Isifo seCoronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)

Isifo seCoronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) yisifo sokuphefumula esidala umkhuhlane, ukukhwehlela nokuphefumula okuncane. I-COVID-19 itheleleka kakhulu, futhi isabalale emhlabeni wonke. Abantu abaningi bathola ukugula okuphakathi kuya kokulingene. Abantu abadala asebekhulile nabantu abanezimo ezithile zempilo basengozini enkulu yokugula nokufa okunzima.

I-COVID-19 ibangelwa igciwane le-SARS-CoV-2 (i-acute acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). AmaCoronaviruses awumndeni wamagciwane angathinta abantu nezilwane. Kungadala izifo zokuphefumula eziphakathi nendawo kuya kokulingene, njengomkhuhlane ovamile. Amanye ama-coronaviruses angadala ukugula okunzima okungaholela kunyumoniya nasekufeni.

I-COVID-19 ibikwe okokuqala eWuhan City, esifundazweni saseHubei, eChina ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, 2019. Kusukela lapho, isabalale emhlabeni wonke nangaphakathi kwe-United States.

I-SARS-CoV-2 iyi-betacoronavirus, njenge-MERS ne-SARS coronaviruses, zombili ezavela kumalulwane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi leli gciwane lisakazeka lisuka ezilwaneni liye kubantu. Manje igciwane lisakazeka kakhulu lisuka kumuntu liye kumuntu.

I-COVID-19 isakazeka kubantu abaseduze (cishe ngamamitha ayisithupha noma amamitha amabili). Lapho umuntu onalesi sifo ekhwehlela, ethimula, ecula, ekhuluma noma ephefumula, amaconsi afafaza emoyeni. Ungakubamba ukugula uma uphefumula kula mathonsi noma afike emehlweni akho.

Kwezinye izimo, i-COVID-19 ingasakazeka emoyeni futhi ithelele abantu abangaphezu kwamamitha ayisithupha kude. Amaconsi amancane nezinhlayiya zingahlala emoyeni amaminithi namahora. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-airborne transmission, futhi kungenzeka ezindaweni ezivalekile ezingenawo umoya omncane. Kodwa-ke, kuvame kakhulu ukuthi i-COVID-19 isabalale ngokuxhumana okuseduze.

Kaningi, ukugula kungasabalala uma uthinta indawo enegciwane kuyo, bese uthinta amehlo akho, ikhala, umlomo, noma ubuso. Kodwa lokhu akucatshangwa ukuthi kuyindlela eyinhloko igciwane elisakazeka ngayo.

I-COVID-19 isakazeka isuka kumuntu iye komunye umuntu ngokushesha. I-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) neWorld Health Organisation (WHO) zibheka i-COVID-19 njengosongo olubucayi lwezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni jikelele nase-United States. Isimo sithuthuka ngokushesha, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukulandela ukuqondiswa kwendawo kwamanje kokuthi ungazivikela kanjani wena nabanye ekutholeni nasekusabalaliseni i-COVID-19.

Izimpawu ze-COVID-19 zisukela kokumnene kuya kwesinzima. Abantu asebekhulile nabantu abanezimo ezithile zezempilo ezikhona basengozini enkulu yokuba nokugula okunzima nokufa. Izimo zezempilo ezandisa le ngozi zibandakanya:

• Isifo senhliziyo
• Isifo sezinso
• I-COPD (isifo esingapheliyo sokuphazamiseka kwamaphaphu)
• Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile (i-BMI engama-30 noma ngaphezulu)
• Thayipha 2 sikashukela
• Thayipha isifo sikashukela sokuqala
• Ukufakelwa komzimba
• Isifo se-Sickle cell
• Umdlavuza
• Ukubhema
• I-Down syndrome
• Ukukhulelwa

Izimpawu ze-COVID-19 zingafaka:

• Imfiva
• Amakhaza
• Khwehlela
• Ukuphefumula kanzima noma ukuphefumula kanzima
• Ukukhathala
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha
• Ubuhlungu bekhanda
• Ukulahleka komuzwa wokunambitha noma wokuhogela
• Umphimbo obuhlungu
• Impumu eminyene noma egijimayo
• Isicanucanu noma ukuhlanza
• Uhudo

(Qaphela: Lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwezimpawu ezingaba khona. Okuningi kungangezwa njengoba ochwepheshe bezempilo befunda kabanzi ngalesi sifo.)

Abanye abantu kungenzeka bangabi nazimpawu nhlobo noma bangaba nazo, kepha hhayi zonke izimpawu.

Izimpawu zingavela kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezingu-14 ngemuva kokuvezwa. Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zivela ezinsukwini eziyisi-5 ngemuva kokuchayeka. Kodwa-ke, ungasabalalisa leli gciwane noma ngabe awunazo izimpawu.

Izimpawu ezinzima kakhulu ezidinga ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha zisuka nje zifaka:

• Ukuphefumula kanzima
• Ubuhlungu besifuba noma ingcindezi eqhubekayo
• Ukudideka
• Ukungakwazi ukuvuka
• Izindebe noma ubuso obuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

Uma unezimpawu ze-COVID-19, umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo anganquma ukukuhlolela lesi sifo.

Uma uhlolwe i-COVID-19, kuzolandwa ama-swabs avela ngemuva kwekhala, ngaphambili kwekhala, noma emphinjeni. Uma umuntu kucatshangwa ukuthi une-COVID-19, la masampuli azohlolwa i-SARS-CoV-2.

Uma ululamela ekhaya, ukunakekelwa okusekelayo kunikezwa ukusiza ukukhulula izimpawu. Abantu abanezifo ezinzima bazokwelashwa esibhedlela. Abanye abantu banikezwa imithi yokulinga.

Uma unakekelwa esibhedlela futhi uthola ukwelashwa komoya-mpilo, ukwelashwa kwe-COVID-19 kungafaka le mithi elandelayo, esahlolwa:

• Remdesivir, umuthi olwa namagciwane, ukusiza ukunciphisa igciwane. Lo muthi unikezwa ngomthambo (IV).
• I-Dexamethasone, umuthi we-steroid, ukusiza ukunciphisa ukuphendula komzimba okweqile emzimbeni. Uma i-dexamethasone ingatholakali, unganikezwa enye i-corticosteroid efana ne-prednisone, methylprednisolone noma i-hydrocortisone.
• Ngokuya ngesimo sakho, unganikezwa owodwa noma omunye umuthi, noma imithi yomibili ngokubambisana.
• Uzokwelashwa nganoma yiziphi izinkinga ezivela kulesi sifo. Isibonelo, unganikezwa izinciphisi zegazi ukusiza ukunciphisa amathuba okuba namahlule egazi, noma ungaba ne-dialysis uma izinso zakho zingasebenzi kahle.

Uma kutholakala ukuthi une-COVID-19 futhi usengozini enkulu yokugula okungathi sína okuvela kulesi sifo, umhlinzeki wakho angancoma imithi ebizwa ngama-antibody monoclonal.

I-Bamlanivimab noma i-casirivimab kanye ne-imdevimab yizinhlobo ezimbili ezinjalo ezivunyiwe ukuthi zisetshenziswe ngokuphuthumayo yi-FDA. Uma unikezwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokutheleleka, le mithi ingasiza amasosha akho omzimba ukulwa negciwane. Zinganikezwa kubantu abanokugula okuphakathi kuya kokulingene abangalalisiwe esibhedlela.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa, ezinjenge-plasma evela kubantu ababene-COVID-19 futhi asebeluleme, ziyafundwa, kepha abukho ubufakazi obanele bokuzincoma ngalesi sikhathi.

Ngokuya ngobufakazi obutholakalayo, imihlahlandlela yokwelashwa yamanje evela ku-National Institutes of Health incoma ngokungasebenzisi ezinye izidakamizwa ze-COVID-19, kufaka phakathi i-chloroquine ne-hydroxychloroquine. Ungathathi noma imiphi imithi yokwelapha i-COVID-19 ngaphandle kwaleyo enqunywe ngumhlinzeki wakho. Buza umhlinzeki wakho ngaphambi kokuzelapha wena noma othandekayo ngamavithamini, izakhamzimba, noma yimiphi imithi enqunyiwe esikhathini esedlule ukuthola ezinye izinkinga zempilo.

Izinkinga zingafaka:

• Ukulimala kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, izinso, ubuchopho, isikhumba, amehlo, nezitho zesisu
• Ukwehluleka kokuphefumula
• Ukufa

Kufanele uxhumane nomhlinzeki wakho:

• Uma unezimpawu futhi ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka uvezwe ku-COVID-19
• Uma une-COVID-19 futhi izimpawu zakho ziya ngokuya ziba zimbi

Shayela ku-911 noma inombolo ephuthumayo yendawo uma une:

• Ukuphefumula kanzima
• Ubuhlungu besifuba noma ingcindezi
• Ukudideka noma ukungakwazi ukuvuka
• Izindebe noma ubuso obuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• Noma yiziphi ezinye izimpawu ezinzima noma ezikukhathazayo
  

Ngaphambi kokuya ehhovisi likadokotela noma emnyangweni ophuthumayo wesibhedlela (ED), shayela phambili ubatshele ukuthi unayo noma ucabanga ukuthi ungaba ne-COVID-19. Batshele nganoma yiziphi izimo ezingaphansi ongase ube nazo, njengesifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, noma isifo samaphaphu. Gqoka imaski yobuso bendwangu enezingqimba okungenani ezi-2 uma uvakashela ihhovisi noma i-ED, ngaphandle kwalapho kukwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuphefumula. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuvikela abanye abantu ohlangana nabo.

Imishanguzo ye-COVID-19 isetshenziselwa ukukhulisa amasosha omzimba nokuvikela i-COVID-19. Le mithi yokugoma iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokusiza ukumisa ubhadane lwe-COVID-19.

Njengamanje kunokuhlinzekwa okulinganiselwe komuthi wokugoma i-COVID-19. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-CDC yenze izincomo kohulumeni basekhaya nabasekhaya mayelana nokuthi ngubani okufanele athole imishanguzo kuqala. Buza nomnyango wezempilo womphakathi wangakini ngolwazi esifundazweni sakho.

Ngisho nangemva kokuthola yonke imithamo yomuthi wokugoma, kusazodingeka ukuthi uqhubeke nokugqoka imaski, uhlale okungenani izinyawo eziyisithupha kude nabanye, futhi ugeze izandla kaningi.

Ochwepheshe basafunda ngokuthi imithi yokugoma i-COVID-19 ikunikeza kanjani ukuvikelwa, ngakho-ke sidinga ukuqhubeka nokwenza konke okusemandleni ukuvimba ukusabalala. Isibonelo, akwaziwa ukuthi umuntu ogonyiwe usengalisabalalisa yini leli gciwane, noma ngabe avikelekile kulo.

Ngalesi sizathu, kuze kwaziwe okuningi, ukusebenzisa imigomo nezinyathelo zokuvikela abanye kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlala uphephile futhi unempilo.

Uma une-COVID-19 noma unezimpawu zayo, kufanele uzihlukanise ekhaya futhi ugweme ukuxhumana nabanye abantu, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekhaya lakho, ukugwema ukusabalalisa ukugula. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlala wedwa ekhaya noma ukuzihlukanisa. Kufanele wenze lokhu ngokushesha futhi ungalindi noma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kwe-COVID-19.

• Kangangokunokwenzeka, hlala egumbini elithile futhi ukude nabanye ekhaya lakho. Sebenzisa indlu yangasese ehlukile uma ungakwazi. Ungashiyi ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kokuthola usizo lwezempilo.
• Ungahambi ngenkathi ugula. Ungasebenzisi izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi noma amatekisi.
• Gcina umkhondo wezimpawu zakho. Ungathola imiyalo yokuthi ungabheka kanjani futhi ubike izimpawu zakho.
• Hlala uxhumene nodokotela wakho. Ngaphambi kokuya ehhovisi likadokotela noma emnyangweni ophuthumayo (ED), shayela phambili ubatshele ukuthi unayo noma ucabanga ukuthi ungaba ne-COVID-19.
• Sebenzisa isifihla-buso sobuso lapho ubona umhlinzeki wakho futhi noma kunini lapho abanye abantu basegumbini elilodwa nawe.Uma ungakwazi ukugqoka imaski, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphefumula, abantu ekhaya lakho kufanele bagqoke imaski uma bedinga ukuba segumbini elilodwa nawe.
• Gwema ukuthintana nezilwane ezifuywayo noma ezinye izilwane. (I-SARS-CoV-2 ingasakazeka isuka kubantu iye ezilwaneni, kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kangaki.)
• Vala umlomo wakho namakhala ngezicubu noma umkhono (hhayi izandla) uma ukhwehlela noma uthimula. Amaconsi akhishwa lapho umuntu ethimula noma ekhwehlela ayathelelana. Phonsa izicubu ngemuva kokusetshenziswa.
• Geza izandla zakho kaningi ngosuku ngensipho namanzi asebenzayo okungenani imizuzwana engama-20. Yenza lokhu ngaphambi kokudla noma ukulungisa ukudla, ngemuva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese, nangemva kokukhwehlela, ukuthimula noma ukushaya amakhala. Sebenzisa i-sanitizer yezandla enotshwala (okungenani i-60% yotshwala) uma insipho namanzi kungatholakali.
• Gwema ukuthinta ubuso, amehlo, ikhala nomlomo ngezandla ezingageziwe.
• Ungabelani ngezinto zakho siqu njengezinkomishi, izinto zokudla, amathawula noma okombhede. Geza noma yini oyisebenzise ensipho nasemanzini.
• Hlanza zonke izindawo "ezithinta kakhulu" ekhaya, ezinjengezinsimbi zomnyango, izindlu zangasese nezindawo zasekhishini, izindlu zangasese, amafoni, amaphilisi, nezinto zokubala nezinye izindawo. Sebenzisa isifutho sokuhlanza indlu bese ulandela imiyalo yokusetshenziswa.

Kufanele uhlale ekhaya, ugweme ukuxhumana nabantu, futhi ulandele ukuholwa ngumhlinzeki wakho kanye nomnyango wezempilo wendawo mayelana nokuthi ungakuyeka nini ukuzihlukanisa ekhaya.

Kubalulekile futhi ukusiza ukuvimbela ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo ukuvikela abantu abasengozini enkulu yokugula okungathi sína nokuvikela abahlinzeki abasemgqeni wokuqala wokubhekana ne-COVID-19.

Ngaleso sizathu, wonke umuntu kufanele azijwayeze ukuhamba ngokomzimba. Lokhu kusho:

• Gwema izindawo zomphakathi eziminyene kanye nokuhlangana kwabantu abaningi, njengezindawo zokuthenga, izinkundla zemidlalo yamabhayisikobho, amahholo amakhonsathi, izingqungquthela nezinkundla zemidlalo.
• Ungaqoqanga ngamaqembu amakhulu kuno-10. Abantu abambalwa ochitha isikhathi nabo, kuba ngcono.
• Hlala okungenani amamitha ama-2 (2 metres) ukusuka kwabanye abantu.
• Sebenza ekhaya (uma lokho kuyindlela).
• Uma kufanele uphume, gqoka isifihla-buso sobuso noma ikhava yobuso bendwangu ezindaweni lapho kungaba nzima khona ukugcina ukuqhelelana ngokomzimba, njengesitolo sokudla.

Ukuthola ukuthi kwenzakalani emphakathini wakho, hlola iwebhusayithi yangakini noma yesifundazwe.

Funda kabanzi nge-COVID-19 nawe:

• silwa.hhs.gov
• www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html

Ngemininingwane yakamuva yocwaningo:

• covid19.nih.gov

Imininingwane nge-COVID-19 evela kwi-World Health Organisation:

• www.who.int/emergency/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019

ICoronavirus - 2019; ICoronavirus - inoveli 2019; i-novel coronavirus ka-2019; I-SARS-CoV-2

• i-COVID-19
• I-coronavirus
• Uhlelo lokuphefumula
• Umgudu wokuphefumula ongaphezulu
• Indlela yokuphefumula engezansi
• Izimaski zobuso zivimbela ukusabalala kwe-COVID-19
• Ungayigqoka kanjani imaski yobuso ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwe-COVID-19
• Umgomo we-covid-19

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. I-COVID-19: Ungazivikela kanjani nabanye. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html. Kubuyekezwe uFebhuwari 4, 2021. Kufinyelelwe kuFebhuwari 6, 2021.

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. I-COVID-19: Abasebenzi bezempilo: Imininingwane nge-COVID-19. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index.html. Kubuyekezwe uFebhuwari 11, 2020. Kufinyelelwe kuFebhuwari 11, 2021.

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. I-COVID-19: Umhlahlandlela wezempilo womphakathi wokuchayeka okuhlobene nomphakathi. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html. Kubuyekezwe uDisemba 3, 2020. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 6, 2021.

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. I-COVID-19: Imibuzo ebuzwa njalo mayelana nokugonywa kwe-COVID-19. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html. Kubuyekezwe uJanuwari 25, 2021. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 6, 2021.

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. I-COVID-19: Ukwelashwa umhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angakutusa uma ugula. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/treatments-for-severe-illness.html. Kubuyekezwe uDisemba 8, 2020. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 6, 2021.

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbelwa Kwezifo iwebhusayithi. I-COVID-19: Yini okufanele uyenze uma ugula. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-ick-htick.html. Kubuyekezwe uDisemba 31. Kufinyelelwe kuFebhuwari 6, 2021.

Izikhungo Zikazwelonke Zezempilo. Imihlahlandlela yokwelashwa ye-COVID-19. Ukuphathwa kokwelashwa kweziguli ezine-COVID-19. www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management/. Kubuyekezwe ngoFebhuwari 11, 2021. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 11, 2021.