njengaleyo ehambisa amathambo (abizwa nangokuthi imisipha yokuzithandela)
• Imisipha ebushelelezi (ebizwa nangokuthi imisipha engazibandakanyi), njengemisipha equkethwe esiswini nezinye izitho zangaphakathi
• Imisipha yenhliziyo, eyakha iningi lodonga lwenhliziyo (futhi nesisipha esingazibandakanyi)

Izicubu zemizwa yakhiwe ngamangqamuzana ezinzwa (ama-neurons) futhi isetshenziselwa ukuthwala imiyalezo iye nasezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba. Ubuchopho, umgogodla nezinzwa zomngcele zenziwe ngezicubu zemizwa.

IZINGUQUKO EZIKHULU

Amaseli ayizakhi eziyisisekelo zezicubu. Wonke amaseli abhekana nezinguquko ngokuguga. Ziba nkulu futhi azikwazi ukwehlukanisa ziphindaphindeke. Phakathi kwezinye izinguquko, kukhona ukwanda kwezingulube nezinto ezinamafutha ngaphakathi kweseli (lipids). Amaseli amaningi alahlekelwa amandla awo okusebenza, noma aqala ukusebenza ngokungajwayelekile.

Njengoba ukuguga kuqhubeka, imfucuza yakha izicubu. Umbala onsundu onamafutha obizwa ngokuthi i-lipofuscin uqoqa ezicutshini eziningi, njengezinye izinto ezinamafutha.

Izinguquko zezicubu ezixhuma, ziba ziqina kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza izitho, imithambo yegazi, nemigwaqo yomoya ibe lukhuni ngokwengeziwe. Ulwelwesi lweseli luyashintsha, izicubu eziningi zinenkinga enkulu yokuthola umoya-mpilo nezakhi zomzimba, nokususa isikhutha kanye nokunye ukungcola.

Izicubu eziningi zilahlekelwa isisindo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-atrophy. Ezinye izicubu ziba nesigaxa (nodular) noma ziqine ngokwengeziwe.

Ngenxa yokushintsha kwamaseli nezicubu, izitho zakho nazo ziyashintsha njengoba ukhula. Izitho zokuguga zihamba kancane ekusebenzeni. Iningi labantu alikuboni lokhu kulahleka ngokushesha, ngoba awudingi ukusebenzisa izitho zakho ngokusemandleni azo.

Izinhlaka zinamandla okugcina okusebenza ngaphezu kwezidingo ezijwayelekile. Isibonelo, inhliziyo yomuntu oneminyaka engama-20 iyakwazi ukupompa cishe izikhathi eziyishumi inani legazi elidingekayo ukugcina umzimba uphila. Ngemuva kweminyaka yobudala engama-30, isilinganiso esingu-1% salesi siqiwi silahleka unyaka ngamunye.

Izinguquko ezinkulu ekugcinweni kwezitho zomzimba zenzeka enhliziyweni, emaphashini nasezinso. Inani lesigcini esilahlekile liyahluka phakathi kwabantu naphakathi kwezitho ezihlukile kumuntu oyedwa.

Lezi zinguquko zivela kancane futhi esikhathini eside. Lapho isitho sisebenza kanzima kunokujwayelekile, kungenzeka singakwazi ukwandisa umsebenzi. Ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo okungazelelwe noma ezinye izinkinga zingakhula lapho umzimba usebenza kanzima kunokujwayelekile. Izinto ezikhiqiza umthwalo owengeziwe womsebenzi (izingcindezi zomzimba) zifaka okulandelayo:

• Ukugula
• Imithi
• Izinguquko ezinkulu empilweni
• Ukunyuka okungazelelwe kwezidingo zomzimba emzimbeni, njengokushintsha kokusebenza noma ukuvezwa phezulu

Ukulahleka kwendawo ebekiwe nakho kwenza kube nzima ukubuyisa ibhalansi (ukulingana) emzimbeni. Izidakamizwa zisuswa emzimbeni ngezinso nasesibindi kancane. Kungadingeka imithamo ephansi yemithi, futhi imiphumela emibi iba yinto ejwayelekile. Ukululama ezifweni akuvamile ukuba yi-100%, okuholela ekukhubazekeni okwandayo.

Imiphumela emibi yomuthi ingalingisa izimpawu zezifo eziningi, ngakho-ke kulula ukwenza iphutha ekuphenduleni kwesidakamizwa ngokugula. Eminye imithi inemiphumela engemihle ngokuphelele kubantu asebekhulile kunasebantwini abasha.

INDABA EMDALA

Akekho owaziyo ukuthi abantu bashintsha kanjani futhi kungani beguga njengoba bekhula. Eminye imibono ithi ukuguga kubangelwa ukulimala okuvela ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuwohloka emzimbeni, noma ukukhiqizwa komzimba. Eminye imibono ibheka ukuguga njengenqubo enqunywe kusengaphambili elawulwa izakhi zofuzo.

Ayikho inqubo eyodwa engachaza zonke izinguquko zokuguga. Ukuguga kuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi eyehluka ngokuthi ithinta kanjani abantu abehlukene ngisho nezitho ezihlukile. Iningi lama-gerontologists (abantu abafunda ukuguga) banomuzwa wokuthi ukuguga kungenxa yokuhlangana kwamathonya amaningi empilo yonke. La mathonya afaka ufuzo, imvelo, isiko, ukudla, ukuzivocavoca nokuzilibazisa, izifo ezedlule, nezinye izinto eziningi.

Ngokungafani nezinguquko zobusha, ezilindeleka eminyakeni embalwa, umuntu ngamunye ukhula ngezinga elihlukile. Ezinye izinhlelo ziqala ukuguga ziseneminyaka yobudala engama-30. Ezinye izinqubo zokuguga azivamile kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuphila.

Yize ezinye izinguquko zihlala zenzeka ngokuguga, zenzeka ngamanani ahlukile nasezintweni ezihlukile. Ayikho indlela yokubikezela kahle ukuthi uzoguga kanjani.

Imigomo yokuchaza izinhlobo zokushintshwa kwamangqamuzana

I-Atrophy:

• Amaseli ayancipha. Uma amaseli anele ancipha ngosayizi, isitho sonke singama-atrophies. Lokhu kuvame ukushintsha okujwayelekile kokuguga futhi kungenzeka kunoma yisiphi isicubu. Kuvame kakhulu emisipheni yamathambo, enhliziyweni, ebuchosheni nasezithweni zocansi (njengamabele kanye nama-ovari). Amathambo aba mancane futhi maningi amathuba okuthi aphule ngokuhlukumezeka okuncane.
• Imbangela ye-atrophy ayaziwa, kepha ingafaka ukusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe, ukwehla komsebenzi, ukwehlisa ukunikezwa kwegazi noma ukondleka kumaseli, nokunciphisa ukukhuthazeka ngezinzwa noma ama-hormone.

I-Hypertrophy:

• Amaseli akhulisa. Lokhu kubangelwa ukwanda kwamaprotheni kulwelwesi lweseli nasezakhiweni zamaseli, hhayi ukwanda koketshezi lweseli.
• Lapho amanye ama-cell atrophy, amanye angahle abe ne-hypertrophy yokwenza ukulahleka kwesisindo samangqamuzana.

I-Hyperplasia:

• Inani lamaseli liyakhula. Kukhona isilinganiso esandayo sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.
• I-Hyperplasia imvamisa iyenzeka ukukhokhela ukulahleka kwamaseli. Ivumela ezinye izitho nezicubu ukuthi zivuseleleke, kufaka phakathi isikhumba, ulwelwesi lwamathumbu, isibindi nomnkantsha wethambo. Isibindi sihle kakhulu ekuvuseleleni. Ingashintsha kuze kufike kuma-70% esakhiwo sayo kungakapheli amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kokulimala.
• Izicubu ezinamandla alinganiselwe okuzivuselela zifaka phakathi ithambo, uqwanga, kanye nemisipha ebushelelezi (njengemisipha ezungeze amathumbu). Izicubu ezingavuseleleki noma ezingakaze zivuselele zihlanganisa izinzwa, imisipha yamathambo, imisipha yenhliziyo, nelensi yeso. Lapho zilimele, lezi zicubu zithathelwa indawo izicubu ezibomvu.

I-Dysplasia:

• Usayizi, ukuma, noma ukuhlelwa kwamaseli avuthiwe kuba okungajwayelekile. Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi i-atypical hyperplasia.
• I-Dysplasia ivame kakhulu kumaseli womlomo wesibeletho nolwelwesi lwendlela yokuphefumula.

I-Neoplasia:

• Ukwakheka kwezicubu, kungaba ezinomdlavuza (ezimbi) noma ezingezona ezomdlavuza (ezinobungozi).
• Amaseli we-Neoplastic avame ukuzala ngokushesha. Zingaba nokuma okungavamile nokusebenza okungavamile.

Njengoba ukhula, uzoba nezinguquko kuwo wonke umzimba wakho, kufaka phakathi izinguquko ku:

• Ukukhiqizwa kwehormone
• Ukungavikeleki
• Isikhumba
• Lala
• Amathambo, imisipha namalunga
• Amabele
• Ubuso
• Uhlelo lokuzala lwabesifazane
• Inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi
• Izinso
• Amaphaphu
• Uhlelo lokuzala lwabesilisa
• Isistimu yezinzwa

• Izinhlobo zezicubu

I-Baynes JW. Ukuguga. Ku: Baynes JW, Dominiczak MH, ama-eds. I-Medical Biochemistry. Umhlaka 5. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: isahluko 29.

Gcwalisa i-HM, i-Rockwood K, i-Young J, i-eds. Incwadi kaBrocklehurst ye-Geriatric Medicine ne-Gerontology. Umhlaka 8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017.

UWalston JD. I-sequelae ejwayelekile yomtholampilo yokuguga. Ku: Goldman L, Schafer Al, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 22.