Umlobi: Virginia Floyd
Usuku Lokudalwa: 6 Agasti 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 13 Unovemba 2024
Anonim
The Evolving Role of Oxybate Agents in the Management of Narcolepsy
Ividiyo: The Evolving Role of Oxybate Agents in the Management of Narcolepsy

-Delile

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-sodium oxybate elinye igama le-GHB, into evame ukuthengiswa ngokungemthetho futhi ihlukunyezwe, ikakhulukazi ngabantu abadala abasezindaweni zomphakathi ezinjengama-nightclub. Tshela udokotela wakho uma uphuza noma wake waphuza utshwala obuningi, wasebenzisa noma wake wasebenzisa izidakamizwa zasemgwaqweni, noma uma usebenzise ngokweqile imithi kadokotela. I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-oxybate ye-sodium ingaba yingozi uma ithathwa ngabantu ngaphandle kwalowo eyayinikezwe yona. Ungathengisi noma unikeze i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxygen yakho kunoma ngubani omunye umuntu; ukuthengisa noma ukuwabelana nabanye kuphambene nomthetho. Gcina i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate endaweni ephephile, njengekhabethe noma ibhokisi elihluthulelwe, ukuze kungabikho omunye umuntu ongalithatha ngengozi noma ngenhloso. Gcina umkhondo wokuthi kungakanani uketshezi olusele ebhodleleni lakho ukuze wazi ukuthi kukhona okushodayo.

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ingadala imiphumela emibi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi izinkinga zokuphefumula ezinzima noma ezisongela impilo. Ukuthatha imishanguzo ethile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwakho nge-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate kungakhuphula ubungozi bokuthi uzoba nezinkinga zokuphefumula ezinkulu noma ezisongela ukuphila, ukuthamba noma ukuquleka. Tshela udokotela wakho uma uphuza amaphilisi okulala. Udokotela wakho uzokutshela ukuthi ungathathi i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ngenkathi uthatha lo muthi. Futhi, tshela udokotela wakho uma uphuza imishanguzo yokudambisa imishanguzo; i-benzodiazepines efana ne-alprazolam (i-Xanax), i-chlordiazepoxide (i-Librium), i-clonazepam (i-Klonopin), i-diazepam (i-Diastat, i-Valium), i-estazolam, i-flurazepam, i-lorazepam (i-Ativan), i-oxazepam, i-temazepam (i-Restoril) ne-triazol imithi yokugula kwengqondo, isicanucanu, noma ukuquleka; ukuphumula kwemisipha; noma imithi yezinhlungu ze-narcotic. Udokotela wakho kungadingeka ukuthi ushintshe imithamo yemithi yakho futhi akuhlole ngokucophelela. Ungaphuzi iziphuzo ezidakayo ngenkathi uthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate.


I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ayitholakali emakhemisi okuthengisa. I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-sodium oxybate itholakala kuphela ngohlelo lokusabalalisa olukhawulelwe olubizwa nge-Xywav ne-Xyrem REMS Programme. Kuluhlelo olukhethekile lokusabalalisa imishanguzo nokunikeza imininingwane ngemithi. Imithi yakho izothunyelwa kuwe ngeposi ekhemisi emaphakathi ngemuva kokufunda imininingwane futhi wakhuluma nosokhemisi. Buza udokotela wakho uma unemibuzo mayelana nokuthi uzowuthola kanjani umuthi wakho.

Udokotela wakho noma usokhemisi uzokunikeza ishidi lemininingwane yesiguli lomkhiqizi (Umhlahlandlela Wezokwelapha) lapho uqala ukwelashwa nge-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-sodium oxybate futhi isikhathi ngasinye lapho ugcwalisa umuthi wakho. Funda imininingwane ngokucophelela bese ubuza udokotela noma usokhemisi wakho uma unemibuzo. Ungathola futhi iMihlahlandlela Yezokwelapha kwiwebhusayithi ye-FDA: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm085729.htm.

Gcina wonke ama-aphoyintimenti nodokotela wakho.


Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngezingozi zokuthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate.

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-sodium oxybate isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukuhlaselwa kwe-cataplexy (iziqephu zobuthakathaka bemisipha eziqala ngokuzumayo futhi zihlale isikhashana) kanye nokulala ngokweqile emini kubantu abadala nezingane ezineminyaka engu-7 nangaphezulu abane-narcolepsy (a ukuphazamiseka kokulala okungadala ubuthongo obukhulu, isifiso esingalawuleki ngokuzumayo sokulala ngesikhathi semisebenzi yansuku zonke, kanye ne-cataplexy). I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-sodium oxybate ikusigaba semithi esibizwa ngokuthi i-central nervous system depressants. I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate isebenza ekwelapheni i-narcolepsy ne-cataplexy ngokunciphisa ukusebenza ebuchosheni.

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate iza njengesisombululo (uketshezi) sokuxubana namanzi uthathe ngomlomo. Imvamisa ithathwa kabili ubusuku ngabunye ngoba i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate iyaphela ngemuva kwesikhashana, futhi imiphumela yedosi eyodwa ngeke ihlale ubusuku bonke. Umthamo wokuqala uthathwa ngesikhathi sokulala, kanti umthamo wesibili uthathwa emahoreni ama-2 1/2 kuya kwangu-4 ngemuva komthamo wokuqala. I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-sodium oxybate kumele iphuzwe esiswini esingenalutho, ngakho-ke umthamo wokuqala kufanele uphuzwe okungenani amahora amabili ngemuva kokudla. Landela izinkomba ezikulebuli kadokotela wakho ngokucophelela, bese ubuza udokotela noma usokhemisi wakho ukuthi akuchaze nganoma iyiphi ingxenye ongayiqondi.


Ungathathi imithamo yakho yokulala ngesikhathi se-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium kuze kube yilapho wena noma ingane yakho nisembhedeni futhi nilungele ukulala ebusuku. I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate iqala ukusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu, kungakapheli imizuzu engu-5 kuya kwengu-15 ngemuva kokuyithatha. Beka umthamo wakho wesibili we-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate endaweni ephephile eduze kombhede wakho (noma endaweni ephephile ongayinikeza ingane yakho) ngaphambi kokulala. Sebenzisa iwashi le-alamu ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uzovuka ngesikhathi ukuze uthathe umthamo wesibili. Uma wena noma ingane yakho uvuka ngaphambi kokuba i-alamu icishe futhi kube okungenani amahora amabili nesigamu selokhu uthathe umthamo wakho wokuqala, thatha umthamo wakho wesibili, cisha i-alamu, bese ubuyela ekulaleni.

Udokotela wakho mhlawumbe uzokuqala ngomthamo ophansi we-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate futhi akhuphule kancane umthamo wakho, hhayi kaningi ngesonto.

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ingaba umkhuba wokwakha. Ungayithathi ngaphezulu noma uyithathe kaningi kunokuyalelwa ngudokotela wakho. Uma uthatha i-calcium eningi, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate, ungathola izimpawu ezisongela impilo kufaka phakathi ukuquleka, ukuncipha noma ukumisa ukuphefumula, ukulahlekelwa ukwazi nokuquleka. Ungase futhi uhlakulele ukulangazelela i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate, uzizwe unesidingo sokuthatha imithamo emikhulu futhi emikhulu, noma ufuna ukuqhubeka uphuze i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate yize ibanga izimpawu ezingathandeki. Uma uthathe i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ngamanani amakhulu kunalawo obekiwe ngudokotela wakho, futhi ngokungazelelwe uyeke ukuwuthatha, ungathola izimpawu zokuhoxa njengobunzima bokulala noma ukulala, ukungahlaliseki, ukukhathazeka, ukucabanga okungavamile, ukulahlekelwa ukuxhumana neqiniso, ukulala, isisu esithukuthele, ukuqhaqhazela ingxenye yomzimba wakho ongeke ukwazi ukuyilawula, ukujuluka, ukuqunjelwa yimisipha, nokushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo.

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ingasiza ekulawuleni izimpawu zakho kepha ngeke iselaphe isimo sakho. Qhubeka uthathe i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate noma ngabe uzizwa uphilile. Ungayeki ukuthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ngaphandle kokukhuluma nodokotela wakho. Udokotela wakho mhlawumbe uzofuna ukwehlisa umthamo wakho kancane kancane. Uma ngokungazelelwe uyeka ukuthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate, ungahle ube nokuhlaselwa okuningi kwe-cataplexy futhi ungathola ukukhathazeka nobunzima bokulala noma ukulala.

Ukulungiselela imithamo ye-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate, landela lezi zinyathelo:

  1. Vula ibhokisi lapho umuthi wakho ungene futhi ususe ibhodlela lomuthi kanye nedivayisi yokulinganisa.
  2. Susa idivaysi yokulinganisa ku-wrapper yayo.
  3. Vula ibhodlela ngokucindezela phansi kukepisi bese ujikisa ikepisi ngokungqubeka kwewashi (ngakwesokunxele) ngasikhathi sinye.
  4. Beka ibhodlela elivulekile limile etafuleni.
  5. Bamba ibhodlela limile ngesandla esisodwa. Sebenzisa esinye isandla sakho ukubeka ithiphu yedivayisi yokulinganisa ekuvuleni kwesikhungo phezulu kwebhodlela. Cindezela ithiphu ngokuqinile ekuvuleni.
  6. Bamba ibhodlela nokokulinganisa ngesandla esisodwa. Sebenzisa esinye isandla sakho ukubuyela emuva ku-plunger kuze kube ngisho nangokumaka okufana nomthamo kadokotela wakho. Qiniseka ukuthi ugcina ibhodlela limile ukuvumela umuthi ukuba ugelezele kudivayisi yokulinganisa.
  7. Susa insimbi yokulinganisa ngaphezulu kwebhodlela. Beka ithiphu yedivayisi yokulinganisa kwenye yezinkomishi zokulinganisa ezinikezwe umuthi.
  8. Cindezela phansi ku-plunger ukukhipha umuthi enkomishini yokufaka imithamo.
  9. Faka ama-ounces ama-2 (60 milliliters, 1/4 inkomishi, noma izipuni ezingaba ngu-4) zamanzi ompompi enkomishini yokulinganisa. Ingabe hhayi hlanganisa umuthi nejusi yezithelo, iziphuzo ezibandayo, noma olunye uketshezi.
  10. Phinda izinyathelo 5 kuya ku-9 ukulungiselela umthamo we-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate enkomishini yesibili yokulinganisa.
  11. Beka amakepisi kuzo zombili izinkomishi zokulinganisa Jikela ikepisi ngalinye ngokwewashi (ngakwesokudla) lize lichofoze likhiye endaweni.
  12. Hlanza insimbi yokulinganisa ngamanzi.
  13. Faka ikepisi ebhodleleni le-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate bese ubuyisela ibhodlela nedivayisi yokulinganisa endaweni ephephile lapho kugcinwa khona kude nezingane nezilwane ezifuywayo. Beka zombili izinkomishi zemithi ezilungiselelwe endaweni ephephile eseduze kombhede wakho noma endaweni ephephile ukuze unikeze ingane yakho lapho kungafinyeleleki khona ezinganeni nasezifuyweni.
  14. Uma sekuyisikhathi sokuthi uthathe umthamo wokuqala we-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-oxybate ye-sodium, cindezela phansi ikepisi bese uyiphendulela ngakwesokudla (ngakwesokunxele). Phuza lonke uketshezi ngenkathi uhleli embhedeni wakho. Beka ikepisi emuva enkomishini, uyiphendukise ngokwewashi (kwesokudla) ukuyikhiya endaweni, bese ulala phansi khona lapho.
  15. Uma uvuka amahora ama-2/2 kuya kwangu-4 kamuva ukuthatha umthamo wesibili, phinda isinyathelo 14.

Lo muthi ungabekelwa okunye ukusetshenziswa; buza udokotela wakho noma usokhemisi ukuthola eminye imininingwane.

Ngaphambi kokuthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate,

  • Tshela udokotela kanye nosokhemisi wakho uma unegciwane ku-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate, noma imiphi eminye imithi, noma iziphi izithako ze-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate solution. Buza usokhemisi wakho noma uhlole Umhlahlandlela Wezokwelapha ukuthola uhlu lwezithako.
  • Tshela udokotela wakho kanye nosokhemisi ukuthi imiphi eminye imishanguzo kadokotela neyokungabhalisi, amavithamini, izithasiselo zokudla okunempilo, nemikhiqizo yamakhambi oyithathayo. Qiniseka ukusho okulandelayo: divalproex (Depakote). Udokotela wakho angadinga ukushintsha imithamo yemithi yakho noma akuqaphele ngokucophelela ngemiphumela emibi.
  • Tshela udokotela wakho uma uke waba nokushoda okuncane kwe-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (isimo esizuzwe njengefa lapho izinto ezithile zakha khona emzimbeni futhi zidale ukubambezeleka nokubambezeleka kokuthuthuka). Udokotela wakho uzokutshela ukuthi ungathathi i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate.
  • tshela udokotela wakho uma uhogela; uma uke wacabanga ngokuzilimaza noma ukuzibulala noma uhlele noma uzame ukwenza kanjalo; futhi uma uke waba nesifo samaphaphu noma waba nesifo samaphaphu, ukuphefumula kanzima, i-apnea yokulala (ukuphazamiseka kokulala okwenza ukuphefumula kume isikhathi esifushane ngesikhathi sokulala), ukuqubuka, ukudangala noma esinye isifo sengqondo, noma isifo sesibindi.
  • utshele udokotela wakho uma ukhulelwe, hlela ukukhulelwa, noma uncelisa. Uma ukhulelwa ngenkathi uthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate, shayela udokotela wakho.
  • uma uhlinzwa, kufaka phakathi ukuhlinzwa kwamazinyo, tshela udokotela noma udokotela wamazinyo ukuthi uthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate.
  • kufanele wazi ukuthi uzolala kakhulu okungenani amahora awu-6 ngemuva kokuthatha i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate, futhi ungazela nasemini. Ungashayeli imoto, sebenzisa imishini, undize indiza, noma wenze noma imiphi eminye imisebenzi eyingozi okungenani amahora ayisithupha ngemuva kokuthatha umuthi wakho. Gwema izinto eziyingozi ngaso sonke isikhathi uze wazi ukuthi i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ikuthinta kanjani.

Ngaphandle kokuthi udokotela wakho akutshele ngenye indlela, qhubeka nokudla okuvamile.

Uma uphuthelwa umthamo wesibili we-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, ne-oxybate ye-sodium, weqa umthamo ongabanjwanga bese uqhubeka nesimiso sakho sokulinganisa ngokujwayelekile ebusuku obulandelayo. Ungathathi umthamo ophindwe kabili ukwenza okulahlekile. Njalo vumela okungenani amahora angu-2/2 phakathi kwamanani we-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ingadala imiphumela emibi. Tshela udokotela wakho uma kukhona kulezi zimpawu ezinzima noma ezingapheli:

  • ukufafaza umbhede
  • ikhanda
  • isiyezi
  • ukuzamazama kwengxenye yomzimba wakho ongeke ukwazi ukuyilawula
  • imizwa yokuba ndikindiki, ukuhayiza, ukubhoboza, ukushisa, noma ukukhasa esikhunjeni
  • ubunzima bokuhamba lapho ulele noma uvuka
  • isicanucanu
  • ukuhlanza
  • isifo sohudo
  • umlomo owomile
  • ukucasuka
  • ubuthakathaka
  • ukuphazamiseka kwemisipha
  • ukujuluka

Eminye imiphumela emibi ingaba mibi. Lezi zimpawu ezilandelayo azivamile, kepha uma uhlangabezana nenye yazo noma leyo ebhalwe esigabeni ESIBALULEKILE SEXWAYISO, shayela udokotela wakho ngokushesha noma uthole ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo:

  • ukulala
  • amaphupho angajwayelekile
  • ukuyaluza
  • ulaka
  • ukukhathazeka
  • ukudana
  • ukudideka noma izinkinga zememori
  • ushintsho kusisindo noma isifiso sokudla
  • imizwa yecala
  • imicabango yokuzilimaza noma ukuzibulala
  • ukuzwa ukuthi abanye bafuna ukukulimaza
  • ukusangana (ukubona izinto noma ukuzwa amazwi angekho)
  • ukulahlekelwa ukuxhumana neqiniso
  • izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukuhogela noma ukuphefumula ubuthongo
  • ukozela ngokweqile emini

I-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-sodium oxybate ingadala eminye imiphumela emibi. Shayela udokotela wakho uma unezinkinga ezingavamile ngenkathi uthatha lo muthi.

Uma uthola imiphumela emibi kakhulu, wena noma udokotela wakho ungathumela umbiko kuhlelo lwe-Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) noma ngocingo ( 1-800-332-1088).

Gcina le mithi esitsheni efike ngayo, ivaliwe ngokuqinile, futhi lapho izingane nezilwane ezifuywayo zingafinyeleli khona. Gcina ekamelweni lokushisa futhi kude nokushisa okweqile nomswakama (hhayi endlini yangasese). Thela noma imuphi umuthi osele phansi kusinki uma kungaphezu kwamahora angama-24 ngemuva kokulungiswa. Sika ilebula ebhodleleni ngomaka bese ulahla ibhodlela elingenalutho kudoti.Buza udokotela wakho noma ushayele ikhemisi eliphakathi nendawo uma unemibuzo ngokulahlwa okufanele kwemithi yakho uma kuphelelwe yisikhathi noma kungasadingeki.

Kubalulekile ukugcina yonke imishanguzo ingabonakali futhi ifinyeleleke ezinganeni njengoba iziqukathi eziningi (njengezingqondo zamaphilisi zamasonto onke kanye nalawo amaconsi wamehlo, okhilimu, amabala, kanye nama-inhalers) azimeleki ezinganeni futhi izingane ezincane zingazivula kalula. Ukuvikela izingane ezisencane ekufakeni ubuthi, hlala uvala amakepisi okuphepha bese ubeka umuthi endaweni ephephile - eyodwa ephezulu futhi engekho futhi engabonakali kubo futhi efinyelela kuyo. http://www.upandaway.org

Imithi engadingeki kufanele ilahlwe ngezindlela ezikhethekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izilwane ezifuywayo, izingane nabanye abantu abakwazi ukuzidla. Kodwa-ke, akufanele ukhiphe le mithi ethoyilethi. Esikhundleni salokho, indlela engcono kakhulu yokulahla imithi yakho ngohlelo lokubuyisa umuthi. Khuluma nosokhemisi wakho noma uthinte umnyango wangakini wokulahla udoti / wokusebenzisa kabusha ukuze ufunde ngezinhlelo zokubuyisa emphakathini wakho. Bheka iwebhusayithi yakwa-FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) ukuthola eminye imininingwane uma ungakwazi ukufinyelela kuhlelo lokubuyisa.

Uma kwenzeka ukweqisa ngokweqile, shayela ucingo losizo lokulawula ubuthi ku-1-800-222-1222. Imininingwane iyatholakala online ku-https: //www.poisonhelp.org/help. Uma isisulu siwile, saba nokuquleka, sinenkinga yokuphefumula, noma singakwazi ukuvuswa, shayela ngokushesha abezimo eziphuthumayo ku-911.

Izimpawu zokudlula ngokweqile zingafaka:

  • ukudideka
  • izinkinga ngokuxhumanisa
  • ukuyaluza
  • ukulahlekelwa ukwazi
  • ikhoma
  • ukuphefumula kancane, okungajulile, noma okuphazamisekile
  • ukulahlekelwa ukulawula isinye
  • ukulahlekelwa kwamathumbu
  • ukuhlanza
  • ukujuluka
  • ikhanda
  • ukungaboni kahle
  • izihlunu zemisipha noma ukujija
  • ukudlikiza
  • ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane
  • izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphansi
  • imisipha ebuthakathaka

Buza udokotela wakho noma ushayele ikhemisi eliphakathi uma unemibuzo mayelana nokugcwalisa imishanguzo yakho.

Kubalulekile ukuthi ugcine uhlu olubhaliwe lwayo yonke imishanguzo oyisebenzisayo kadokotela kanye nokungabhaliswanga (ngaphezulu kokuthenga), kanye nanoma yimiphi imikhiqizo efana namavithamini, amaminerali, noma ezinye izithako zokudla. Kufanele uze nalolu hlu njalo uma uvakashela udokotela noma uma ungeniswa esibhedlela. Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi nemininingwane ebalulekile ukuthi uphathe uma kwenzeka kunezimo eziphuthumayo.

  • Xywav®
Kugcine Kubuyekezwa - 01/15/2021

Okuthunyelwe Kwakamuva

Izindlela Ezi-10 Zokuthuthukisa Igciwane Lakho Lesisu, Ngokusekelwe Kwisayensi

Izindlela Ezi-10 Zokuthuthukisa Igciwane Lakho Lesisu, Ngokusekelwe Kwisayensi

Kukhona amabhaktheriya azungeze ama-trillion angama-40 emzimbeni wakho, iningi lawo eli emathunjini akho. Ngokubambi ana, baziwa njenge-gut microbiota yakho, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakho. ...
Yini Ebangela Ukuvuvukala Komzimba Futhi Ngingakuphatha Kanjani?

Yini Ebangela Ukuvuvukala Komzimba Futhi Ngingakuphatha Kanjani?

Ukubuka konkeIndunu ukuvulwa ekugcineni kom ele wakho wendunu. I-rectum ihlala phakathi kwekholoni yakho ne-anu futhi i ebenza njengendawo yokubamba i itulo. Lapho ingcindezi ku-rectum yakho iba nkul...