I-Leishmaniasis

-Delile

• Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-leishmaniasis?
• I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo
• I-leishmaniasis yemococutaneous
• I-visceral leishmaniasis
• Yini ebangela i-leishmaniasis?
• Ngubani osengozini ye-leishmaniasis?
• IJografi
• Izimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho
• Ezinye izifo
• Ziyini izimpawu ze-leishmaniasis?
• I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo
• I-leishmaniasis yemococutaneous
• I-visceral leishmaniasis
• Itholakala kanjani i-leishmaniasis?
• Ukuhlonza i-leishmaniasis enqunyiwe
• Ukuhlonza i-visceral leishmaniasis
• Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha i-leishmaniasis?
• I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo
• I-leishmaniasis yemococutaneous
• I-visceral leishmaniasis
• Yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona ze-leishmaniasis?
• Ngingayivimbela kanjani i-leishmaniasis?
• Uyini umbono wesikhathi eside?

Yini i-leishmaniasis?

I-Leishmaniasis yisifo esiyimifino esidalwa yi I-Leishmania amagciwane. Lesi gciwane ngokuvamile sihlala ezimpukeni zesihlabathi ezinegciwane. Ungathola i-leishmaniasis ngokulunywa yimpukane yesihlabathi enaleli gciwane.

Izimpukane zesihlabathi ezithwala lezi zinambuzane zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele. Ubhadane olubulalayo luye lwenzeka ezindaweni zase-Asia, eMpumalanga Afrika, naseNingizimu Melika.

Izifunda ezithintekile zihlala zikude futhi azizinzile, zinemithombo elinganiselwe yokwelapha lesi sifo. IDoctors Without Borders ibiza i-leishmaniasis ngesinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu zasezindaweni ezishisayo. Le nhlangano ithi lesi sifo singesesibili kuphela kukamalaleveva ngenxa yezimbangela zokufa okuyisinanakazana.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-leishmaniasis?

I-Leishmaniasis iza ngezindlela ezintathu: ukusika, i-visceral, ne-mucocutaneous. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze I-Leishmania ama-parasite ahlotshaniswa nefomu ngalinye. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi cishe bangama-20 I-Leishmania izinhlobo ezingadlulisela lesi sifo kubantu.

I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo

I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo ibangela izilonda esikhunjeni sakho. Kuyindlela ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-leishmaniasis. Ukwelashwa kungahle kungadingeki njalo kuye ngomuntu, kepha kungasheshisa ukwelashwa futhi kuvimbele izinkinga.

I-leishmaniasis yemococutaneous

Isimo esingajwayelekile sesifo, i-leishmaniasis ye-mucocutaneous ibangelwa uhlobo lwe-cutaneous lwe-parasite futhi kungenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuphulukiswa kwezilonda zesikhumba.

Ngalolu hlobo lwe-leishmaniasis, izimuncagazi zisakazeka emakhaleni akho, emphinjeni nasemlonyeni. Lokhu kungaholela ekubhujisweni okuyingxenye noma okuphelele kolwelwesi lwamafinyila kulezo zindawo.

Yize i-leishmaniasis ye-mucocutaneous ivame ukubhekwa njenge-subset ye-leishmaniasis enqunyiwe, iyimbi kakhulu. Ayizelaphi iyodwa futhi ihlale idinga ukwelashwa.

I-visceral leishmaniasis

I-visceral leishmaniasis kwesinye isikhathi yaziwa njenge-systemic leishmaniasis noma i-kala azar.

Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ngemuva kokulunywa yimpukane yesihlabathi. Kulimaza izitho zangaphakathi, ezifana nobende bakho nesibindi. Kuthinta futhi umnkantsha wakho, kanye namasosha akho omzimba ngokulimala kwalezi zitho.

Isimo cishe siyabulala njalo uma singelashwa.

Yini ebangela i-leishmaniasis?

ILeishmaniasis ingenxa yama-protozoan parasites avela ku- I-Leishmania izinhlobo. Uthola i-leishmaniasis ngokulunywa yimpukane yesihlabathi enaleli gciwane.

Isinambuzane siphila futhi sande ngaphakathi kwempukane yesihlabathi sowesifazane. Lesi sinambuzane sisebenza kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomswakama phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele nasebusuku, kusukela kusihlwa kuze kuyosa. Izilwane ezifuywayo, njengezinja, zingasebenza njengezindawo zokugcina izinambuzane. Ukudluliselwa kungenzeka kusuka esilwaneni kuya esihlabathini kundiza kuya kumuntu.

Abantu futhi bangadlulisa amagciwane phakathi komunye nomunye ngokumpontshelwa igazi noma ngezinaliti ezabiwe. Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ukudluliswa kungenzeka futhi kusuka kumuntu kuya esihlabathini kundizela kumuntu.

Ngubani osengozini ye-leishmaniasis?

IJografi

Lesi sifo sitholakala yonke indawo emhlabeni ngaphandle kwase-Australia nase-Antarctica. Kodwa-ke, cishe amaphesenti angama-95 amacala we-cutaneous avela ku:

• amazwe aseMelika
• I-Asia Ephakathi
• umcengezi waseMedithera
• eMpumalanga Ephakathi

Ngo-2015 ngaphezulu kwamacala we-visceral kwenzeka ku:

• EBrazil
• E-Ethiopia
• India
• IKenya
• ESomalia
• ISouth Sudan
• ISudan

Uma uhlala noma uhambela izindawo ezishisayo noma ezishisayo zala mazwe nezifunda, usengozini enkulu kakhulu yokungenwa yilesi sifo. Izici zemvelo nezesimo sezulu zinomthelela omkhulu ekusakazekeni kwalesi sifo.

Izimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho

Ngokusho kobuphofu, yisici esinqumayo kulesi sifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-leishmaniasis ivame ukuvela ezindaweni lapho kuvame khona lezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• ukungondleki
• indlala
• ukushoda kwezinsizakusebenza zezezimali
• ukufuduka okukhulu kwabantu okubangelwa ukufuduka emadolobheni, izimo eziphuthumayo, impi, izinguquko kwezemvelo kanye nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu

Ezinye izifo

Abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka basengozini enkulu yalesi simo.

I-HIV ingaba nomthelela ekudlulisweni kwe-leishmaniasis futhi inyuse ingozi ye-visceral leishmaniasis. I-HIV ne-leishmaniasis kuthinta amaseli afanayo amasosha omzimba.

Abantu abatheleleke nge-HIV nabo bavame ukutheleleka nge-leishmaniasis. Ezindaweni zase-Ethiopia, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abaningi abane-leishmaniasis bane-HIV nabo.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-leishmaniasis?

Abantu bangakwazi ukuphatha izinhlobo ezithile ze I-Leishmania isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokugula. Izimpawu zincike ohlotsheni lwesifo.

I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo

Uphawu oluyinhloko lwalesi simo izilonda zesikhumba ezingenabuhlungu. Izimpawu ezinqamulelayo zingavela emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokulunywa yimpukane yesihlabathi enaleli gciwane. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi izimpawu ngeke zivele izinyanga noma iminyaka.

I-leishmaniasis yemococutaneous

Kubantu abanohlobo lwesifo esi-mucocutaneous, izimpawu zivame ukuvela onyakeni owodwa kuya kwemihlanu ngemuva kokulimala kwesikhumba. Lezi ngokuyinhloko izilonda emlonyeni nasemakhaleni noma ezindebeni zabo.

Ezinye izimpawu zingafaka:

• ikhala eligijimayo noma eligcwele
• ukuphuma kwamakhala
• ukuphefumula kanzima

I-visceral leishmaniasis

Izimpawu kaningi aziveli izinyanga ngemuva kokulunywa ngalolu hlobo lwe-leishmaniasis. Amacala amaningi abonakala ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha ngemuva kokutheleleka. Izimpawu nezimpawu ezijwayelekile zifaka:

• ukuncipha komzimba
• ubuthakathaka
• umkhuhlane ohlala amasonto noma izinyanga
• ubende obukhulisiwe
• isibindi esikhulisiwe
• kwehle ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi
• ukopha
• ezinye izifo
• ama-lymph node avuvukile

Itholakala kanjani i-leishmaniasis?

Kubalulekile ukutshela udokotela wakho uma ngabe uhlala noma uvakashele indawo lapho i-leishmaniasis ivame khona. Ngaleyo ndlela udokotela wakho uzokwazi ukukuhlolela amagciwane. Uma une-leishmaniasis, udokotela wakho uzosebenzisa ezinye izivivinyo ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze- I-Leishmania imbangela.

Ukuhlonza i-leishmaniasis enqunyiwe

Udokotela wakho angathatha inani elincane lesikhumba nge-biopsy ngokususa esinye sezilonda. Ngokuvamile bazobheka i-DNA, noma izinto zofuzo, ze-parasite. Bangasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukukhomba izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezibanga ukutheleleka.

Ukuhlonza i-visceral leishmaniasis

Izikhathi eziningi, abantu abakhumbuli ukulunywa yimpukane yesihlabathi. Lokhu kungenza isimo kube nzima ukusithola.

Umlando wokuhlala noma wokuhambela endaweni ye-leishmaniasis uyasiza. Udokotela wakho angaqala enze ukuhlolwa komzimba ukuze afune ubende noma isibindi esikhulisiwe. Bangavele benze i-bone marrow biopsy noma bathathe isampula yegazi ukuze ihlolwe.

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezivivinyo ezikhethekile zisiza ukuxilongwa. Amabala amakhemikhali akhethekile womnkantsha angasiza ekuboneni amaseli omzimba atheleleke ngama-parasite.

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha i-leishmaniasis?

Imithi elwa namagciwane, njenge-amphotericin B (Ambisome), iyalapha lesi simo. Udokotela wakho angancoma ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-leishmaniasis onayo.

I-leishmaniasis enqamulelayo

Izilonda ezinqamulelayo zivame ukuphola ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kungasheshisa ukwelashwa, kunciphise izibazi, futhi kunciphise ubungozi bokuqhubeka kwezifo. Noma iziphi izilonda zesikhumba ezibangela ukonakala kungadinga ukuhlinzwa ngepulasitiki.

I-leishmaniasis yemococutaneous

Lezi zilonda azipholi ngokwemvelo. Zidinga ukwelashwa njalo. I-Liposomal amphotericin B ne-paromomycin ingaphatha i-leishmaniasis ye-mucocutaneous.

I-visceral leishmaniasis

Isifo se-visceral njalo sidinga ukwelashwa. Kunemithi eminingana etholakalayo. Imithi ejwayele ukusetshenziswa ifaka phakathi i-sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam), amphotericin B, paromomycin, ne-miltefosine (Impavido).

Yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona ze-leishmaniasis?

Izinkinga ze-leishmaniasis ezinqamulelayo zingafaka:

• ukopha
• ezinye izifo ngenxa yesifo somzimba esibuthakathaka, esingaba yingozi empilweni
• ukukhinyabezeka komzimba

I-visceral leishmaniasis ivame ukubulala ngenxa yemiphumela enayo ezithweni zombili zangaphakathi nasemasosheni akho omzimba. Uma une-HIV noma i-AIDS, usengozini enkulu yokuthola lesi sifo. Ukuba ne-HIV noma i-AIDS nakho kungenza inkinga ye-leishmaniasis, kanye nokwelashwa.

Ngingayivimbela kanjani i-leishmaniasis?

Awukho umuthi wokugoma noma we-prophylactic etholakalayo. Ukuphela kwendlela yokuvikela i-leishmaniasis ukugwema ukulunywa yimpukane yesihlabathi.

Landela lezi zinyathelo ukusiza ukuvikela ukulunywa yimpukane yesihlabathi:

• Gqoka izingubo ezimboza isikhumba ngangokunokwenzeka. Kunconywa amabhulukwe amade, amahembe enemikhono emide afakwe ebhulukweni, namasokisi aphezulu.
• Sebenzisa izinto ezixosha izinambuzane kunoma yisiphi isikhumba esidaluliwe nasemaphethelweni ebhulukwe nemikhono yakho. Izithako zokuziphindisela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ziqukethe i-DEET.
• Futha izindawo zokulala endlini ngezibulala-zinambuzane.
• Lala ezitezi eziphakeme zesakhiwo. Izinambuzane yizindiza ezindizayo.
• Gwema ukuphuma ngaphandle phakathi kokuhlwa nokuntwela kokusa. Yilapho izimpukane zesihlabathi zisebenza kakhulu.
• Sebenzisa izikrini nomoya opholile ngaphakathi endlini lapho kungenzeka. Ukusebenzisa abalandeli kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi izinambuzane zikwazi ukundiza.
• Sebenzisa inetha lombhede elifakwe kumatilasi wakho. Izimpukane zesihlabathi zincane kakhulu kunamiyane, ngakho-ke udinga inetha eliboshwe ngokuqinile. Futha inetha ngesibulala-zinambuzane esine-pyrethroid uma kungenzeka.

Thenga amanethi okulala, izibulala-zinambuzane nezinto zokuxosha ngaphambi kokuya ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu.

Uyini umbono wesikhathi eside?

Izilonda zingadala izibazi unomphela nokukhubazeka. Ukwelashwa kunganciphisa ubunzima babo.

Imithi ingaselapha lesi sifo. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kusebenza kakhulu lapho kuqala ngaphambi kokulimala okukhulu kumasosha akho omzimba.

I-visceral leishmaniasis ivame ukubulala kungakapheli iminyaka emibili uma ingelashwa kahle.