Okuhlanzekile Neshumi nanhlanu: Ukudla okungu-15 Okungaphansi Kwama-Pesticides

-Delile

• 1. Ukwatapheya
• 2. Ummbila Omnandi
• 3. Uphayinaphu
• 4. Iklabishi
• 5. anyanisi
• 6. Ama-Peas Amnandi Afriziwe
• 7. UPapaya
• 8. I-Asparagus
• 9. Umango
• 10. Isitshalo seqanda
• 11. I-Honeydew Melon
• 12. Kiwi
• 13. ICantaloupe
• 14. Ukholifulawa
• 15. Broccoli
• Okusemqoka

Izithelo nemifino ekhule ngokujwayelekile imvamisa inezinsalela ze-pesticides - noma ngabe usuzigezile wazicwecwa.

Kodwa-ke, izinsalela cishe zihlala zingaphansi kwemikhawulo ebekwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1).

Noma kunjalo, ukuvezwa isikhathi eside emithini emincane yezibulala-zinambuzane kungaholela ezinkingeni zezempilo, kufaka phakathi ingozi yokwanda komdlavuza othile nezinkinga zokuzala (,).

Uhlu lwaminyaka yonke lwe-Clean Fifteen ™ - olushicilelwa yi-Environmental Working Group (i-EWG) - lubala izithelo nemifino okuphansi kakhulu ezinsaleleni zezibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulu ngokuya ngokuhlolwa kwe-USDA.

Ukwenza uhlu, i-EWG ibukeza izithelo nemifino ejwayelekile engama-48, engeyona eyemvelo, kufaka phakathi izinto ezikhuliswe nezangeniswa e-US (4).

Isikhundla sento ngayinye sikhombisa amaphuzu ahlanganisiwe asuka ezindleleni eziyisithupha ezihlukene zokubala ukungcola kwe-pesticide (5).

Nalu uhlu lwango-2018 Oluhlanzekile Lweshumi nanhlanu - oluqala ngesibulala-zinambuzane esincane kakhulu.

1. Ukwatapheya

Lesi sithelo esinempilo, esinamafutha sithole indawo yokuqala ukuthola into yomkhiqizo ongcolile we-pesticide (6).

Ngenkathi i-USDA ihlola ama-avocado angama-360, ngaphansi kuka-1% kwakunezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane - futhi kulabo abanezinsalela, kwatholakala uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-pesticide (7).

Khumbula ukuthi ukudla kulungiswa ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa, njengokukugeza noma ukukuxebula. Njengoba isikhumba esiwugqinsi sikakotapeya ngokuvamile sihlutshwa, iningi lazo izibulala-zinambuzane ziyasuswa ngaphambi kokudliwa (1, 8).

Ama-avocado acebile emafutheni we-monounsaturated enempilo nomthombo omuhle we-fiber, i-folate namavithamini C no-K (9).

Isifinyezo Ukwatapheya uqukethe izibulala-zinambuzane ezincane kakhulu kunoma iyiphi into ejwayelekile yokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yengxenye yesikhumba sawo esiwugqinsi, ngaphansi kuka-1% wama-avokhado ahloliwe abenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides.

2. Ummbila Omnandi

Ngaphansi kuka-2% wommbila omnandi oyisampula - kufaka phakathi ummbila ku-cob nezinhlamvu ezibandisiwe - wawunezinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo (6, 10).

Kodwa-ke, lesi simo asibandakanyi izinsalela ze-glyphosate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Roundup, isibulala-zinambuzane esiyimpikiswano ummbila othile oshintshwe izakhi zofuzo ukumelana naso. I-FDA isanda kuqala ukuhlola ummbila wezinsalela ze-glyphosate (10, 11).

Okungenani u-8% wommbila omnandi - neningi lommbila wensimu oyisitashi osetshenziswe ekudleni okusetshenzisiwe - ukhuliswa kusuka kwimbewu yezakhi zofuzo (GM) (5, 12).

Uma uzama ukugwema ukudla kwe-GM ne-glyphosate, thenga imikhiqizo ye-organic organic, engavunyelwe ukuguqulwa kofuzo noma ukufuthwa nge-glyphosate.

Isifinyezo Ummbila omnandi ngokuvamile uphansi emithini yokubulala izinambuzane futhi wenza kalula uhlu lwe-EWG. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlaziywa akuzange kuvivinye i-pesticide glyphosate, esetshenziselwa izitshalo zommbila eziguqulwe ngofuzo.

3. Uphayinaphu

Ekuhlolweni kwamaphayinaphu angama-360, ama-90% abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo - ngenxa yesikhumba sawo esijiyile esingadleki esivikela umgoqo wokuvikela wemvelo (6, 13).

Ngokuphawulekile, i-EWG ayizange icabangele ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kusuka ezibulala zinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala lesi sithelo esishisayo.

Isibonelo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela emasimini ophayinaphu eCosta Rica zingcolise amanzi okuphuza, zabulala izinhlanzi futhi zafaka ingozi kubalimi (,).

Ngakho-ke, uphayinaphu ophilayo - noma ngabe usanda kutsha, uqandisiwe noma usemathinini - kungakufanelekela ukuthengwa ukukhuthaza izindlela zokulima ezizinzile.

Isifinyezo Isikhumba esijiyile sikaphayinaphu sisiza ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zenyama yezithelo. Noma kunjalo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala uphayinaphu zingangcolisa amanzi futhi zilimaze izinhlanzi, ngakho-ke ukuthenga izinto eziphilayo kukhuthaza ukulima okunobungani.

4. Iklabishi

Cishe ama-86% amaklabishi asampuliwe abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo, futhi yi-0.3% kuphela ekhombise uhlobo olungaphezu kolulodwa lwe-pesticide (6, 16).

Njengoba iklabishi ikhiqiza izinhlanganisela ezibizwa ngama-glucosinolates ezinqanda izinambuzane eziyingozi, le mifino ebethelelayo idinga ukufafazwa okuncane. Lezi zinhlanganisela zezitshalo ezifanayo zingasiza ekuvikeleni umdlavuza (,).

Iklabishi libuye libe novithamini C no-K oningi, liphakela u-54% no-85% we-Reference Daily Intake (RDI) ngekomishi elilodwa (89 amagremu) wamaqabunga aqoshiwe, aluhlaza ngokulandelana (19).

Isifinyezo Iklabishi yimifino ephansi yezibulala-zinambuzane equkethe izinhlanganisela ezivikela ngokwemvelo ezinambuzaneni futhi ezinganciphisa ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza.

5. anyanisi

Izinsalela ze-pesticide zitholwe ngaphansi kuka-10% we-anyanisi wesampuli, ahlolisiswa ngemuva kokukhishwa kwesikhumba sangaphandle (6, 7, 8).

Noma kunjalo, kunezinye izizathu ongafuna ukucabanga ngokuthenga u-anyanisi ophilayo. Ocwaningweni lweminyaka eyisithupha, u-anyanisi ophilayo ubefika ku-20% ngaphezulu kuma-flavonols - amakhemikhali angavikela impilo yenhliziyo - kunabantu asebekhulile (,).

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukulima okungenazo izibulala-zinambuzane kukhuthaza izitshalo ukuthi zithuthukise izinhlanganisela zazo zemvelo zokuvikela - kufaka phakathi ama-flavonol - ukulwa nezinambuzane nezinye izinambuzane ().

Isifinyezo Ngenkathi ngaphansi kuka-10% ka-anyanisi ahlolwe ekhombisa izinsalela ze-pesticides, ungahle uthande ukukhetha i-organic. U-anyanisi we-organic uvame ukuba phezulu kuma-flavonol avikela inhliziyo kunalawo akhule ngokwenqubo evamile.

6. Ama-Peas Amnandi Afriziwe

Cishe ama-80% kaphizi amnandi afriziwe asampuliwe abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo (6, 23).

Ama-peas we-Snap, nokho, awazange athole amaphuzu. Ama-peas we-Snap akhuliswe e-US abalwa njengemifino ehlanzekile engama-20, kuyilapho uphizi ongenisiwe ubalwa njengemifino engu-14 engcoliswe kakhulu yi-pesticide (4).

Lezi zilinganiso ezihluphekayo zamaphizi we-snap ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwayo yonke i-pod - njengoba uphizi we-snap uvame ukudliwa ne-pod. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphizi oswidi wahlolwa ngemuva kokuthwebula. I-pod ingachayeka ngqo emithini yokubulala izinambuzane futhi ngenxa yalokho ifane nokuthi ingcoliswe (8).

Ama-peas amnandi angumthombo omuhle we-fiber nomthombo omuhle kakhulu wamavithamini A, C no-K (24).

Isifinyezo Iningi lamaphizi amnandi afriziwe awagcini izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo. Kodwa-ke, ama-peas we-snap - avame ukudliwa ephelele - aphezulu ezinsaleleni ze-pesticide.

7. UPapaya

Cishe u-80% wama-papayas ahlolwe abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo, ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyeni inyama kuphela - hhayi isikhumba nembewu. Isikhumba sisiza ukuvikela inyama emithini yokubulala izinambuzane (6, 7, 8).

Ngokuphawuleka, iningi lama-papayas aseHawaii aguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo ukumelana negciwane elingabhubhisa isivuno. Uma ukhetha ukugwema ukudla kwe-GM, khetha i-organic (, 26).

UPapaya ungumthombo omkhulu kavithamini C, onikezela nge-144% ye-RDI enkomishini eyi-1 (140 gram). Futhi ungumthombo omuhle we-fiber, uvithamini A kanye ne-folate (27).

Isifinyezo Cishe u-80% wama-papayas akhululekile ezinsaleleni ze-pesticides. Kodwa-ke, ama-papayas amaningi aguqulwa ngokwezakhi zofuzo, ngakho-ke uma lokho kuyinkinga, khetha okuphilayo.

8. I-Asparagus

Cishe i-90% ye-asparagus ehlolwayo yayingenawo ama-pesticides atholakalayo (6).

Khumbula ukuthi i-asparagus yahlolwa ngemuva kokukhishwa komkhonto, ongaphansi kwamasentimitha ama-5 womkhonto bese ingxenye edliwayo ihlanzwa ngaphansi kwamanzi ompompi amasekhondi ayi-15-20, yabe seyikhanywa (6, 8, 28).

I-Asparagus ifaka i-enzyme engasiza ekuqedeni i-malathion, isibulala-zinambuzane esivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulwa namabhungane ahlasela imifino. Lesi sici singanciphisa izinsalela ze-pesticide ku-asparagus ().

Le mifino eluhlaza ethandwayo futhi ingumthombo omuhle we-fiber, i-folate namavithamini A, C no-K (30).

Isifinyezo Iningi lamasampula we-asparagus abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezilinganisekayo. I-Asparagus iqukethe i-enzyme engasiza ukwehlisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezithile.

9. Umango

Kumasampuli omango wama-372, ama-78% abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezilinganisekayo. Lesi sithelo esishisayo, esimnandi sahlolwa nekhasi ngemuva kokuhlanjululwa ngaphansi kwamanzi ompompi nokukhanywa (6, 8, 28).

I-Thiabendazole kwakuyisibulala-zinambuzane esivame kakhulu kumango ongcolile. Leli khemikhali lezolimo libhekwa njengobuthi obuncane emazingeni aphezulu, kepha izinsalela ezitholakala esithelweni zaziphansi kakhulu futhi zingaphansi komkhawulo we-EPA (28, 31).

Inkomishi eyodwa (165 amagremu) kamango inama-76% we-RDI ngo-vitamin C no-25% we-RDI ngevithamini A (beta-carotene), enikeza inyama umbala wayo o-orenji okhanyayo (32).

Isifinyezo Cishe ama-mango angu-80% ayengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo, futhi isibulala-zinambuzane esivame kakhulu sasingezansi komkhawulo we-EPA.

10. Isitshalo seqanda

Cishe ama-75% ama-eggplants asampuliwe ayengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides, futhi akubikho ngaphezu kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezintathu ezafunyanwa kulabo abanezinsalela. Ama-eggplants aqale ahlanjululwa ngamanzi amasekhondi ayi-15-20, bese ekhishwa (6, 8, 33).

Izitshalo zamaqanda zisengozini yezinambuzane eziningi ezifana notamatisi, zombili ezisemndenini we-nightshade. Kodwa-ke, utamatisi ungunombolo 10 ohlwini lwe-EWG's Dirty Dozen ™ lomkhiqizo ongcoliswe kakhulu yi-pesticide, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yesikhumba sawo esincane (4).

Isitshalo seqanda sinokuthungwa okunenyama okwenza kube isidlo esihle esikhulu sabadla inyama. Zama ukusika isitshalo seqanda esisezingeni eliphakathi sibe izingcezu eziwugqinsi, ugcobe kancane ngamafutha omnqumo, ufafaze izinongo ne-grill ukwenza ama-burger angenanyama.

Isifinyezo Cishe ama-75% ama-eggplants ahlaziyiwe ayengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides, yize ama-sampuli ahlolwa nge-peel.

11. I-Honeydew Melon

Uqweqwe olujiyile lwekhabe lezinyosi luvikela emithini yokubulala izinambuzane. Cishe ama-50% amakhabe asezinyosi asampuliwe abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo (6).

Kulabo abanezinsalela, akubanga ngaphezu kwezine izibulala-zinambuzane nemikhiqizo yabo yokonakala (6).

I-Honeydew ipakisha ama-53% we-RDI ku-vitamin C enkomishini eyodwa (177 amagremu) wamabhola amakhabe. Futhi ingumthombo omuhle we-potassium ne-hydrating kakhulu, njengoba iqukethe cishe ama-90% wamanzi (34).

Isifinyezo Cishe uhhafu wamakhabe ezinyosi ahloliwe ayengenazo izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, kanti lezo ezinensalela zazingenazo izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezine ezihlukene.

12. Kiwi

Yize ungasusa isikhumba esimnyama se-kiwi, kuyadliwa - ingasaphathwa eyomthombo omuhle we-fiber. Ngakho-ke, ama-kiwis sampled ahlanjululwe kepha awaphikiswa (8).

Ekuhlaziyweni, ama-kiwis angama-65% abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo. Phakathi kwalabo abanezinsalela, kuze kwaphawulwa izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukene eziyisithupha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-strawberry - aphethe indawo yokuqala ku-Dirty Dozen - ayenezinsalela ezivela ezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukene eziyi-10 (4, 6).

Ngaphandle kwe-fiber, i-kiwi ingumthombo we-stellar ka-vitamin C - ohlinzeka nge-177% ye-RDI ngesithelo esisodwa nje esiphakathi (76 gram) (35).

Isifinyezo Cishe u-2/3 wama-kiwis asampuliwe abengenayo imali elinganisekayo yezinsalela ze-pesticides Phakathi kwalabo abanezinsalela ezitholakalayo, kwakukhona izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukene eziyisithupha.

13. ICantaloupe

Kuma-cantaloupes angama-372 ahlolwe, ngaphezulu kwama-60% abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo, futhi kuphela i-10% yalabo abanezinsalela ezinohlobo olungaphezu kolulodwa. I-rind ejiyile ihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane (6, 7).

Kodwa-ke, amabhaktheriya ayingozi angangcolisa i-cantaloupe rind futhi adlulisele enyameni lapho usika ikhabe. I-rind yesithelo enezithelo namazinga aphansi e-asidi enza kube lula kumagciwane ().

Ukusiza ukususa amabhaktheriya - futhi okungenzeka kube yizinsalela ze-pesticides - kufanele ukhuhle i-cantaloupe namanye amakhabe ngebhulashi lokukhiqiza elihlanzekile namanzi kampompi apholile ngaphambi kokusika. Njalo gcina amakhabe asikiwe esiqandisini ukunciphisa ubungozi bokudla okunoshevu.

Inkomishi eyi-1 (177-gram) yokuphakela i-cantaloupe ipakisha ngaphezu kwe-100% ye-RDI kuwo womabili amavithamini A (njenge-beta-carotene) no-vitamin C (37).

Isifinyezo Ngaphezu kwama-60% ama-cantaloupes ahlolwe abengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezilinganisekayo. Geza njalo uhlikihle uqweqwe lwama-cantaloupes ngaphambi kokusika - hhayi nje ukunciphisa izinsalela ze-pesticide kepha futhi nokususa amagciwane angaba yingozi.

14. Ukholifulawa

Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-50% wabakholifulawa abahloliwe awanazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo, akekho noyedwa kulabo abanezinsalela owayenezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwezintathu (6, 7).

I-imidacloprid ye-pesticide itholakale ukuthi ingcolise amasampula we-cauliflower angama-30%. Yize amazinga ezinsalela ayengaphansi kakhulu komkhawulo we-EPA, kufanele wazi ukuthi imidacloprid kanye ne-pesticides efanayo kuxhunyaniswa nokuncipha kwezinyosi nezinyosi zasendle (7,,).

Njengengxenye yesithathu yokuphakelwa kokudla komhlaba wonke kuncike ekuvundeni izinyosi nezinye izinambuzane, ukukhetha ukholifulawa ophilayo kungasiza ukuxhasa ukulima okunobungane (40).

Ukholifulawa ngumthombo omkhulu kavithamini C, opakisha ama-77% we-RDI ngenkomishi eyodwa (100 amagremu) ama-florets aluhlaza (41).

Ngokwengeziwe, ukholifulawa neminye imifino ye-cruciferous icebile kumakhemikhali ezitshalo asiza ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala futhi anciphise ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza nesifo senhliziyo ().

Isifinyezo Cishe isigamu sama-cauliflowers esampuliwe ayengenazo izibulala-zinambuzane. Noma kunjalo, isibulala-zinambuzane esihambisanayo singazilimaza izinyosi, ezibalulekile ekufakeni impova ezitshalweni zokudla. Ngakho-ke, ukholifulawa ophilayo uyisinqumo esihlakaniphe kakhulu emvelweni.

15. Broccoli

Kumasampula ayi-712 ale mifino ebethelelayo, cishe ama-70% ayengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides ezitholakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yi-18% kuphela yalabo abanezinsalela ababenezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kweyodwa (6, 43).

I-Brokholi ayikhathazwa izinambuzane eziningi njengeminye imifino ngoba ikhipha izinhlanganisela zezitshalo ezinqanda izinambuzane - i-glucosinolates - njengeklabishi. Iningi lezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswe ku-broccoli zibulala ukhunta nokhula kunezinambuzane (, 43).

Njengeminye imifino ye-cruciferous, i-broccoli icebile kumakhemikhali ezitshalo asiza ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala nengozi yomdlavuza. Iphinde ibe novithamini C ophakeme novithamini K, onikezela ngo-135% no-116% we-RDI enkomishini e-1 (91 amagremu) ama-florets aluhlaza, ngokulandelana (, 44).

Isifinyezo Cishe ama-70% amasampuli e-broccoli ayengenazo izinsalela ze-pesticides, ngokwengxenye ngoba imifino inezinto zayo zemvelo zokuxosha izinambuzane.

Okusemqoka

Uma isabelomali sakho sikwenza kube yinselele ukuthenga umkhiqizo ophilayo kepha ukhathazekile ngokuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane, i-EWG's Clean Fifteen yizinqumo ezinhle ezikhule ngokujwayelekile ezinokungcola kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphansi.

Ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo othengiswe e-US kukhombisa ukuthi i-Clean Fifteen - kufaka phakathi ukwatapheya, iklabishi, u-anyanisi, umango, i-kiwi kanye ne-broccoli - imvamisa iqukethe izinsalela ze-pesticides ezincane noma ezingatholakali. Ngokwengeziwe, lezi zinsalela zingaphakathi kwemikhawulo ye-EPA.

Ungaqhubeka nokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zakho ngokuhlanza umkhiqizo wakho ngaphansi kwamanzi asebenzayo cishe imizuzwana engama-20, bese ukhipha (45).

Noma kunjalo, amanye ama-pesticides amuncwa ngaphakathi kwezithelo nemifino, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukuqeda ukuvezwa ngokuphelele.

Khumbula ukuthi i-EWG igqugquzela abantu abakwaziyo ukuthenga umkhiqizo ophilayo ukuthi bawuthenge, njengoba izibulala-zinambuzane zingaba nemiphumela eyingozi kwezemvelo futhi zingabeka izingozi ezicashile empilweni.