Ungafa Yini Ngomdlavuza Wesibeletho? Izinto eziyi-15 okufanele uzazi ngokuxilongwa nokuvimbela

-Delile

• Kungenzeka yini?
• Ingabe isigaba sokuxilongwa sinendaba?
• Ingabe zikhona ezinye izici okufanele zicatshangelwe?
• Ngubani oba nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho?
• Kubangelwa yini?
• Ingabe kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene?
• Ingabe kukhona ongakwenza ukukuvimbela?
• Wazi kanjani ukuthi unayo?
• Yini imihlahlandlela yokuhlola?
• Kutholakala kanjani?
• Kungenzeka yini ukuba ne-pap test ejwayelekile kodwa ube nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho?
• Ilashwa kanjani?
• Iyelapheka?
• Ngabe ukuphindeka kungenzeka?
• Uyini umbono jikelele?

Kungenzeka yini?

Kwenzeka kaningi kunakuqala, kepha yebo, kungenzeka ukuthi ubulawe ngumdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho.

I-American Cancer Society (ACS) ilinganisela ukuthi babalelwa ku-4 250 abantu baseMelika abazobulawa ngumdlavuza wesibeletho ngonyaka wezi-2019.

Isizathu esikhulu sokuthi bambalwa abantu ababulawa ngumdlavuza wesibeletho namuhla ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kokuhlolwa kwePap.

Umdlavuza wesibeletho uvame kakhulu ezindaweni zomhlaba ezingakathuthuki kangako. Emhlabeni jikelele, cishe wabulawa ngumdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ngo-2018.

Umdlavuza wesibeletho uyelapheka, ikakhulukazi uma welashwa kusenesikhathi.

Ingabe isigaba sokuxilongwa sinendaba?

Yebo. Ngokuvamile, umdlavuza wokuqala utholakala, umphumela uba ngcono. Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho uvame ukukhula kancane.

Ukuhlolwa kwePap kungathola amangqamuzana angajwayelekile emlomo wesibeletho ngaphambi kokuba abe nomdlavuza. Lokhu kwaziwa njenge-carcinoma in situ noma isigaba 0 somdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho.

Ukususa la maseli kungasiza ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza ukuthi ungakhuli kwasekuqaleni.

Izigaba ezijwayelekile zomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho yilezi:

• Isigaba 1: Amaseli womdlavuza akhona emlonyeni wesibeletho futhi kungenzeka ukuthi asakazekela esibelethweni.
• Isigaba 2: Umdlavuza usabalale ngaphandle komlomo wesibeletho kanye nesibeletho. Akufinyelelanga ezindongeni zesikhumba noma engxenyeni engezansi yesitho sangasese sowesifazane.
• Isigaba 3: Umdlavuza usufinyelele engxenyeni engezansi yesitho sangasese sowesifazane, udonga lwesisu, noma uthinta izinso.
• Isigaba 4: Umdlavuza usabalale wadlulela ngale kwesikhumba waya kolwelwesi lwesinye, i-rectum, noma izitho ezikude namathambo.

Izilinganiso zeminyaka emihlanu yokusinda ezihlobene nabantu abatholakala benomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2015 yilezi:

• Kwenziwe kwaba okwasendaweni (kuvinjelwe umlomo wesibeletho nesibeletho): amaphesenti angama-91.8
• Okwesifunda (sisabalale ngale komlomo wesibeletho nesibeletho ezindaweni eziseduze): amaphesenti angama-56.3
• Kude (isabalale ngaphesheya kwesikhumba): amaphesenti ayi-16.9
• Akwaziwa: Amaphesenti angama-49

Lawa ngamazinga okusinda esewonke asuselwa kwimininingwane esukela eminyakeni engu-2009 kuya kowezi-2015. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza kushintsha ngokushesha futhi umbono ojwayelekile kungenzeka ukuthi usuthuthukile kusukela lapho.

Ingabe zikhona ezinye izici okufanele zicatshangelwe?

Yebo. Kunezici eziningi ezingaphezu kwesigaba ezingathinta ukubikezelwa kwakho.

Ezinye zazo yilezi:

• ubudala ekuxilongweni
• impilo ejwayelekile, kubandakanya nezinye izimo ezifana ne-HIV
• uhlobo lwe-human papillomavirus (HPV) oluthintekayo
• uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho
• noma ngabe lesi yisigameko sokuqala noma ukuphindeka komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho owawelashwa ngaphambili
• uqala ngokushesha kangakanani ukwelashwa

Umjaho nawo udlala indima. Abesifazane abamnyama nabaseSpain banezinga lokushona komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho.

Ngubani oba nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho?

Noma ngubani onomlomo wesibeletho angathola umdlavuza wesibeletho. Lokhu kuyiqiniso uma okwamanje ungasebenzi ocansini, ukhulelwe, noma usemuva kokuya esikhathini.

Ngokwe-ACS, umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho uyivelakancane kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-20 futhi uvame ukutholakala kubantu abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-35 nengama-44.

E-United States, abantu baseSpanishi basengozini enkulu kakhulu, bese kuba ngabase-Afrika-baseMelika, abase-Asiya, iziQhingi zasePacific kanye nabaseCaucasus.

Abomdabu baseMelika nabomdabu base-Alaska banengozi encane kakhulu.

Kubangelwa yini?

Izimo eziningi zomdlavuza wesibeletho zibangelwa ukutheleleka kwe-HPV. I-HPV ukutheleleka ngegciwane kohlelo lokuzala, nabantu abaningi abaya ocansini abakutholayo esikhathini esithile.

I-HPV kulula ukuyidlulisa ngoba ithatha kuphela ukuthintana kwesitho sobulili nesikhumba. Ungayithola noma ungenalo ucansi lokungena.

, I-HPV izisula yodwa kungakapheli iminyaka emibili. Kepha uma uhlanganyela ocansini, ungaphinda uyifinyelele futhi.

Bambalwa kuphela abantu abane-HPV abazoba nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, kepha amacala omdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho angenxa yaleli gciwane.

Akukwenzeki ngobusuku obubodwa, noma kunjalo. Uma usutheleleke nge-HPV, kungathatha iminyaka engu-15 kuye kwengu-20 ukuba umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ukhule, noma iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi uma unesistimu yomzimba ebuthakathaka.

I-HPV ingaba sethubeni lokuthuthukela kumdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho uma ubhema noma unezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (ama-STI) njenge-chlamydia, i-gonorrhea, noma i-herpes simplex.

Ingabe kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene?

Kuze kube yizigameko ezi-9 kwezingu-10 zomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ezingama-squamous cell carcinomas. Zikhula zisuka kumaseli agququdayo ku-exocervix, ingxenye yomlomo wesibeletho eseduzane kakhulu nesitho sangasese sowesifazane.

Iningi lamanye yi-adenocarcinomas, akhula kumaseli wezindlala ku-endocervix, okuyingxenye esondele kakhulu esibelethweni.

Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho nawo ungaba yi-lymphomas, melanomas, sarcomas, noma ezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile.

Ingabe kukhona ongakwenza ukukuvimbela?

Kube nokuncipha okukhulu kwezinga lokufa selokhu kwafika ukuhlolwa kwePap.

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ongayenza ukuvimbela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ukuthola ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kanye nokuhlolwa kwePap njengoba kunconywe udokotela wakho.

Ezinye izindlela zokwehlisa ubungozi zihlanganisa:

• ebuza udokotela wakho ukuthi kufanele uwuthole yini umuthi wokugoma we-HPV
• ukuthola ukwelashwa uma kutholakala amaseli omlomo wesibeletho angaphambi kwesikhathi
• ukuyohlolelwa ukulandelela lapho uhlolwa ngokungajwayelekile nge-Pap noma nge-HPV
• ukugwema, noma ukuyeka, ukubhema

Wazi kanjani ukuthi unayo?

Umdlavuza wokuqala wesibeletho akuvamile ukudala izimpawu, ngakho-ke mhlawumbe ngeke uqaphele ukuthi unawo. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola izivivinyo zokuhlola njalo.

Njengoba umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho uqhubeka, izimpawu nezimpawu zingafaka:

• ukukhishwa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane okungavamile
• ukopha esithweni sangasese
• ubuhlungu ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini
• ubuhlungu be-pelvic

Vele, lezo zimpawu azisho ukuthi unomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho. Lokhu kungaba yizimpawu zezinye izimo ezingelapheki.

Yini imihlahlandlela yokuhlola?

Ngokuya ngemikhombandlela yokuhlola i-ACS:

• Abantu abaneminyaka engama-21 kuya kwengama-29 kufanele bahlolwe iPap njalo eminyakeni emithathu.
• Abantu abaneminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-65 kufanele babe nokuhlolwa kwePap kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-HPV njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Ngenye indlela, ungahlolwa iPap wedwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu.
• Uma ngabe une-hysterectomy ephelele yezizathu ezingezona umdlavuza noma i-precancer, awusadingi ukuhlolwa kwePap noma i-HPV. Uma ngabe isibeletho sakho sisusiwe, kepha usenayo umlomo wakho wesibeletho, ukuhlolwa kufanele kuqhubeke.
• Uma ungaphezu kweminyaka engama-65, ungazange ube nesandulela ngculazi eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, futhi uke wahlolwa njalo iminyaka eyishumi, ungayeka ukuhlolwa komdlavuza wesibeletho.

Ungadinga ukuhlolwa kaningi uma:

• Usengozini enkulu yomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho.
• Ube nomphumela wePap ongajwayelekile.
• Utholwe une-precancer yomlomo wesibeletho noma i-HIV.
• Phambilini uke welashelwa umdlavuza wesibeletho.

Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lwathola ukuthi amazinga okufa komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abamnyama asebekhulile, kungenzeka ukuthi abukelwe phansi. Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngengozi yakho yokuthola umdlavuza wesibeletho futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uthola ukuhlolwa okulungile.

Isinyathelo sokuqala imvamisa ukuhlolwa kwe-pelvic ukuhlola impilo ejwayelekile kanye nezimpawu zesifo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-HPV nokuhlolwa kwePap kungenziwa ngasikhathi sinye nokuhlolwa kwezitho zangasese.

Kutholakala kanjani?

Yize ukuhlolwa kwePap kungabheka amaseli angajwayelekile, akukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lawa maseli anomdlavuza. Ngalokho, uzodinga i-biopsy yomlomo wesibeletho.

Enqubeni ebizwa ngokuthi i-endocervical curettage, isampula lezicubu lithathwa emgodini wesibeletho kusetshenziswa into ebizwa nge-curette.

Lokhu kungenziwa ngokwakho noma ngesikhathi se-colposcopy, lapho udokotela esebenzisa ithuluzi lokukhanyisa elikhanyisiwe ukuze abhekisise kahle isitho sangasese sowesifazane kanye nomlomo wesibeletho.

Udokotela wakho angafuna ukwenza i-cone biopsy ukuze athole isampula elikhudlwana, elenziwe ngesigaxa sezicubu zomlomo wesibeletho. Lokhu ukuhlinzwa okwelashwa ngaphandle okubandakanya i-scalpel noma i-laser.

Izicubu bese zihlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukubheka amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Kungenzeka yini ukuba ne-pap test ejwayelekile kodwa ube nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho?

Yebo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pap kungakutshela kuphela ukuthi awunawo amangqamuzana omlomo wesibeletho onomdlavuza noma onobungozi okwamanje. Akusho ukuthi awukwazi ukuhlakulela umdlavuza wesibeletho.

Kodwa-ke, uma ukuhlolwa kwakho kwe-Pap kuyinto ejwayelekile futhi ukuhlolwa kwakho kwe-HPV kungekuhle, ithuba lakho lokuba nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho eminyakeni embalwa ezayo yilokho.

Uma unomphumela ojwayelekile wePap kodwa unethemba le-HPV, udokotela wakho angancoma ukuhlolwa kokulandelela ukubheka ushintsho. Noma kunjalo, ungahle ungadingi olunye uvivinyo unyaka.

Khumbula, umdlavuza wesibeletho ukhula kancane, uma nje uhambisana nokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kokulandelwa, asikho isizathu esikhulu sokukhathazeka.

Ilashwa kanjani?

Uma sekutholakele umdlavuza wesibeletho, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuthola ukuthi umdlavuza kungenzeka ususabalale kangakanani.

Ukunquma isiteji kungaqala ngochungechunge lwezivivinyo zemifanekiso ukufuna ubufakazi bomdlavuza. Udokotela wakho angathola umbono ongcono wesiteji ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho kuncike ekutheni ususabalale kangakanani. Izinketho zokuhlinzwa zingafaka:

• Umbungu: Ukususwa kwezicubu zomdlavuza zomlomo wesibeletho.
• Ingqikithi ye-hysterectomy: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeletho nesibeletho.
• I-hysterectomy enamandla: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeletho, isibeletho, ingxenye yesitho sangasese sowesifazane, kanye neminye imisipha nezicubu ezizungezile. Lokhu kungafaka nokususwa kwama-ovari, amashubhu we-fallopian, noma ama-lymph node aseduze.
• Kushintshwe i-hysterectomy enamandla: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeletho, isibeletho, ingxenye ephezulu yesitho sangasese sowesifazane, eminye imisipha nezicubu ezizungezile, futhi mhlawumbe nama-lymph node aseduze.
• I-trachelectomy enamandla: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeletho, izicubu eziseduze nama-lymph node, kanye nesitho sangasese sangaphezulu.
• I-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Ukususwa kwama-ovari kanye namashubhu we-fallopian.
• Intukuthelo yepelvic: Ukususwa kwesinye, ikholoni ephansi, unxande, kanye nomlomo wesibeletho, isitho sangasese sowesifazane, amaqanda kanye nama-lymph node aseduze. Ukuvulwa kokufakelwa kufanele kwenziwe ukugeleza komchamo nesitulo.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa zingafaka:

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe: Ukukhomba nokubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza nokuwagcina ekukhuleni.
• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali: Kusetshenziswa esifundeni noma ohlelweni ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
• Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe: Izidakamizwa ezingakhomba zihlasele umdlavuza ngaphandle kokulimaza amaseli anempilo.
• I-Immunotherapy: Izidakamizwa ezisiza amasosha omzimba alwe nomdlavuza.
• Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo: Ukuzama izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha ezingakavunyelwa ukusetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile.
• Ukunakekelwa kwe-Palliative: Ukwelapha izimpawu nemiphumela emibi ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yempilo yonke.

Iyelapheka?

Yebo, ikakhulukazi lapho kutholakala futhi kwelashwa kusenesikhathi.

Ngabe ukuphindeka kungenzeka?

Njengezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, umdlavuza wesibeletho ungabuya ngemuva kokuphothula ukwelashwa. Ingabuya eduze komlomo wesibeletho noma kwenye indawo emzimbeni wakho. Uzoba nohlelo lokuvakashelwa okulandelwayo ukuqapha izimpawu zokuphindeka.

Uyini umbono jikelele?

Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ukhula kancane, kepha usongela impilo. Izindlela zanamuhla zokuhlola zisho ukuthi usemathubeni amaningi okuthola amangqamuzana angaphambi kwesikhathi angasuswa ngaphambi kokuba athole ithuba lokuba nomdlavuza.

Ngokuxilongwa nokwelashwa kusenesikhathi, umbono muhle kakhulu.

Ungasiza ukwehlisa amathuba akho okuba nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho noma ukuwuthola kusenesikhathi. Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngezici zakho zobungozi nokuthi kufanele uhlolwe kangaki.