Umfutho wegazi ophezulu ezinganeni

Umfutho wegazi ophakeme (umfutho wegazi ophezulu) wukwanda kwamandla egazi emithanjeni esemzimbeni. Lo mbhalo ubheka umfutho wegazi ophakeme ezinganeni.

Umfutho wegazi ulinganisa indlela inhliziyo esebenza kanzima ngayo, nokuthi imithambo yegazi iphilile kangakanani. Kunezinombolo ezimbili esilinganisweni ngasinye somfutho wegazi:

• Inombolo yokuqala (ephezulu) yi-systolic blood pressure, elinganisa amandla egazi akhishwe lapho inhliziyo ishaya.
• Inombolo yesibili (ngezansi) ingcindezi ye-diastolic, elinganisa ingcindezi emithanjeni lapho inhliziyo iphumule.

Izilinganiso zengcindezi yegazi zibhalwe ngale ndlela: 120/80. Enye noma zombili lezi zinombolo zingaba phezulu kakhulu.

Izici eziningana zithinta ukucindezelwa kwegazi, kufaka phakathi:

• AmaHormone
• Impilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi
• Impilo yezinso

Umfutho wegazi ophakeme ezinganeni kungenzeka ubangelwe yisifo sezinso noma senhliziyo esikhona ngesikhathi sokuzalwa (esizalwa naso). Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka:

• Ukuhlangana kwe-aorta (ukunciphisa umthambo omkhulu wegazi wenhliziyo obizwa nge-aorta)
• I-Patent ductus arteriosus (isitsha segazi phakathi kwe-aorta ne-pulmonary artery okufanele ivalwe ngemuva kokuzalwa, kepha ihlala ivulekile)
• I-Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (isimo samaphaphu esithinta izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezazibekwa emshinini wokuphefumula ngemuva kokuzalwa noma zazalwa kusenesikhathi)
• Isifo sezinso esibandakanya izicubu zezinso
• I-renal artery stenosis (ukunciphisa umthambo omkhulu wegazi wezinso)

Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, umfutho wegazi ophakeme uvame ukubangelwa ihlule legazi esitsheni segazi lezinso, inkinga yokuba nepayipi lomthambo womzimba.

Ezinye izimbangela zomfutho wegazi ophezulu ezinganeni zingabandakanya:

• Imithi ethile
• Ukuchayeka ezidakamizweni ezingekho emthethweni njenge-cocaine
• Izicubu ezithile
• Izimo ezizuzwe njengefa (izinkinga ezenzeka emindenini)
• Izinkinga ze-thyroid

Umfutho wegazi uyakhuphuka njengoba ingane ikhula. Umfutho wegazi omaphakathi enganeni esanda kuzalwa ingama-64/41. Umfutho wegazi omaphakathi enganeni eyinyanga eyodwa kuya kwengu-2 ubudala ingama-95/58. Kujwayelekile ukuthi lezi zinombolo zehluke.

Iningi lezingane ezinengcindezi ephezulu yegazi ngeke zibe nezimpawu. Esikhundleni salokho, izimpawu zingahle zihlobene nesimo esibangela umfutho wegazi ophezulu. Lezi zimpawu zingafaka:

• Isikhumba esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• Ukwehluleka ukukhula nokuzuza isisindo
• Ukutheleleka kaningi komchamo
• Isikhumba esiphaphathekile (i-pallor)
• Ukuphefumula ngokushesha

Izimpawu ezingabonakala uma ingane inengcindezi ephezulu yegazi zifaka:

• Ukuthukuthela
• Ukuquleka
• Ukuphefumula kanzima
• Ukuhlanza

Ezimweni eziningi, okuwukuphela kwesibonakaliso somfutho wegazi ophakeme isilinganiso somfutho wegazi uqobo.

Izimpawu zomfutho wegazi ophakeme zifaka:

• Ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo
• Ukuhluleka kwezinso
• Ukushaya ngamandla okusheshayo

Umfutho wegazi ezinganeni ulinganiswa nedivayisi ezenzakalelayo.

Uma ukubumbana kwe-aorta kuyimbangela, kungahle kwehle ukushisa komfutho noma umfutho wegazi emilenzeni. Ukuchofoza kungazwakala uma i-bicuspid aortic valve yenzeka ngokubumbana.

Ezinye izivivinyo ezinganeni ezine-high blood pressure zizozama ukuthola imbangela yenkinga. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo kungafaka:

• Ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri, kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwegazi nomchamo
• Ama-X-ray esifubeni noma esiswini
• Ama-Ultrasound, kufaka phakathi i-ultrasound yenhliziyo esebenzayo (i-echocardiogram) neyezinso
• I-MRI yemithambo yegazi
• Uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-x-ray olusebenzisa udayi ukubheka imithambo yegazi (i-angiography)

Ukwelashwa kuncike embangela yengcindezi ephezulu yegazi enganeni. Ukwelashwa kungafaka:

• I-Dialysis yokwelapha ukwehluleka kwezinso
• Imithi yokwehlisa umfutho wegazi noma isiza ukupompa kwenhliziyo kangcono
• Ukuhlinzwa (kufaka phakathi ukuhlinzwa kokufakelwa kabusha noma ukulungiswa kwe-coarctation)

Ukwenza kahle kwengane kuncike embangela yomfutho wegazi ophakeme nezinye izinto ezinjengalezi:

• Ezinye izinkinga zempilo enganeni
• Ukuthi umonakalo (njengokulimala kwezinso) kwenzeke ngenxa yomfutho wegazi ophezulu

Ukungalashwa, umfutho wegazi ophakeme ungaholela ku:

• Ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo noma izinso
• Ukulimala komzimba
• Ukuquleka

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma ingane yakho:

• Yehluleka ukukhula futhi ikhuluphale
• Inesikhumba esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• Inokutheleleka okuvamile komgudu womchamo
• Kubonakala sengathi uyacasuka
• Amathayi kalula

Hambisa ingane yakho emnyangweni ophuthumayo uma ingane yakho:

• Ukuquleka
• Ayiphenduli
• Ukuhlanza njalo

Ezinye izimbangela zomfutho wegazi ophezulu ziqhutshwa emindenini. Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho ngaphambi kokukhulelwa uma unomlando womndeni we:

• Isifo senhliziyo esizalwa naso
• Umfutho wegazi ophezulu
• Isifo sezinso

Futhi khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho ngaphambi kokukhulelwa uma uthatha umuthi wenkinga yezempilo. Ukuvezwa kwemithi ethile esibelethweni kungandisa ingozi yengane yakho yokuba nezinkinga ezingaholela ekunyukeni kwegazi.

Umfutho wegazi ophezulu - izinsana

• Ipayipi le-umbilical
• Ukuhlangana kwe-aorta

UFlynn JT. Umfutho wegazi ophezulu we-Neonatal. Ku: Gleason CA, Juul SE, ama-eds. Izifo zika-Avery Zomntwana osanda kuzalwa. Umhlaka 10. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 93.

IMacumber IR, uFlynn JT. Umfutho wegazi ophakeme. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 472.

ISinha MD, Reid C.Ukuphakama komfutho wegazi ophezulu. Ku: Wernovsky G, Anderson RH, Kumar K, et al, ama-eds. I-Anderson's Pediatric Cardiology. Umhla wesi-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 60.