Ingabe Uju Luye Lube Lubi? Okufanele Ukwazi

-Delile

• Luyini Uju?
• Kungani Uju Lungahlala Isikhathi Eside Kakhulu
• Iphakeme kakhulu kuShukela futhi iphansi kokufuma
• Kuyinto Acidic
• Izinyosi Zinama-enzyme Akhethekile Acindezela Ukukhula Kwamagciwane
• Uju Lungonakala Nini?
• Kungangcoliswa
• Ingaba Nezakhi Eziyingozi
• Kungahle Kuthikamezwe
• Kungagcinwa Ngokungeyikho
• Ingakhanya futhi ilulaze ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
• Ungalugcina kanjani futhi uluphathe kahle Uju
• Okusemqoka

Uju bungenye yamaswidi amadala kakhulu adliwe ngabantu, asetshenziswa ngokuqoshwa emuva kakhulu kusukela ngo-5 500 BC. Kuphinde kube namahemuhemu okuthi kunezindawo ezikhethekile, ezihlala isikhathi eside.

Abantu abaningi bezwe ngezimbiza zoju ezitholwa emathuneni asendulo aseGibhithe, kusalungele ukudliwa njengosuku lokuvalwa kwazo.

Lezi zindaba zenze abantu abaningi bakholwa ukuthi uju umane ungahambi kabi, naphakade.

Kodwa ingabe lokho kuyiqiniso ngempela?

Lo mbhalo uphenya ukuthi kungani uju lungahlala isikhathi eside kangaka, nokuthi yini engadala ukuthi lungahambi kahle.

Luyini Uju?

Uju luyinto emnandi, engokwemvelo ekhiqizwa izinyosi ezivela kumpe noma ekuvikeleni kwezitshalo (1,).

Izinyosi zimunca umpe wezimbali, uzixube namathe nama-enzyme bese uzigcina esakeni lezinyosi. Ngemuva kwalokho bayishiya esidlekeni ukuze ivuthwe futhi isetshenziswe njengokudla ().

Ngoba ukwakheka koju kuxhomeke ezinhlotsheni zezinyosi kanye nasezitshalweni nasezimbali abazisebenzisayo, kungahluka kakhulu ekunambithekeni nasembalweni, kusuka kokucacile nokungenambala kuya kunombala omnyama (1).

Uju lwakhiwa cishe ngo-80% kashukela namanzi angeqi ku-18%. Inani eliqondile linqunywa yizinhlobo zezinyosi, izitshalo, isimo sezulu kanye nomswakama kanye nokucubungula (1).

Iqukethe ne-organic organic efana ne-gluconic acid, ebhekele ukunambitheka kwayo kwe-acidic. Ngokwengeziwe, impova etholakala kuzinyosi ezingacwengekile iqukethe inani elincane kakhulu lamaprotheni, ama-enzyme, ama-amino acid kanye namavithamini (1).

Ngokomsoco, okuwukuphela kwesakhi esibalulekile esikuju ushukela, onamagremu ayi-17.2 nama-khalori angama-65 ngesipuni (21 grams) (3).

Kukhona neminonjana yamaminerali, njenge-potassium, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezimnyama, yize amanani amancane kakhulu ukuthi angafanelekile ngokudla okunempilo (1).

Uju luwukudla okukhiqizwa izinyosi kusuka kumpe wezitshalo. Iphakeme ngoshukela futhi iqukethe inani lokulandelela lezinye izinto ezifana ne-organic acid, i-potassium, amaprotheni, ama-enzyme namavithamini.

Kungani Uju Lungahlala Isikhathi Eside Kakhulu

Uju lunezinto ezimbalwa ezikhethekile ezilusiza ukuthi luhlale isikhathi eside, kufaka phakathi ushukela ophakeme nomswakama ophansi, imvelo ene-asidi nama-enzyme okulwa namagciwane akhiqizwa izinyosi.

Iphakeme kakhulu kuShukela futhi iphansi kokufuma

Uju lwakhiwa cishe ngo-80% kashukela, ongavimbela ukukhula kwezinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane anjengebhaktheriya nefungi ().

Okuqukethwe ushukela okuphezulu kusho ukuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic kuju iphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amanzi ageleze aphume kumaseli wezinambuzane, amise ukukhula nokuzala kwawo (, 5).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kokuqukethe cishe u-17-18% wamanzi, umsebenzi wamanzi kuzinyosi uphansi kakhulu ().

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ushukela uhlangana nama-molecule wamanzi ngakho-ke awunakusetshenziswa ngama-microorganisms futhi akukho ukuvutshelwa noma ukubola koju okungenzeka (5).

Ngokwengeziwe, njengoba uju luminyene impela, umoya-mpilo awunakuncibilika kalula ungene kulo. Lokhu, futhi, kuvimbela izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane ukuthi zingakhuli noma zikhiqize ().

Kuyinto Acidic

I-pH yoju isukela ku-3.4 kuye ku-6.1, ine-pH emaphakathi engu-3.9, eyi-acidic impela. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuba khona kwe-gluconic acid, ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kompe (, 5).

Ekuqaleni, bekucatshangwa ukuthi imvelo ene-esidi yoju ibhekene nokuvikela ukukhula kwamagciwane. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezinamanani aphansi nangaphezulu e-pH alutholanga umehluko omkhulu emsebenzini wama-antimicrobial (5).

Noma kunjalo, ngamagciwane athile afana C. diphtheriae, E. coli, iStreptococcus futhi Salmonella, indawo ene-esidi ngokuqinisekile inobutha futhi ivimbela ukukhula kwabo (5).

Eqinisweni, uju luphumelela kakhulu ekubulaleni izinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane kangangokuthi lusetshenziswa ngisho nasemanxebeni okusha nezilonda ukuvikela nokwelapha izifo (,).

Izinyosi Zinama-enzyme Akhethekile Acindezela Ukukhula Kwamagciwane

Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwezinyosi, izinyosi zikhipha i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-glucose oxidase ku-nectar ukusiza ukugcina uju (1, 5).

Njengoba uju luvuthwa, i-glucose oxidase iguqula ushukela ube yi-gluconic acid iphinde ikhiqize inhlanganisela ebizwa nge-hydrogen peroxide (5).

Le hydrogen peroxide kucatshangwa ukuthi ifaka isandla kuzakhi zama-antibacterial zoju futhi isize ukuvimbela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms (1, 5).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uju kutholakale ukuthi luqukethe ezinye izinhlanganisela ezinjenge polyphenols, flavonoids, methylglyoxal, bee peptides kanye namanye ama-antibacterial agents, nawo angangeza kumakhwalithi alo we-antimicrobial ().

Uju lunoshukela omningi nomswakama omncane. I-asidi futhi iqukethe into elwa namagciwane i-hydrogen peroxide. Lezi zici ezintathu yizo ezivumela uju olugcinwe kahle ukuthi luzigcine isikhathi eside.

Uju Lungonakala Nini?

Naphezu kwezakhi ze-honey antimicrobial, zingasuka noma zibangele ukugula ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kufaka ukungcola, ukuphinga, ukugcinwa okungalungile nokucekelwa phansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kungangcoliswa

Amagciwane atholakala ngokwemvelo kuju afaka amabhaktheriya, imvubelo nesikhunta. Lokhu kungavela impova, umgudu wokugaya wezinyosi, uthuli, umoya, ukungcola nezimbali ().

Ngenxa yezindawo zokulwa nama-antimicrobial, lezi zinto eziphilayo zivame ukutholakala kuphela ngamanani amancane kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukwanda, okusho ukuthi akufanele kube ukukhathazeka kwezempilo ().

Kodwa-ke, izinhlamvu ze-neurotoxin C. i-botulinum zitholakala kumasampuli oju angu-5-15% ngamanani amancane kakhulu ().

Lokhu ngokuvamile akunangozi kubantu abadala, kepha izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyodwa, ezimweni ezingavamile, zingakhula i-botulism yezinsana engadala ukulimala kohlelo lwezinzwa, ukukhubazeka nokwehluleka ukuphefumula. Ngakho-ke, uju alulifanele leli qembu lobudala (,, 9).

Ngokwengeziwe, inani elikhulu lamagciwane amancane asoju angakhombisa ukungcoliswa okwesibili ngenkathi kusetshenzwa kusuka kubantu, imishini, iziqukathi, umoya, uthuli, izinambuzane, izilwane namanzi ().

Ingaba Nezakhi Eziyingozi

Lapho izinyosi ziqoqa umpe ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezimbali, ubuthi besitshalo bungadluliselwa koju ().

Isibonelo esaziwayo salokhu "uju oluhlanyayo," olubangelwa ama-greyanotoxin ku-nectar kusuka I-Rhododendron ponticum futhi Azalea pontica. Uju olukhiqizwa kulezi zitshalo lungadala isiyezi, isicanucanu nezinkinga ngesigqi senhliziyo noma umfutho wegazi (,,).

Ngokwengeziwe, into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) ikhiqizwa ngenkathi kucutshungulwa futhi kuguga uju ().

Ngenkathi olunye ucwaningo luthole imiphumela emibi ye-HMF kwezempilo njengokulimala kwamangqamuzana ne-DNA, olunye ucwaningo lubika nezici ezithile ezinhle ezifana ne-antioxidative, anti-allergies kanye ne-anti-inflammatory properties ().

Noma kunjalo, kunconywa ukuthi imikhiqizo eqediwe ingaqukathi ngaphezu kwama-40 mg we-HMF ngekhilogremu loju (,).

Kungahle Kuthikamezwe

Uju ukudla okubizayo, okudla isikhathi ukukhiqiza.

Njengalokhu, bekuyisisulu sokuphinga iminyaka eminingi. Ukuphinga kusho ukwengeza okokunandisa okushibhile ukwandisa ivolumu nokunciphisa izindleko.

Ukuze kwenziwe umkhiqizo ungashisi, izinyosi zingondliwa ngamasiraphu kashukela avela emmbileni, ezimobeni noshukela noma ushukela ongafakwa ngqo kumkhiqizo ophelile (14, 15).

Ngokwengeziwe, ukusheshisa ukucubungula, uju lungavunwa lungakavuthwa, okuholela emanzini aphezulu futhi angaphephile (15).

Imvamisa, izinyosi zigcina uju esidlekeni bese zilukhipha amanzi emzimbeni ukuze lube namanzi angaphansi kuka-18%. Uma uju luvunwa kusesekuseni kakhulu amanzi angaba ngaphezu kwama-25%. Lokhu kuholela engcupheni ephakeme kakhulu yokuvutshelwa nokunambitheka okungalungile (15).

Kungagcinwa Ngokungeyikho

Uma uju lugcinwa ngokungalungile lungalahlekelwa ezinye zezinto zalo ezilwa namagciwane, lungcoliswe noma luqale ukwehlisa isithunzi.

Lapho ishiywe ivulekile noma ivaliwe ngokungafanele, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kungaqala ukukhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga eliphephile le-18%, kwandise ubungozi bokuvutshelwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbiza ezivulekile noma iziqukathi zingavumela uju ukuthi lungcoliswe ngamagciwane avela endaweni ezungezile. Lezi zingakhula uma okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuphakama kakhulu.

Ukushisa uju emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nakho kungaba nemiphumela emibi ngokusheshisa ukonakala kombala nokunambitheka kanye nokwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-HMF (16).

Ingakhanya futhi ilulaze ngokuhamba kwesikhathi

Ngisho nalapho igcinwe kahle, kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi uju lukwazi ukukhazimula.

Lokho kungenxa yokuthi iqukethe ushukela omningi kunokuba ungancibilika. Akusho ukuthi konakele kepha inqubo ibangela ushintsho oluthile (1).

Uju olucwebezelisiwe lube mhlophe futhi lube lula ngombala. Kubuye kube opaque okuningi esikhundleni sokucaca, futhi kungahle kubonakale kunamanzi (1).

Kuphephile ukudliwa. Kodwa-ke, amanzi akhishwa ngesikhathi senqubo yekristalu, okwandisa ubungozi bokuvutshelwa (1, 17).

Ngokwengeziwe, uju olugcinwe isikhathi eside lungaba mnyama futhi luqale ukulahlekelwa iphunga nokunambitheka kwalo. Yize lokhu kungeyona ingozi yezempilo, kungahle kungabi mnandi noma kukhange.

Uju lungonakala uma lungcolisiwe, uma izinyosi ziqoqa umpe ezitshalweni ezithile ezinobuthi futhi uma zingcolile noma zigcinwe ngokungafanele. I-crystallization yinqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo futhi ngokuvamile akusho ukuthi uju lwakho seluhambe kabi.

Ungalugcina kanjani futhi uluphathe kahle Uju

Ukuze uzuze kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlala isikhathi eside zoju lwakho, kubalulekile ukuligcina ngendlela efanele.

Isici esiyinhloko sokugcina ukulawulwa komswakama. Uma amanzi amaningi engena kuju lwakho, ubungozi bokubila buyakhula futhi kungonakala kabi.

Nawa amanye amathiphu emikhuba emihle yokugcina (18):

• Gcina esitsheni esingangenisi umoya: Izimbiza noma amabhodlela athengwe ezitolo, izimbiza zengilazi neziqukathi zensimbi engagqwali ezinamabhodlela angangeni.
• Gcina endaweni epholile, eyomile: Uju kufanele lubekwe ngaphansi kuka-50 ° F (10 ° C). Kodwa-ke, ukuyigcina emazingeni okushisa apholile aphakathi kuka-50-70 ° F (10-20 ° C) ngokuvamile kulungile.
• Isiqandisi: Uju lungagcinwa esiqandisini uma luthandwa kepha lungafiphaza ngokushesha lube lukhulu kakhulu.
• Ukufudumala uma kukhanyisiwe: Uma uju ukhazimula, ungayibuyisela efomini eliwuketshezi ngokufudumeza ngobumnene bese uyalushukumisa. Kodwa-ke, ungayishisi ngokweqile noma uyibilise ngoba lokho kuzolulaza umbala wayo nokunambitheka kwayo.
• Gwema ukungcoliswa: Gwema ukungcolisa uju ngezitsha ezingcolile ezifana nemimese noma izinkezo, ezingavumela amagciwane, imvubelo nesikhunta ukuba sikhule.
• Uma ungabaza, yilahle ngaphandle: Uma uju lwakho lunambitheka, lunamagwebu noma ubona amanzi amaningi amahhala, kungaba ngcono ukuthi ululahle ngaphandle.

Khumbula ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zoju zingabukeka futhi zizwakale ngendlela ehlukile. Ngemiyalo yesitoreji ethile, bheka leyo ephrintwe kulebula yomkhiqizo wakho ngamunye.

Uju kufanele lubekwe esitsheni esingangeni moya endaweni epholile, eyomile. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhawulela inani lomswakama ongangena esitsheni njengoba okuqukethwe kwamanzi okuphezulu kukhulisa ubungozi bokuvutshelwa.

Okusemqoka

Uju luwukudla okumnandi, okumnandi okuza ngezinhlobo eziningi zemibala nemibala kuye ngokuthi kukhiqizwe kuphi.

Ngenxa yeshukela eliphakeme namanzi aphansi, kanye nenani eliphansi le-pH nezindawo zokulwa namagciwane, uju lungahlala lusha iminyaka, amashumi eminyaka noma ngaphezulu.

Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezithile, ingahle ihambe kabi noma ilahlekelwe isikhalazo sayo.

Uju lungangcoliswa amabhaktheriya, imvubelo, isikhunta noma isikhunta, yize ngokuvamile kungeke kuzalane kube yizinombolo ezinkulu. Ingaqukatha nezinhlanganisela ezinobuthi ezivela ezitshalweni ezithile noma ingaxubaniswa neziswidi ezisezingeni eliphansi noma ukucutshungulwa.

Ngokwengeziwe, uju olugcinwe ngokungalungile ngeke luhlale isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuyigcina ivaliwe esitsheni esingena moya endaweni epholile, eyomile.

Ngokuthenga uju kubahlinzeki abanedumela elihle futhi uligcine kahle, bungathokozelwa ngokuphepha iminyaka eminingi ekugcineni.