Ama-Barbiturates: Ukusetshenziswa, Amafomu, Imiphumela emibi, nokuningi

-Delile

• Amaqiniso asheshayo ngama-barbiturates
• Yini ama-barbiturates?
• Kungani kunqunywa ama-barbiturates?
• Amafomu ama-barbiturates
• Inhlanganisela imikhiqizo esetshenziselwa ikhanda:
• Yimiphi imiphumela emibi engaba khona?
• Izingozi zokuthatha ama-barbiturates
• Ingozi yokukhulelwa
• Izimpawu zokuhoxa
• Yiziphi izingqinamba zomthetho ezizungeze ama-barbiturates?
• Ukufuna nini usizo oluphuthumayo
• Ama-barbiturates aqhathaniswa kanjani nama-benzodiazepines?
• Okubalulekile

Ama-barbiturates abekhona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150. Babedumile kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900 kuya kowe-1970. Ukusetshenziswa okubili okuvame kakhulu kwakungekokulala nokukhathazeka.

Ngesinye isikhathi kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-50 zama-barbiturate atholakala e-United States. Ekugcineni, bathathelwa indawo eminye imithi ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha.

Funda ukuze ufunde ngokusetshenziswa, imiphumela, nezingozi zama-barbiturates.

Amaqiniso asheshayo ngama-barbiturates

• Ama-barbiturates kukhona kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa namuhla. Banobungozi obukhulu bokubekezelelana, ukuncika, nokudlula ngokweqile.
• Lesi sigaba semithi singaba nemiphumela yokuthatha isikhathi esifushane. Kuya ngomuthi othile.
• Ngokusho kweNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), ngo-2016 bangu-409 abantu abashona ngenxa yokudakwa ngokweqile ngama-barbiturate. Amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nanye afaka ama-opioid okwenziwa.
• Awukwazi ukuyeka ngokungazelelwe ukuthatha ama-barbiturates ngemuva kokuwasebenzisa njalo. Kungadala izimpawu ezinzima zokuhoxa. Lokhu kufaka ingozi yokufa.

Yini ama-barbiturates?

Ama-barbiturates anomthelela ocindezelayo ebuchosheni. Bandisa umsebenzi we-gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) ebuchosheni. I-GABA iyikhemikhali yobuchopho edala umphumela wokulalisa.

Imithi yakha umkhuba. Ungakha ukubekezelelana nokuncika kuma-barbiturates. Lokhu kusho ukuthi udinga amanani aphezulu ukuthola umphumela ofanayo. Ukumisa ngokungazelelwe lo muthi kudala izimpawu zokuhoxa.

Ukuthatha imithamo ephezulu ye-barbiturates kuyingozi ngoba ungadlula ngokweqile. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu sokuthi le mithi ayibekiwe njengamanje.

Kungani kunqunywa ama-barbiturates?

Namuhla, le mithi isetshenziselwa:

• ukukhathazeka nokulala okuhlobene nokuhlinzwa (uma ezinye izidakamizwa zingasebenzi)
• ukuqwasha (kuyaqabukela)
• ukuquleka (uma ezinye izidakamizwa zingasebenzi)
• izinzwa
• ikhanda elibuhlungu
• ukulimala okubuhlungu kwengqondo (i-TBI)

Amafomu ama-barbiturates

Ama-barbiturate ayatholakala ngefomu elinokujova, uketshezi, ithebhulethi, nefomu le-capsule. Ziza ngamandla nangezinhlanganisela eziningi ezahlukene.

Ama-barbiturates ayizidakamizwa ezilawulwa yi-Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) ngenxa yamandla azo okusetshenziswa kabi.

I-DEA ihlukanisa izidakamizwa ngezigaba ezinhlanu zohlelo lwezidakamizwa, kusuka kuShejuli I kuya kuShejuli V. Inombolo yeshejuli ikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi into ingasetshenziswa kabi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha okwamukelwe.

Isibonelo, izidakamizwa zeSheduli I azinakho ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha okwamukelwe njengamanje kanye namandla aphezulu okusetshenziswa kabi. Isheduli V izidakamizwa zinamandla aphansi okusetshenziswa kabi.

Amagama ajwayelekile (ejwayelekile nomkhiqizo) wama-barbiturate afaka:

• i-amobarbital injectable (Amytal), i-DEA Isheduli II
• ithebhulethi ye-butabarbital (Butisol), i-DEA Schedule III
• i-methohexital injectable (Brevital), i-DEA Shejuli IV
• ipentobarbital injectable (Nembutal), DEA Isheduli II
• amaphilisi we-secobarbital (Seconal), i-DEA Schedule II
• ithebhulethi ye-primidone (Mysoline). Lo muthi uhlanganiswa ne-phenobarbital. Isetshenziselwa ukuphazamiseka kokudlikiza futhi ayinaso Isheduli ye-DEA.

Inhlanganisela imikhiqizo esetshenziselwa ikhanda:

• i-butalbital / acetaminophen capsule kanye nethebhulethi
• i-butalbital / acetaminophen / i-caffeine capsule, ithebhulethi, nesisombululo samanzi, i-DEA Schedule III
• i-butalbital / acetaminophen / i-caffeine / i-codeine tablet (i-Fioricet ene-codeine), i-DEA Schedule III
• i-butalbital / aspirin / i-caffeine tablet kanye ne-capsule (Fiorinal, Lanorinal), i-DEA Schedule III
• i-butalbital / aspirin / i-caffeine / i-codeine capsule (i-Fiorinal ne-codeine), i-DEA Schedule III

Yimiphi imiphumela emibi engaba khona?

Imiphumela emibi kakhulu ye-barbiturates yisiyezi nokulala. Imisebenzi edinga ukuthi uqaphele, njengokushayela, ingaba yinselele.

Eminye imiphumela engemihle ayivamile kodwa ibucayi kakhulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• ukuphefumula kanzima, ubuhlungu besifuba, noma ukuqina
• ukuqubuka
• imfiva
• ubuhlungu obuhlangene
• ukuvuvukala kobuso, izindebe, noma umphimbo
• ukopha okungajwayelekile noma ukulinyazwa

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngokushesha uma uhlangabezana nanoma iyiphi yale miphumela emibi.

Eminye imiphumela emibi engaba khona ifaka:

• ikhanda
• ukudideka
• ukucasuka
• ukukhathazeka
• ukudana
• ukuphazamiseka kokulala
• umfutho wegazi ophansi
• isicanucanu
• ukuhlanza
• izinkinga ngokulinganisela nokunyakaza
• izinkinga ngokukhuluma, ukugxila, nokukhumbula

Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuze nixoxe nganoma yikuphi ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela emibi.

Izingozi zokuthatha ama-barbiturates

Izici ezithile zingakhuphula ubungozi bemiphumela emibi noma yokweqisa izidakamizwa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-barbiturate. Lokhu kufaka iminyaka yakho, izimo zempilo, kanye nanoma imiphi eminye imithi oyiphuzayo.

Ama-barbiturates angangeza emiphumeleni yokudambisa yeminye imithi. Lokhu kufaka:

• imishanguzo yokungezwani komzimba nama-antihistamine
• imithi yezinhlungu, ikakhulukazi ama-opioid afana ne-morphine ne-hydrocodone
• imithi yokulala noma yokukhathazeka (benzodiazepines)
• utshwala
• eminye imithi edala ukulala noma ukozela

Lesi sigaba semithi sisetshenziswa ngokulinganiselwe namuhla ngoba imishanguzo emisha inerekhodi lokuphepha elingcono kakhulu.

Ama-barbiturates anengozi enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzuzo. Abantu abanikezwe le mithi kumele babhekwe ngokucophelela ukugwema imiphumela emibi.

Ingozi yokukhulelwa

Kunezingozi ezixhunyaniswe nokusetshenziswa kwe-barbiturate ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Le mithi kwesinye isikhathi iyasetshenziswa uma ezinye izindlela zemithi zingatholakali.

Abaningi asebekhulile baye basungula izibopho phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-barbiturate ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nezinkinga zokuzalwa. Izingane zingaba nazo ngokukhula nentuthuko uma zivezwa kuma-barbiturates isikhathi eside ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Izingane nazo zingazalwa zincike kuma-barbiturates futhi zihlushwa izimpawu zokuhoxa ngemuva kokuzalwa.

Isilwane esitholwe ukuvezwa kwamagundane asanda kuzalwa kudale izinkinga ekukhuleni kobuchopho. Isidakamizwa (pentobarbital) sithinte ukufunda, inkumbulo, neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile.

Izimpawu zokuhoxa

Ama-barbiturates angadala ukufa uma kumiswe kungazelelwe. Ubunzima bokusabela buxhomeke empilweni yomuntu jikelele, ezinye izimo zempilo abangaba nazo, kanye neminye imithi esetshenziswayo.

Uma ngabe uthathe i-barbiturate, qiniseka ukuthi ukhuluma nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokumisa umuthi.

Ezinye izimpawu zokuhoxa kwe-barbiturates zifaka:

• isicanucanu nokuhlanza
• amajaqamba esiswini
• ukudana, ukukhathazeka, noma ukungahlaliseki
• ubunzima bokulala, ukugxila, nokugxila
• izinkinga zenhliziyo
• ukushisa komzimba okwandisiwe
• isithuthwane
• ukuthuthumela
• i-delirium
• ukusangana

Ngezimpawu ezinqala zokuhoxa, kungadingeka ukuthi ubhekwe esibhedlela kuze kube yilapho umuthi ungaphandle komzimba wakho. Lokhu kungathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa.

Yiziphi izingqinamba zomthetho ezizungeze ama-barbiturates?

Ama-barbiturates ayatholakala ngemithi kadokotela ezigabeni ezintathu zesheduli ye-DEA. Lokhu kusekelwe emandleni abo okulutha nokusetshenziswa kabi.

Zisasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni esibhedlela i-anesthesia, i-sedation, i-TBI, ukuquleka, namanye amacala akhethiwe. Banikezwe futhi amakhanda nokulala uma eminye imithi ingasebenzi.

Kodwa-ke, ama-barbiturate asatholakala ngokufinyelela okungekho emthethweni. Ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kuholele ekufeni ngokweqile kwemithi ngoba imishanguzo iyingozi ekuzelapheni. Ingozi iyanda lapho ama-barbiturate ahlanganiswa notshwala, ama-opioid, ama-benzodiazepines afana ne-diazepam, noma ezinye izidakamizwa.

Ama-barbiturate asasetshenziswa emazweni amaningi ngoba awabizi kakhulu. Lesi esinye sezizathu ukuthi zisatholakala. Zitholakala futhi ngemithombo yezilwane nasemalabhoratri ngezinjongo zocwaningo.

Ukuthengwa kwe-inthanethi kungomunye umthombo ongekho emthethweni wama-barbiturates. Ziza ngokukhulu ngoba izidakamizwa zingaphelelwa yisikhathi noma zingcoliswe ngezinye izinto.

Akukho emthethweni ukuthenga noma ukusebenzisa ama-barbiturate ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela. Kukhona izinhlawulo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni zokuthenga, ukuthengisa, noma ukuthatha izidakamizwa ngokungemthetho.

Ukufuna nini usizo oluphuthumayo

Ama-barbiturates awasetshenziswanga kakhulu namuhla ngenxa yerekhodi labo elingelutho lokuphepha lokudlula ngokweqile. Ziningi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi kungani umuntu engase abe sengozini yokweqisa ngokweqile.

Lokhu kufaka:

• eminye imishanguzo enemiphumela yokudangala ebuchosheni, efana nama-opioid kanye ne-benzodiazepines
• utshwala, obunganciphisa ukususwa komuthi futhi kubangele ukugcwala emzimbeni
• umlando wokudangala, imicabango yokuzibulala, noma izimo zempilo yengqondo
• umlando wokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa
• izinkinga zokuphefumula, njenge-asthma, isifo samaphaphu, ne-emphysema
• izinkinga zenhliziyo
• izinkinga zezinso noma zesibindi, ezingadala ukuthi umuthi wakhe umzimba
• age, okungathinta ukuba sengozini kwemiphumela emibi

Kungaba nezinye izizathu zokuphendula ngamandla kuma-barbiturates. Qiniseka ukuthi uxoxa ngemithi yakho nomlando wezempilo nodokotela wakho.

Shayela u-911 noma inombolo yakho ephuthumayo yasendaweni ngokushesha uma wena noma umuntu omaziyo ethathe i-barbiturate eningi kakhulu noma uma unanoma iyiphi yalezi zimpawu:

• ukozela ngokweqile
• kunzima ukukhuluma
• ubuthakathaka obukhulu noma ukukhathala
• ukuphefumula kancane
• ukudideka
• inkinga ngokuxhumanisa nokulinganisela
• ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane
• okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa komzimba

Asikho isidakamizwa esiguqukayo sokwelashwa ngokweqile kwe-barbiturate. Amalahle asebenzayo angasetshenziselwa ukususa isidakamizwa eseqile emzimbeni. Ezinye izinyathelo zifaka phakathi ukugcina ukuhamba komoya, ukujikeleza kwegazi nokuphefumula.

Ama-barbiturates aqhathaniswa kanjani nama-benzodiazepines?

Ama-barbiturates athathelwe indawo yi-benzodiazepines efana ne-alprazolam (Xanax) ne-diazepam (Valium) yokwelapha ukukhathazeka nokukhathazeka kokulala. Banemiphumela emibi embalwa lapho kunqunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya ngokuqhathaniswa nama-barbiturates.

I-Benzodiazepines isebenza ngendlela efanayo ngokwandisa umsebenzi we-GABA ebuchosheni. Zakha umphumela wokuthoba noma wokuphumula. Kepha uma zisetshenziswa ndawonye nama-barbiturates, zingakhuphula ingozi yokudlula ngokweqile.

AmaBenzodiazepines nawo enza umkhuba lapho esetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Banemiphumela emibi efanayo nezingozi zokusetshenziswa kabi. I-Benzodiazepines kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela isikhathi esifushane.

Okubalulekile

AmaBarbiturates aduma kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900 kuya kowe-1970. Kwakukhona izinketho ezimbalwa zokwelapha ukwelashwa, ukukhathazeka nokuqwasha.

Odokotela bayeka ukuzisebenzisa lapho ukusetshenziswa kabi nokusebenzisa ngokweqile kunyuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ama-barbiturate asetshenziswa ngokulinganiselwe namuhla, futhi imithi ephephile iyatholakala.

Kodwa-ke, ama-barbiturate asasetshenziswa kabi namuhla. Izingozi zokushona ngokweqile ziyanda uma zisetshenziswa zihlangene notshwala, ama-opioid, ama-benzodiazepines, noma eminye imithi.

Ama-barbiturate adinga ukuqashwa okuqinile ngenxa yengozi yokweqisa ngokweqile futhi akufanele asetshenziswe ngaphandle kokuqondisa kukadokotela.