I-COVID-19 vs. SARS: Zihluka Kanjani?

-Delile

• Iyini i-coronavirus?
• Yini iSARS?
• Ngabe i-COVID-19 yehluke kanjani kwa-SARS?
• Izimpawu
• Ubunzima
• Ukudluliswa
• Izici zamangqamuzana
• Ukubopha okwemukelayo
• Ngabe i-COVID-19 izosebenza isikhathi eside ukudlula i-SARS?
• Okubalulekile

Lo mbhalo ubuyekezwe ngo-Ephreli 29, 2020 ukufaka izimpawu ezingeziwe ze-coronavirus ka-2019.

I-COVID-19, edalwe yi-coronavirus entsha, ibilokhu ibusa izindaba kamuva nje. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi uqale wazi igama elithi coronavirus ngesikhathi sokuqubuka okukhulu kwesifo sokuphefumula (SARS) ngo-2003.

Kokubili i-COVID-19 ne-SARS kudalwa ama-coronaviruses. Igciwane elidala i-SARS laziwa njenge-SARS-CoV, kanti igciwane elidala i-COVID-19 laziwa nge-SARS-CoV-2. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zama-coronaviruses womuntu.

Ngaphandle kwegama labo elifanayo, kunokwehluka okuningana phakathi kwama-coronaviruses adala i-COVID-19 ne-SARS. Qhubeka ufunde njengoba sihlola ama-coronaviruses nokuthi aqhathanisa kanjani.

Iyini i-coronavirus?

AmaCoronaviruses awumndeni ohluke kakhulu wamagciwane. Banobubanzi obukhulu bokubamba, okubandakanya abantu. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulu kakhulu lokwehlukahluka kwe-coronavirus liyabonakala.

AmaCoronaviruses anokuqagela okukhazimulayo ebusweni bawo okubukeka njengemiqhele. ICorona isho ukuthi "umqhele" ngesiLatin - futhi yile ndlela lo mndeni wamagciwane owathola ngayo igama lawo.

Isikhathi esiningi, ama-coronaviruses womuntu abangela izifo zokuphefumula ezipholile njengamakhaza avamile. Eqinisweni, izinhlobo ezine zama-coronaviruses womuntu zidala izifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula kubantu abadala.

Uhlobo olusha lwe-coronavirus lungavela lapho i-coronavirus yesilwane iba nekhono lokudlulisa isifo kubantu. Lapho amagciwane edluliselwa esuka esilwaneni eya kumuntu, kubizwa ngokuthi ukudluliswa kwe-zoonotic.

Ama-Coronaviruses enza ukuthi kweqe kubantu abangasetshenziswa kungadala ukugula okubi. Lokhu kungabangelwa yizinto ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ukungabi namandla kwabantu ekuvikeleni igciwane elisha. Nazi izibonelo zama-coronavirus anjalo:

• I-SARS-CoV, igciwane eladala i-SARS, elaqala ukukhonjwa ngo-2003
• I-MERS-CoV, igciwane elidale isifo sokuphefumula iMiddle East (MERS), elaqala ukubonakala ngo-2012
• I-SARS-CoV-2, igciwane elidala i-COVID-19, elatholwa okokuqala ngo-2019

Yini iSARS?

I-SARS yigama lesifo sokuphefumula esibangelwa yi-SARS-CoV. Igama elifingqiwe elithi SARS limele isifo esibucayi sokuphefumula.

Ukuqhamuka kweSARS emhlabeni wonke kuqale ngasekupheleni kuka-2002 kuya maphakathi no-2003. Ngalesi sikhathi, bagula kwafa abantu abangu-774.

Imvelaphi yeSARS-CoV kucatshangwa ukuthi ngamalulwane. Kukholakala ukuthi leli gciwane lidlula lisuka kumalulwane laya kumuntu ophakathi nendawo ophethe izilwane, ikati le-civet, ngaphambi kokugxumela kubantu.

Imfiva ingenye yezimpawu zokuqala ze-SARS. Lokhu kungahle kuhambisane nezinye izimpawu, njenge:

• ukukhwehlela
• ukugula noma ukukhathala
• ubuhlungu bomzimba

Izimpawu zokuphefumula zingaba zimbi, ziholele ekuphefumuleni okuncane. Amacala abucayi aqhubekela phambili ngokushesha, aholele ekuthini kube nenyumoniya noma ukucindezeleka kokuphefumula.

Ngabe i-COVID-19 yehluke kanjani kwa-SARS?

I-COVID-19 ne-SARS ziyefana ngezindlela eziningi. Isibonelo, zombili:

• izifo zokuphefumula ezibangelwa ama-coronaviruses
• ukuthi kuvele kumalulwane, kugxumela kubantu ngesikhungo esiphakathi sezilwane
• zisatshalaliswa ngamaconsi okuphefumula akhiqizwa lapho umuntu onegciwane ekhwehlela noma ethimula, noma ngokuthintana nezinto ezingcolile noma indawo
• babe nokuzinza okufanayo emoyeni nasezindaweni ezahlukahlukene
• kungaholela ekuguleni okunamandla, kwesinye isikhathi kudinga umoya-mpilo noma imishini yokungenisa umoya
• angaba nezimpawu kamuva ekuguleni
• babe namaqembu afanayo asengozini, njengabantu abadala asebekhulile nalabo abanezimo zezempilo ezingaphansi
• abanayo imishanguzo ethile noma imigomo

Kodwa-ke, lezi zifo ezimbili kanye namagciwane azibangelayo nazo zihlukile ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile. Ake sihlolisise.

Izimpawu

Kukonke, izimpawu ze-COVID-19 ne-SARS ziyefana. Kepha kukhona umehluko ocashile.

Ubunzima

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kubantu abane-COVID-19 bazodinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela ukuze belashwe. Amaphesenti amancane aleli qembu azodinga ukungena komoya ngomshini.

Amacala akwaSARS ayebucayi kakhulu, ngokujwayelekile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kubantu abane-SARS badinga ukungena komoya ngemishini.

Ukulinganiselwa kwesilinganiso sokufa se-COVID-19 kuyahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezici ezifana nendawo kanye nezici zesibalo sabantu. Ngokuvamile, amanani okufa kwabantu e-COVID-19 alinganiselwa ukuthi aphakathi kuka-0.25 no-3%.

AbakwaSARS babulala kakhulu kune-COVID-19. Silinganisiwe isilinganiso sokufa kwabantu cishe.

Ukudluliswa

I-COVID-19 ibonakala idlulisa kune-SARS. Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi inani legciwane, noma inani legciwane egazini, libonakala liphezulu kakhulu emakhaleni nasemphinjeni wabantu abane-COVID-19 ngemuva nje kokuvela kwezimpawu.

Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nabakwaSARS, lapho imithwalo yegciwane lenyuka kakhulu emuva kwesikhathi ekuguleni. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi abantu abane-COVID-19 kungenzeka badlulise leli gciwane ekuqaleni kwesifo, njengoba nje izimpawu zabo zikhula, kepha ngaphambi kokuba ziqale ukuba zimbi.

Ngokusho kwe, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi i-COVID-19 ingasatshalaliswa ngabantu abangakhombisi izimpawu.

Omunye umehluko phakathi kwalezi zifo ezimbili ukuthi kukhona amacala abikiwe okudluliswa kwe-SARS ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu.

Izici zamangqamuzana

Imininingwane ephelele yezofuzo (i-genome) yamasampuli akwa-SARS-CoV-2 ithole ukuthi leli gciwane belihlobene kakhulu nama-bat coronaviruses kunegciwane le-SARS. I-coronavirus entsha inokufana okungamaphesenti angama-79 kofuzo negciwane leSARS.

Isiza sokubopha i-receptor se-SARS-CoV-2 saphinde saqhathaniswa namanye ama-coronaviruses. Khumbula ukuthi ukungena esitokisini, igciwane lidinga ukusebenzisana namaprotheni ebusweni beseli (ama-receptors). Igciwane likwenza lokhu ngamaprotheni ebusweni balo.

Ngenkathi kuhlaziywa ukulandelana kwamaprotheni esiza sokubopha se-SARS-CoV-2, kwaba nomphumela othakazelisayo. Ngenkathi i-SARS-CoV-2 icishe ifane kakhulu ne-bat coronaviruses, isiza sokubopha i-receptor sasifana kakhulu ne-SARS-CoV.

Ukubopha okwemukelayo

Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka ukubona ukuthi i-coronavirus entsha ibopha kanjani futhi ingene kumaseli ngokuqhathaniswa negciwane le-SARS. Imiphumela kuze kube manje yehlukile. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ucwaningo olungezansi lwenziwe kuphela ngamaprotheni hhayi esimeni segciwane lonke.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva luqinisekisile ukuthi womabili amaSARS-CoV-2 kanye neSARS-CoV asebenzisa i-host cell cell efanayo. Iphinde yathola ukuthi, kuwo womabili amagciwane, amaprotheni egciwane asetshenziselwa ukungena kwamaseli abamba iqhaza abopha kwi-receptor ngokuqina okufanayo (ukusondelana).

Omunye uqhathanise indawo ethize yeprotheni yegciwane elibophezele ukubopha kwi-host cell receptor. Kuqaphele ukuthi indawo yokubopha yokwamukela ye-SARS-CoV-2 ibophezela kwi-host cell receptor nge ngaphezulu ukusondelana kunalokho kwe-SARS-CoV.

Uma ngabe i-coronavirus entsha inesibopho esiphakeme sokubopha i-host cell receptor yayo, lokhu kungachaza nokuthi kungani ibonakala isakazeka kalula kunegciwane le-SARS.

Ngabe i-COVID-19 izosebenza isikhathi eside ukudlula i-SARS?

Akubanga khona ukuqubuka kweSARS emhlabeni jikelele. Amacala okugcina abikiwe atholakala elebhu. Awekho amanye amacala abikiwe kusukela lapho.

Abakwa-SARS bagcinwe ngempumelelo besebenzisa izinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi, ezinjengalezi:

• ukutholwa kwamacala okuqala nokuzihlukanisa
• ukulandelwa kokuxhumana nokuzihlukanisa
• ukuziqhelelanisa nomphakathi

Ngabe ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ezifanayo kuzosiza i-COVID-19 ihambe? Kulokhu, kungaba nzima kakhulu.

Ezinye izinto ezingaba nomthelela ekutheni i-COVID-19 ibe khona isikhathi eside zifaka okulandelayo:

• yabantu abane-COVID-19 banokugula okuncane. Abanye kungenzeka bangazi nokuthi bayagula. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukucacisa ukuthi ngubani ongenwe yigciwane nokuthi ngubani ongekho.
• Abantu abane-COVID-19 babonakala bechitha igciwane ekuqaleni kokutheleleka kwabo kunabantu abane-SARS. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukuthi ngubani onaleli gciwane bese ubahlukanisa ngaphambi kokuba balisabalalise kwabanye.
• I-COVID-19 manje isabalala kalula emiphakathini. Kwakungenjalo nge-SARS, eyayivame ukusabalala ezindaweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
• Sixhumeke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele kunakuqala ngo-2003, okwenza kube lula nge-COVID-19 ukuthi isabalale phakathi kwezifunda namazwe.

Amanye amagciwane, njengomkhuhlane nomkhuhlane ovamile, alandela amaphethini wonyaka. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunombuzo wokuthi ngabe i-COVID-19 izohamba yini njengoba isimo sezulu sifudumala. Kungukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka.

Okubalulekile

I-COVID-19 ne-SARS zombili zidalwa ama-coronaviruses. Amagciwane abangela lezi zifo kungenzeka ukuthi avela ezilwaneni ngaphambi kokuba adluliselwe kubantu ngumuntu ophakathi nendawo.

Kunokufana okuningi phakathi kwe-COVID-19 ne-SARS. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nokwehluka okubalulekile.Amacala e-COVID-19 angaqala kokuphakathi kuya kokukhulu, kanti amacala akwa-SARS, ngokuvamile, ayebucayi kakhulu. Kepha i-COVID-19 isakazeka kalula. Kukhona futhi umehluko ezimpawu phakathi kwalezi zifo ezimbili.

Akuzange kubekhona icala elibhalwe phansi lakwa-SARS kusukela ngo-2004, njengoba kwasetshenziswa izinyathelo eziqinile zezempilo yomphakathi ukuze kuqukathe ukusabalala kwayo. I-COVID-19 ingaba yinselelo enkulu ukuyilawula ngoba igciwane elibanga lesi sifo lisakazeka kalula futhi kaningi lidala izimpawu ezingezinhle.