4 Izingozi Ezifihliwe Zengulube

-Delile

• 1. I-Hepatitis E
• 2. I-Multiple Sclerosis
• 3. Umdlavuza Wesibindi Ne-Cirrhosis
• 4. Yersinia
• Ekuphetheni
• 4. Yersinia
• Ekuphetheni

Phakathi kokudla okugqugquzela ukulandela okufana nenkolo, ingulube ivame ukuhola iphakethe, njengoba kufakazelwa ama-65% aseMelika alangazelela ukuqamba ubhekeni ukudla kwezwe lonke.

Ngeshwa, lokho kuduma kuza ngezindleko. Kanye nokuba yinyama edliwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ingulube nayo ingaba yingozi enkulu, ithwala izingozi ezibalulekile futhi ezingakhulunywa kakhulu noma yimuphi umthengi okufanele azi (1).

1. I-Hepatitis E

Ngenxa yokuvuselelwa kokudla ngamakhala ngomsila, i-offal isihlengile phakathi kwabathandi bezempilo, ikakhulukazi isibindi, esaziwa ngokuqukethwe kwayo kukavithamini A nohlu olukhulu lwamaminerali.

Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngengulube, isibindi kungaba yibhizinisi eliyingozi.

Emazweni athuthukile, ingulube yesibindi iyisidlulisi esiphezulu sokudla esivela ku-hepatitis E, igciwane elithelela abantu abayizigidi ezingama-20 unyaka nonyaka futhi lingaholela ekuguleni okukhulu (umkhuhlane, ukukhathala, i-jaundice, ukuhlanza, ubuhlungu bamalunga nobuhlungu besisu), isibindi esikhulisiwe futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukwehluleka kwesibindi nokufa (,).

Izimo eziningi ze-hepatitis E azinazo izimpawu, kepha abesifazane abakhulelwe bangathola ukusabela okunodlame kuleli gciwane, kufaka phakathi i-hepatitis egcwele (ukwehluleka kwesibindi okuqala ngokushesha) kanye nengozi enkulu yokufa komama nabesifazane (). Eqinisweni, omama abatheleleka phakathi ne-trimester yabo yesithathu babhekana nezinga lokufa elifinyelela kuma-25% ().

Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukutheleleka kwe-hepatitis E kungaholela ku-myocarditis (isifo senhliziyo esivuthayo), i-pancreatitis enamandla (ukuvuvukala okubuhlungu kwamanyikwe), izinkinga zezinzwa (kufaka phakathi i-Guillain-Barré syndrome ne-neuralgic amyotrophy), ukuphazamiseka kwegazi nezinkinga zemisipha, njengokuphakama i-creatine phosphokinase, ekhombisa ukulimala kwemisipha, nobuhlungu obuhlangene obuhlukahlukene (ngesimo se-polyarthralgia) (6,,).

Abantu abanamasosha omzimba abekeke engcupheni, kufaka phakathi abemukeli bokufakelwa kwezitho komzimba ekwelashweni kokuzivikela kanye nabantu abane-HIV, maningi amathuba okuthi bahlupheke ngalezi zinkinga ezinzima ze-hepatitis E ().

Ngakho-ke, izibalo ezingcolisa kangakanani zengulube? EMelika, cishe isivivinyo esisodwa kwezingu-10 zesibindi sezingulube ezithengwa esitolo sikhombisa ukuthi sinesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo E, esiphakeme kancane kunesilinganiso esingu-1 kwezingu-15 eNetherlands nesilinganiso esisodwa kwezingu-20 eCzech Republic (,). Ucwaningo olulodwa eJalimane lwathola ukuthi cishe isoseji eyodwa kwengu-5 yengulube yayingcolisiwe ().

Indabuko yaseFrance mandla, isoseji yesibindi sengulube esivame ukudliwa singaphekiwe, yisithwali esiqinisekisiwe se-hepatitis E (). Eqinisweni, ezifundeni zaseFrance lapho ingulube eluhlaza noma engajwayelekile iyisidlo esivamile, abantu abangaphezu kwesigamu bendawo bakhombisa ubufakazi bokutheleleka kwe-hepatitis E ().

IJapan nayo ibhekene nezinkinga ezikhulayo ze-hepatitis E njengoba ingulube ithola ukuthandwa (). Futhi e-UK? I-Hepatitis E ivela kumasoseji engulube, enkomeni yesibindi yengulube nasezindlini zokuhlatshwa kwengulube, okukhombisa amandla okuvezwa kabanzi phakathi kwabathengi bezingulube ().

Kungaba yisilingo ukusola ubhadane lwe-hepatitis E ngezindlela zokulima ezentengiselwano, kepha esimweni sengulube, i-wild akusho ukuthi iphephe kakhulu. Izingulube ezizingelwayo, nazo, zithwala njalo i-hepatitis E, ezikwazi ukudlulisela igciwane kubantu abadla umdlalo (,).

Ngaphandle kokuyeka ingulube ngokuphelele, indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ingozi ye-hepatitis E isekhishini. Leli gciwane elinenkani lingasinda emazingeni okushisa enyama engaphekiwe, okwenza ukushisa okuphezulu kube yisikhali esihle kakhulu ekulweni nokutheleleka (). Ngokuyekiswa kwegciwane, ukupheka imikhiqizo yengulube okungenani imizuzu engama-20 ukuya ekushiseni kwangaphakathi kwe-71 ° C (160 ° F) kubonakala sengathi kuyakhohlisa (20).

Kodwa-ke, amafutha angavikela amagciwane e-hepatitis ekubhujisweni kokushisa, ngakho-ke ukusikeka okunonile kwengulube kungadinga isikhathi esingeziwe noma amazinga okushisa ().

Imikhiqizo yengulube, ikakhulukazi isibindi, ihlala ithwala i-hepatitis E, engadala ubunzima obukhulu nokufa kubantu abasengozini. Ukupheka okuphelele kuyadingeka ukuze kungasebenzi igciwane.

2. I-Multiple Sclerosis

Enye yezingozi ezimangalisa kakhulu ezihambisana nengulube - leyo ethola isikhathi esincane kakhulu somoya - yi-multiple sclerosis (MS), isimo esilimazayo sokuzivikela komzimba esihilela isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

Isixhumanisi esiqinile phakathi kwengulube ne-MS saziwa okungenani kusukela ngawo-1980, lapho abacwaningi behlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kokudla komuntu ngamunye kwengulube kanye ne-MS emazweni amaningi ().

Ngenkathi izizwe ezingavumelani nengulube ezifana no-Israyeli kanye neNdiya zazicishe zazisindisa ekubambeni okuwohlokayo kwe-MS, abathengi abanenkululeko, njenge-West Germany neDenmark, babhekana namazinga aphezulu esibhakabhakeni.

Eqinisweni, lapho wonke amazwe ebhekwa, ukudla inyama yengulube kanye ne-MS kukhombisa ukuhlangana okuphezulu kwe-0.87 (p <0.001), okuphezulu kakhulu futhi okuphawuleka kakhulu kunobudlelwano phakathi kwe-MS nokudla kwamafutha (0.63, p <0.01), MS kanye ukudla okuphelele kwenyama (0.61, p <0.01) kanye ne-MS nokusetshenziswa kwenkomo (abukho ubuhlobo obubalulekile).

Ngokubuka, isifundo esifanayo sesifo sikashukela kanye nokudla ushukela komuntu ngamunye kutholakale ukuhlangana okungaphansi nje kwe-0.60 (p <0.001) lapho kuhlaziywa amazwe we-165 (23).

Njengakho konke okutholakele nge-epidemiological, ukuhlangana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwengulube ne-MS akukwazi ukufakazela lokho izimbangela enye (noma ngisho nalokho, ngaphakathi kwamazwe ahlaselwe yi-MS, abathengi bezingulube abanomdlandla kakhulu babegula kakhulu). Kepha njengoba kuvela, ubufakazi bendawo bujula kakhulu.

Phambilini, ucwaningo lwezakhamizi zase-Orkney naseShetland Islands eScotland, isifunda esigcwele izibiliboco ezingajwayelekile, kufaka phakathi amaqanda olwandle, ubisi oluhlaza nenyama engaphekiwe, kutholwe ukuhlangana okukodwa kokudla ne-MS - ukusetshenziswa "kwekhanda elinamanzi," isidlo esenziwe kusuka ebuchosheni bengulube ebilisiwe ().

Phakathi kwabahlali baseShetland, inani eliphakeme kakhulu leziguli ze-MS belidle ikhanda elinamanzi ebusheni bazo, uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli ezinempilo, zeminyaka nezilingana nobulili (25).

Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ngoba - kolunye ucwaningo - i-MS ehlasela umuntu emdala ingase ivele ekuvezweni kwemvelo ngesikhathi sobusha (26).

Amandla engqondo yengulube abangela ukuzimela okuzenzakalelayo okuhlobene nezinzwa akuyona nje indlela yokuzingela yokubuka, noma. Phakathi kuka-2007 no-2009, iqoqo lezisebenzi ezingama-24 zezitshalo zezingulube zagula ngendlela engaqondakali i-neuropathy yokuvuvukala eqhubekayo, ebonakala ngezimpawu ezifana ne-MS njengokukhathala, ukuba ndikindiki, ukuhayiza nobuhlungu (,).

Umthombo wokuqubuka kwalesi sifo? Okubizwa ngokuthi "inkungu yobuchopho bezingulube" - izinhlayiya ezincane zezicubu zobuchopho eziqhunyiselwe emoyeni ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwesidumbu ().

Lapho abasebenzi behogela lezi zinhlayiya zezicubu, amasosha abo omzimba, ngokulandela umthetho ojwayelekile, akha amasosha omzimba alwa nama-antigen angaphandle e-porcine.

Kepha lawo ma-antigen kwenzeka ukuthi afane ngokungaqondakali namaprotheni athile e-neural kubantu. Futhi umphumela kwaba yinhlekelele yezinto eziphilayo: udidekile ngokuthi ngubani okufanele alwe, amasosha omzimba abasebenzi aqala ukuhlasela okuvutha ngezibhamu ezicutshini zawo zemizwa (,).

Yize i-autoimmunity evelayo ibingafani ne-multiple sclerosis, leyo nqubo efanayo yokulingiswa kwamangqamuzana, lapho ama-antigen angaphandle kanye nama-anti-antigen afana nawo ngokwanele ukudala impendulo yokuzimela, kufakwe ku-pathogenesis ye-MS (,).

Vele, ngokungafani nenkungu yobuchopho bezingulube, izinja ezishisayo ne-ham akunjalo ngokoqobo ukuhogela (abafana abancane nokho). Ngabe ingulube isengadlulisa izinto eziyinkinga ngokungenisa? Impendulo inguyebo ocatshangelwayo. Kwelinye, amagciwane athile, ikakhulukazi I-Acinetobacter, babandakanyeka ekulingiseni kwamangqamuzana ne-myelin, into ekhipha izinzwa eyonakala ku-MS (34,).

Yize indima yezingulube njenge I-Acinetobacter abathwali abakafundiswanga ngokuphelele, amabhaktheriya atholakele endle yezingulube, emapulazini ezingulube nakubhekeni, ingulube yengulube neham, lapho kusebenza khona njengomzimba we-spoilage (,, 38, 39). Uma ingulube isebenza njengemoto ye I-Acinetobacter ukudlulisa (noma nganoma iyiphi indlela kwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka komuntu), ukuxhumana ne-MS kungaba nengqondo.

Okubili, izingulube zingathula futhi zingafundiswanga abathwali be ama-prions, amaprotheni ahlanganiswe kahle aqhuba ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurodegenerative njengesifo seCreutzfeldt-Jakob (uhlobo lomuntu lwenkomo ehlanyayo) neKuru (etholakala phakathi kwemiphakathi edla abantu) ().

Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi i-MS uqobo ingaba yisifo se-prion, esiqonde kuma-oligodendrocyte, amaseli akhiqiza i-myelin (). Futhi njengoba ama-prion - nezifo ezihambisana nawo- kudluliswa ngokudla izicubu zemizwa ezinegciwane, kungenzeka ukuthi imikhiqizo yengulube egcina i-prion ingaba isixhumanisi esisodwa ku-MS chain ().

Indima eyimbangela yengulube ku-MS ikude necala elivaliwe, kepha amaphethini we-epidemiological aqinile ngokungajwayelekile, ukubonakala kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okubhaliwe kwenza olunye ucwaningo lubaluleke.

3. Umdlavuza Wesibindi Ne-Cirrhosis

Izinkinga zesibindi zivame ukulandela eduze ezithendeni zezinto ezithile ezingase zibikezelwe, okuwukuthi ukutheleleka kwesifo sohlobo lwe-hepatitis B no-C, ukuvezwa yi-aflatoxin (i-carcinogen ekhiqizwa isikhunta) nokuphuza ngokweqile (43, 44, 45).

Kepha ukungcwatshwa ezincwadini zesayensi kungenye inhlupho engaba khona yempilo yesibindi - ingulube.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ukusetshenziswa kwengulube kuzwakalise ngokwethembeka amazinga womdlavuza wesibindi namazinga e-cirrhosis emhlabeni jikelele.Ekuhlaziyweni kwamazwe amaningi, ukuhlobana phakathi kwengulube nokufa kwesibindi kuvalwe ngo-0.40 (p <0.05) kusetshenziswa idatha yango-1965, 0.89 (p <0.01) kusetshenziswa idatha maphakathi nawo-1970, 0.68 (p = 0.003) kusetshenziswa idatha ka-1996 kanye no-0.83 ( p = 0.000) kusetshenziswa idatha ka-2003 (,).

Kulokho kuhlaziywa okufanayo, phakathi kwezifundazwe eziyi-10 zaseCanada, ingulube ibiphethe ukuhlangana kwe-0.60 (p <0.01) nokufa okubangelwa yi-cirrhosis yesibindi, ngenkathi utshwala, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokudla okuncane kakhulu, kungakhombisi ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo.

Futhi kumamodeli wezibalo afaka izingozi ezaziwayo zesibindi (ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, ukutheleleka kwe-hepatitis B kanye nokutheleleka kwe-hepatitis C), ingulube yahlala ngokuzimela ihlotshaniswa nesifo sesibindi, okuphakamisa ukuthi inhlangano ayisiyo nje ngenxa yengulube ebuyisa ingulube, njengoba kungenzeka, umenzeli ohlukile we-causative ().

Inkabi, ngokuphambene, yahlala ingathathi hlangothi noma ivikela kulezi zifundo.

Enye yemithombo emikhulu yokudla yama-nitrosamines ingulube ecutshungulwayo, okuthi, kanye nokuba yisivakashi esivamile epanini lokuthosa, imvamisa iqukethe ama-nitrites nama-nitrate njengama-ejenti okwelapha. (Imifino nayo icebile ngama-nitrate okwenzeka ngokwemvelo, kepha okuqukethwe kwawo okuyi-antioxidant kanye nokushoda kwamaprotheni kusiza ukuvimbela inqubo N-nitrosation, okubavimbela ekubeni yizinto ezibangela umdlavuza ().

Amazinga abalulekile ama-nitrosamines atholakele ku-ingulube yesibindi pâté, ubhekeni, isoseji, i-ham kanye nezinye izidlo eziphulukisiwe (63,,). Isabelo esinamafutha semikhiqizo yengulube, ikakhulukazi, sithambekele ekuqongeleleni amazinga aphakeme kakhulu ama-nitrosamines kunama-bits amancane, okwenza ubhekeni ube ngumthombo ogcwele kakhulu ().

Ukuba khona kwamafutha nakho kungaguqula uvithamini C ube umgqugquzeli we-nitrosamine esikhundleni se-nitrosamine inhibitor, ngakho-ke ukubhanqa ingulube nemifino kungenzeka kunganikeli ukuvikelwa okuningi ().

Yize ucwaningo oluningi lomdlavuza wesibindi se-nitrosamine selugxile kumagundane, lapho ama-nitrosamines athile akhiqiza ukulimala kwesibindi ngokukhululeka okukhulu, umphumela uyavela nakubantu (,). Eqinisweni, abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi abantu bangazwela kakhulu kuma-nitrosamines kunamagundane namagundane ().

E-Thailand, ngokwesibonelo, ama-nitrosamines axhunyaniswe kakhulu nomdlavuza wesibindi ezindaweni lapho ezinye izinto ezinobungozi ziphansi (71). Ukuhlaziywa kweqembu le-NIH-AARP ngo-2010 kwathola inyama ebomvu (kufaka phakathi ingulube), inyama esetshenzisiwe (kufaka phakathi ingulube esetshenzisiwe), ama-nitrate nama-nitrites ukuze ahlotshaniswe kahle nesifo esingapheli sesibindi. Abasebenzi benjoloba, abadalulwe emsebenzini ngama-nitrosamines, babhekane namazinga aphezulu kakhulu esifo sesibindi nomdlavuza ongahlobene notshwala.

Ngabe ama-nitrosamine afakazela uchungechunge lokuhlangana phakathi kwengulube, izinhlanganisela ezilimaza isibindi nezifo zesibindi? Ubufakazi njengamanje bunzima kakhulu ukwenza leso simangalo, kepha ubungozi bukhona ngokwanele ukuthola izizathu zokukhawulela imikhiqizo yengulube equkethe i-nitrosamine (noma ekhiqiza i-nitrosamine), kufaka phakathi ubhekeni, i-ham, izinja ezishisayo namasoseji enziwe nge-sodium nitrite noma i-potassium nitrate.

Izixhumanisi ezinamandla ze-epidemiological zikhona phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwengulube nesifo sesibindi. Uma lezi zixhumanisi zibonisa imbangela nomphumela, kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu onecala elilodwa N-nitroso compounds, atholakala kakhulu kwimikhiqizo yengulube esetshenzisiwe ephekwe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

4. Yersinia

Sekuyiminyaka, isiqubulo sokuqapha ingulube "senziwe kahle noma senziwe kahle," umphumela wokwesaba nge-trichinosis, uhlobo lokutheleleka ngezikelemu olwaqothula abathengi bezingulube kuyo yonke ingxenye yama-20^th ikhulu (73).

Ngenxa yezinguquko ekwenziweni kokudla, inhlanzeko yasepulazini nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi, i-trichinosis ethwelwe izingulube yehlile kwi-radar, imema ingulube ebomvana ukuba ibuyele kwimenyu.

Kodwa imithetho yokushisa ekhululekile yengulube kungenzeka ukuthi yavula iminyango yohlobo oluthile lokutheleleka - i-yersiniosis, edalwa yi Yersinia amagciwane. E-US kuphela, Yersinia kubangela ukufa kwabantu abangama-35 namacala acishe abe yi-117,000 wokudla okunoshevu kokudla unyaka nonyaka (). Indlela yawo yokungena eyinhloko yabantu? Ingulube engaphekiwe.

Izimpawu ezinzima ze-Yersiniosis zinzima ngokwanele - umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu, isifo sohudo esinegazi - kepha imiphumela yaso yesikhathi eside yiyona okufanele ikhalise ngempela izinsimbi zama-alamu. Izisulu ze Yersinia ubuthi bubhekene nobungozi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-47 besifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga, uhlobo lwesifo esihlangene sokuvuvukala esibangelwa ukutheleleka (75).

Ngisho nezingane ziba post-Yersinia okuhlosiwe yisifo samathambo, kwesinye isikhathi kudinga i-synovectomy yamakhemikhali (umjovo we-osmic acid kujoyini elinezinkinga) ukudambisa izinhlungu eziphikelelayo (76, 77).

Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu lapho Yersinia akulethi imikhuba ejwayelekile yomkhuhlane, yohudo? I-arthritis esebenzayo ingakhula noma ngabe ukutheleleka kwasekuqaleni kwakungabonakali, kushiya ezinye izisulu zingazi ukuthi i-arthritis yazo ingumphumela wokugula okubangelwa ukudla (78).

Yize i-arthritis esebenzayo ivame ukuzihlalela yodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Yersinia Izisulu zihlala zisengozini enkulu yezinkinga ezingamajoyinti ezingamahlalakhona, kufaka phakathi i-ankylosing spondylitis, i-sacroiliitis, i-tenosynovitis ne-rheumatoid arthritis, iminyaka eminingi (, 80, 81).

Obunye ubufakazi busikisela lokho Yersinia kungaholela ezinkingeni zezinzwa (82). Abantu abathelelekile abane-iron overload bangaba sengozini enkulu yamathumba amaningi esibindi, okungaholela ekufeni (,,). Futhi phakathi kwabantu abathinteka izakhi zofuzo, i-anterior uveitis, ukuvuvukala kwe-iris yeso, futhi kungenzeka kakhulu ukulandela Yersinia (, ).

Okokugcina, ngokulingisa kwamangqamuzana, Yersinia ukutheleleka futhi kungakhuphula ingozi yesifo se-Graves, isimo sokuzivikela komzimba esivezwa ukukhiqizwa kwehomoni yegilo ngokweqile (,).

Liyini ikhambi? Letha ukushisa. Iningi lemikhiqizo yengulube (i-69% yamasampuli ahloliwe, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwemibiko yabathengi) ingcoliswe yi Yersinia amabhaktheriya, futhi ukuphela kwendlela yokuvikela ukutheleleka ngokupheka okufanele. Ukushisa kwangaphakathi kokungenani okungu-145 ° F kwengulube ephelele kanye no-160 ° F wenyama yengulube kuyadingeka ukuqeda noma iyiphi i-pathogen esele.

Ingulube engadakiwe ingadlulisa Yersinia amabhaktheriya, abangela ukugula kwesikhashana futhi akhulise ingozi yesifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga esisebenzayo, izimo ezingamahlalakhona ezihlangene, isifo samathuna nezinye izinkinga.

Ekuphetheni

Ngakho-ke, ingabe ama-omnivores ezempilo-savvy kufanele asike ingulube kusuka kumenyu?

Ijaji lisaphumile. Ngezinkinga ezimbili zezingulube - hepatitis E kanye Yersinia - Ukupheka okunolaka nokuphatha okuphephile kwanele ukunciphisa ubungozi. Futhi ngenxa yokushoda kocwaningo olulawulwayo, lwengulube-centric olukwazi ukusungula i-causation, amanye amafulegi abomvu wengulube avela ku-epidemiology - insimu egcwele abaphithizelayo nokuzethemba okungafanele.

Okubi kakhulu, izifundo eziningi zokudla nesifo ziyinhlama yengulube kanye nezinye izinhlobo zenyama ebomvu, kuhlanjululwa noma yiziphi izinhlangano ezingaba khona nengulube yodwa.

Lezi zinkinga zenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa imiphumela yezempilo yemikhiqizo ekhishwe izingulube futhi inqume ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Lokho kushiwo, ukuqapha kungenzeka kudingekile. Ubukhulu obukhulu, ukungaguquguquki kanye nobuchule bokusebenza bokuxhuma kwengulube nezifo eziningana ezinzima kwenza amathuba engcuphe yangempela abe maningi amathuba.

Kuze kube yilapho kutholakala olunye ucwaningo, ungahle uthande ukucabanga kabili ngokuya kwi-hog-wild on ingulube.

Umdlavuza wesibindi, nawo, uvame ukulandela ezinyathelweni zezinselo zengulube. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-1985 kukhombisile ukuthi ukudla kwengulube kuhambisana nokufa kwe-hepatocellular carcinoma ngokuqinile njengotshwala (0.40, p <0.05 kubo bobabili) (). (Ukubheka ukuqina kwesibindi ngokuvamile kuyisandulela somdlavuza, lokhu kuxhumana akufanele kusimangaze (50).)

Ngakho-ke, yini ebangela lezi zinhlangano ezesabekayo?

Ekuboneni kokuqala, izincazelo ezingenzeka zingaphumi. Yize i-hepatitis E edluliswa ingulube ingaholela esibindini sokuqina kwesibindi, lokhu kwenzeka cishe kuphela kubantu abagonywe imishini yokuzivikela, okuyisisekelo sabantu esincane kakhulu ukuthi singabalwa ngokuhlangana komhlaba ().

Ngokuhlobene nenye inyama, ingulube ivame ukuba ne-omega-6 fatty acids, kufaka phakathi i-linoleic acid kanye ne-arachidonic acid, engadlala indima esifweni sesibindi (,,). Kepha owoyela bemifino, okuqukethwe kwawo okunamafutha e-polyunsaturated kushaya ingulube emanzini, musa ukudansa isifo esifanayo sesibindi i-tango esenziwa yingulube, kubuza ukuthi amafutha kufanele asolwe ngempela yini (55, 56).

Ama-Heterocyclic amines, isigaba sama-carcinogen akhiwa ngokupheka inyama (kufaka nengulube) emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, afaka isandla kumdlavuza wesibindi ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane (). Kodwa lezi zinhlanganisela nazo zakhiwa kalula enkomeni, ngokusho kwezifundo ezifanayo ezibonisa ukuthi ingulube ayinabo ubuhlobo obuhle nesifo sesibindi (,).

Ngalokho konke engqondweni, kungaba lula ukusichitha isixhumanisi sesifo sengulube nesibindi njengesiwombe se-epidemiological. Kodwa-ke, kunezindlela ezithile ezinengqondo ezikhona.

Olwa kakhulu kungenzeka uhilela ama-nitrosamines, okuyizinhlanganisela ze-carcinogenic ezidalwe lapho ama-nitrites nama-nitrate esabela ngama-amine athile (avela kumaprotheni), ikakhulukazi ekushiseni okuphezulu (). Lezi zinhlanganisela zixhunyaniswe nomonakalo nomdlavuza ezithweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi isibindi (61).

Enye yemithombo emikhulu yokudla yama-nitrosamines ingulube ecutshungulwayo, okuthi, kanye nokuba yisivakashi esivamile epanini lokuthosa, imvamisa iqukethe ama-nitrites nama-nitrate njengama-ejenti okwelapha. (Imifino nayo icebile ngama-nitrate okwenzeka ngokwemvelo, kepha okuqukethwe kwawo okuyi-antioxidant kanye nokushoda kwamaprotheni kusiza ukuvimbela inqubo N-nitrosation, okubavimbela ekubeni yizinto ezibangela umdlavuza ().

Amazinga abalulekile ama-nitrosamines atholakele ku-ingulube yesibindi pâté, ubhekeni, isoseji, i-ham kanye nezinye izidlo eziphulukisiwe (63,,). Isabelo esinamafutha semikhiqizo yengulube, ikakhulukazi, sithambekele ekuqongeleleni amazinga aphakeme kakhulu ama-nitrosamines kunama-bits amancane, okwenza ubhekeni ube ngumthombo ogcwele kakhulu ().

Ukuba khona kwamafutha nakho kungaguqula uvithamini C ube umgqugquzeli we-nitrosamine esikhundleni se-nitrosamine inhibitor, ngakho-ke ukubhanqa ingulube nemifino kungenzeka kungavikeli kakhulu ().

Yize ucwaningo oluningi lomdlavuza wesibindi se-nitrosamine selugxile kumagundane, lapho ama-nitrosamines athile akhiqiza ukulimala kwesibindi ngokukhululeka okukhulu, umphumela uyavela nakubantu (,). Eqinisweni, abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi abantu bangazwela kakhulu kuma-nitrosamines kunamagundane namagundane ().

E-Thailand, ngokwesibonelo, ama-nitrosamines axhunyaniswe kakhulu nomdlavuza wesibindi ezindaweni lapho ezinye izinto ezinobungozi ziphansi (71). Ukuhlaziywa kweqembu le-NIH-AARP ngo-2010 kwathola inyama ebomvu (kufaka phakathi ingulube), inyama esetshenzisiwe (kufaka phakathi ingulube esetshenzisiwe), ama-nitrate nama-nitrites ukuze ahlotshaniswe kahle nesifo esingapheli sesibindi. Abasebenzi benjoloba, abadalulwe emsebenzini ngama-nitrosamines, babhekane namazinga aphezulu kakhulu esifo sesibindi nomdlavuza ongahlobene notshwala.

Ngabe ama-nitrosamine afakazela uchungechunge lokuhlangana phakathi kwengulube, izinhlanganisela ezilimaza isibindi nezifo zesibindi? Ubufakazi njengamanje bunzima kakhulu ukwenza leso simangalo, kepha ubungozi bukhona ngokwanele ukuthola izizathu zokukhawulela imikhiqizo yengulube equkethe i-nitrosamine (noma ekhiqiza i-nitrosamine), kufaka phakathi ubhekeni, i-ham, izinja ezishisayo namasoseji enziwe nge-sodium nitrite noma i-potassium nitrate.

Izixhumanisi ezinamandla ze-epidemiological zikhona phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwengulube nesifo sesibindi. Uma lezi zixhumanisi zibonisa imbangela nomphumela, kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu onecala elilodwa N-nitroso compounds, atholakala kakhulu kwimikhiqizo yengulube esetshenzisiwe ephekwe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

4. Yersinia

Sekuyiminyaka, isiqubulo sokuqapha ingulube "senziwe kahle noma senziwe kahle," umphumela wokwesaba nge-trichinosis, uhlobo lokutheleleka ngezikelemu olwaqothula abathengi bengulube kuyo yonke ingxenye yama-20^th ikhulu (73).

Ngenxa yezinguquko ekwenziweni kokudla, inhlanzeko yasepulazini nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi, i-trichinosis ethwelwe izingulube yehlile kwi-radar, imema ingulube ebomvana ukuba ibuyele kwimenyu.

Kodwa imithetho yokushisa ekhululekile yengulube kungenzeka ukuthi yavula iminyango yohlobo oluthile lokutheleleka - i-yersiniosis, edalwa yi Yersinia amagciwane. E-US kuphela, Yersinia kubangela ukufa kwabantu abangama-35 namacala acishe abe yi-117,000 wokudla okunoshevu kokudla unyaka nonyaka (). Indlela yawo yokungena eyinhloko yabantu? Ingulube engaphekiwe.

Izimpawu ezinzima ze-Yersiniosis zinzima ngokwanele - umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu, isifo sohudo esinegazi - kepha imiphumela yaso yesikhathi eside yiyona okufanele ikhalise ngempela izinsimbi zama-alamu. Izisulu ze Yersinia ubuthi bubhekene nobungozi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-47 besifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga, uhlobo lwesifo esihlangene sokuvuvukala esibangelwa ukutheleleka (75).

Ngisho nezingane ziba post-Yersinia okuhlosiwe yisifo samathambo, kwesinye isikhathi kudinga i-synovectomy yamakhemikhali (umjovo we-osmic acid kujoyini elinezinkinga) ukudambisa izinhlungu eziphikelelayo (76, 77).

Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu lapho Yersinia akulethi imikhuba ejwayelekile yomkhuhlane, yohudo? I-arthritis esebenzayo ingakhula noma ngabe ukutheleleka kwasekuqaleni kwakungabonakali, kushiya ezinye izisulu zingazi ukuthi i-arthritis yazo ingumphumela wokugula okubangelwa ukudla (78).

Yize i-arthritis esebenzayo ivame ukuzihlalela yodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Yersinia Izisulu zihlala zisengozini enkulu yezinkinga ezingamajoyinti ezingamahlalakhona, kufaka phakathi i-ankylosing spondylitis, i-sacroiliitis, i-tenosynovitis ne-rheumatoid arthritis, iminyaka eminingi (, 80, 81).

Obunye ubufakazi busikisela lokho Yersinia kungaholela ezinkingeni zezinzwa (82). Abantu abathelelekile abane-iron overload bangaba sengozini enkulu yamathumba amaningi esibindi, okungaholela ekufeni (,,). Futhi phakathi kwabantu abathinteka izakhi zofuzo, i-anterior uveitis, ukuvuvukala kwe-iris yeso, futhi kungenzeka kakhulu ukulandela Yersinia (, ).

Okokugcina, ngokulingisa kwamangqamuzana, Yersinia ukutheleleka futhi kungakhuphula ingozi yesifo se-Graves, isimo sokuzivikela komzimba esivezwa ukukhiqizwa kwehomoni yegilo ngokweqile (,).

Liyini ikhambi? Letha ukushisa. Iningi lemikhiqizo yengulube (i-69% yamasampuli ahloliwe, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwemibiko yabathengi) ingcoliswe yi Yersinia amabhaktheriya, futhi ukuphela kwendlela yokuvikela ukutheleleka ngokupheka okufanele. Ukushisa kwangaphakathi kokungenani okungu-145 ° F kwengulube ephelele kanye no-160 ° F wenyama yengulube kuyadingeka ukuqeda noma iyiphi i-pathogen esele.

Ingulube engadakiwe ingadlulisa Yersinia amabhaktheriya, abangela ukugula kwesikhashana futhi akhulise ingozi yesifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga esisebenzayo, izimo ezingamahlalakhona ezihlangene, isifo samathuna nezinye izinkinga.

Ekuphetheni

Ngakho-ke, ingabe ama-omnivores ezempilo-savvy kufanele asike ingulube kusuka kumenyu?

Ijaji lisaphumile. Ngezinkinga ezimbili zezingulube - hepatitis E kanye Yersinia - Ukupheka okunolaka nokuphatha okuphephile kwanele ukunciphisa ubungozi. Futhi ngenxa yokushoda kocwaningo olulawulwayo, lwengulube-centric olukwazi ukusungula i-causation, amanye amafulegi abomvu wengulube avela ku-epidemiology - insimu egcwele abaphithizelayo nokuzethemba okungafanele.

Okubi kakhulu, izifundo eziningi zokudla nesifo ziyinhlama yengulube kanye nezinye izinhlobo zenyama ebomvu, kuhlanjululwa noma yiziphi izinhlangano ezingaba khona nengulube yodwa.

Lezi zinkinga zenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa imiphumela yezempilo yemikhiqizo ekhishwe izingulube futhi inqume ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Lokho kushiwo, ukuqapha kungenzeka kudingekile. Ubukhulu obukhulu, ukungaguquguquki kanye nobuchule bokusebenza bokuxhuma kwengulube nezifo eziningana ezinzima kwenza amathuba engcuphe yangempela abe maningi amathuba.

Kuze kube yilapho kutholakala olunye ucwaningo, ungahle uthande ukucabanga kabili ngokuya kwi-hog-wild on ingulube.