Ingabe ama-pesticides ekudleni ayalimaza impilo yakho?

-Delile

• Ayini Ama-pesticides?
• Izinhlobo Zezibulala-zinambuzane
• Izibulala-zinambuzane Zokwenziwa
• Imvelo noma i-Biopesticides
• Alawulwa Kanjani Amazinga Ezibulala-zinambuzane Ekudla?
• Ithembeke Kangakanani Imikhawulo Yezokuphepha?
• Iyini Imiphumela Yezempilo Yokuchayeka Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Eziphezulu?
• Ungakanani umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane osekudleni?
• Ngabe Kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbalwa ku-Organic Foods?
• Ngabe Kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbalwa ku-Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?
• Ingabe Kufanele Ugweme Ukudla Usebenzisa Ama-pesticides?
• Okusemqoka

Abantu abaningi bakhathazeka ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ekudleni.

Ama-pesticides asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukonakaliswa kwezitshalo kusuka kukhula, amagundane, izinambuzane namagciwane. Lokhu kwandisa isivuno sezithelo, imifino nezinye izilimo.

Lo mbhalo ubheka izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, noma izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakala ebusweni bezithelo nemifino lapho zithengwa njengokudla.

Ihlola izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukulima kwanamuhla nokuthi izinsalela zazo ziyayithinta yini impilo yabantu.

Ayini Ama-pesticides?

Ngomqondo obanzi, izibulala-zinambuzane zingamakhemikhali asetshenziswa ukulawula noma yikuphi okuphilayo okungangena noma kulimaze izitshalo, izitolo zokudla noma amakhaya.

Ngoba kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane ezingaba khona, kunezinhlobo eziningana zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Okulandelayo ezinye zezibonelo:

• Ama-insecticide: Nciphisa ukubhujiswa nokungcoliswa kwezitshalo ezikhulayo nezivunwa yizinambuzane namaqanda azo.
• Imithi yokubulala ukhula: Eyaziwa nangokuthi ababulali bokhula, lokhu kuthuthukisa isivuno sezitshalo.
• Ama-Rodenticides: Kubalulekile ukulawula ukubhujiswa nokungcoliswa kwezitshalo yizilokazane nezifo ezithwalwa amagundane.
• Isikhunta: Kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni izitshalo nezimbewu ezivunwe ekuboleni kwefungal.

Ukuthuthuka kwemikhuba yezolimo, kufaka phakathi izibulala-zinambuzane, kukhuphule isivuno sezitshalo kwezolimo zanamuhla ngamahlandla amabili kuya kwayisishiyagalombili kusukela ngawo-1940 (1).

Iminyaka eminingi, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane bekungalawulwa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umthelela wezibulala-zinambuzane emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu ububhekwe kakhulu selokhu kwashicilelwa iSilent Spring nguRachel Carson ngo-1962.

Namuhla, izibulala-zinambuzane zibhekwa kakhulu kunhlangano kahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni.

Umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane ofanele ungabhubhisa izinambuzane eziqondiwe ngaphandle kokubanga imiphumela emibi kubantu, izitshalo ezingabhekiwe, izilwane kanye nemvelo.

Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziswa kakhulu isondela kulelo zinga elifanele. Kodwa-ke, abaphelele, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kunemiphumela yezempilo nezemvelo.

Izibulala-zinambuzane zihlose ukubhubhisa izinambuzane ngaphandle kokuthinta kabi abantu nemvelo. Ama-pesticides asethole kangcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha awekho aphelele ekunikezeni ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.

Izinhlobo Zezibulala-zinambuzane

Izibulala-zinambuzane zingaba zokwenziwa, okusho ukuthi zenziwe kumalebhu ezimboni, noma okwemvelo.

Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane engokwemvelo, noma ama-biopesticides, amakhemikhali avela ngokwemvelo, kepha angaphinde akhiqizwe kumalebhu ukuze asetshenziswe kwezolimo eziphilayo.

Izibulala-zinambuzane Zokwenziwa

Izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zenzelwe ukuthi zizinze, zibe nempilo enhle futhi kube lula ukusabalalisa.

Futhi zenzelwe ukuthi zisebenze ekubhekiseni izinambuzane futhi zibe nobuthi obuphansi ezilwaneni ezingakhonjwanga kanye nasemvelweni.

Amakilasi wezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa afaka okulandelayo (2):

• Ama-Organophosphates: Ama-insecticide aqonde ngqo ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Eziningana zazo zivinjelwe noma zavinjelwa ngenxa yokuvezwa ngephutha okunobuthi.
• AmaCarbamates: Ama-insecticide athinta uhlelo lwezinzwa ngokufanayo ne-organophosphates, kodwa ayinabuthi kangako, njengoba imiphumela yawo iguga ngokushesha okukhulu.
• Ama-Pyrethroids: Futhi kuthinta uhlelo lwezinzwa. Yinguqulo ekhiqizwe elabhoratri ye-pesticides yemvelo etholakala kuma-chrysanthemums.
• Ama-Organochlorines: Kubandakanya i-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lezi zivinjelwe kakhulu noma zavinjelwa ngenxa yemiphumela emibi emvelweni.
• Ama-neonicotinoids: Ama-insecticide asetshenziswa emaqabungeni nasezihlahleni. Njengamanje babhekwa yi-US EPA ngemibiko yokulimala okungahlosiwe ezinyosini.
• IGlyphosate: Waziwa njengomkhiqizo obizwa nge-Roundup, lo muthi wokubulala ukhula ubaluleke kakhulu ekulimeni izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo.

Imvelo noma i-Biopesticides

Ukulima ngokwemvelo kusebenzisa ama-biopesticides, noma amakhemikhali e-pesticide avela ngokwemvelo aguquke ezitshalweni.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ongazichaza lapha, kepha i-EPA ishicilele uhlu lwama-biopesticides abhalisiwe.

Futhi, uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US ugcina uhlu lukazwelonke lwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane egunyaziwe futhi evinjelwe.

Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ebalulekile:

• I-Rotenone: I-insecticide esetshenziswe ngokuhlangana namanye ama-pesticides e-organic. Kukhiqizwa ngokwemvelo njengebhungane okuvimbela izitshalo eziningana zasezindaweni ezishisayo futhi kudume ngobuthi bokudoba.
• I-Copper sulfate: Kubhubhisa isikhunta kanye nokhula oluthile. Yize ihlukaniswe njenge-biopesticide, ikhiqizwa ngokwemboni futhi ingaba yingozi kubantu nasemvelweni emazingeni aphezulu.
• Amafutha we-Horticultural: Kushiwo okukhishwe uwoyela ezitshalweni ezahlukahlukene ezinemiphumela yokulwa nezinambuzane. Lokhu kuyehluka ngezithako zazo kanye nemiphumela emibi engaba khona. Ezinye zingalimaza izinambuzane ezizuzisayo njengezinyosi (3).
• Ubuthi be-Bt: Yenziwe ngamabhaktheriya futhi isebenza ngempumelelo ezinhlotsheni eziningana zezinambuzane, ubuthi be-Bt buye bangeniswa kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo eziphilayo eziguqulwe (i-GMO).

Lolu hlu alunabubanzi, kepha lukhombisa imiqondo emibili ebalulekile.

Okokuqala, igama elithi “organic” alisho ukuthi “akunazibulala-zinambuzane.” Esikhundleni salokho, kubhekiswa ezinhlotsheni ezikhethekile zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane eyenzeka emvelweni futhi isetshenziswe esikhundleni semithi yokubulala izinambuzane yokwenziwa.

Okwesibili, “okwemvelo” akusho ukuthi “akunabuthi.” Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane nayo ingaba yingozi empilweni yakho nasemvelweni.

Izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zenziwa kumalebhu. Ama-organic noma ama-biopesticides adaliwe emvelweni, kepha angaphinda akhiqizwe kumalebhu. Yize kungokwemvelo, lokhu akuphephile ngaso sonke isikhathi kubantu noma emvelweni.

Alawulwa Kanjani Amazinga Ezibulala-zinambuzane Ekudla?

Izinhlobo eziningi zezifundo zisetshenziselwa ukuqonda ukuthi yimaphi amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane ayingozi.

Ezinye izibonelo zifaka amazinga wokulinganisa kubantu abavezwe ngengozi emithini yokubulala izinambuzane, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane nokufunda impilo yesikhathi eside yabantu abasebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane emisebenzini yabo.

Lolu lwazi luhlanganisiwe ukudala imikhawulo yokuchayeka okuphephile.

Isibonelo, umthamo ophansi kunawo wonke wesibulala-zinambuzane obangela ngisho uphawu olucashile kakhulu ubizwa ngokuthi “izinga lomthelela omubi kakhulu,” noma i-LOAEL. Izinga “lokungaboni okubonwayo,” noma i-NOAEL, liyasetshenziswa kwesinye isikhathi ().

Izinhlangano ezinjengeWorld Health Organisation, i-European Food Safety Authority, uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US kanye ne-US Food and Drug Administration zisebenzisa lolu lwazi ukwakha umkhawulo wokuchayeka okubhekwa njengokuphephile.

Ukuze benze lokhu, bangezela isiguqo sokuphepha ngokubeka imingcele ephindwe izikhathi eziyi-100-1,000 kuno-LOAEL noma u-NOAEL ().

Ngokuqapha kakhulu, izidingo zomthetho ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane zigcina amanani ezinambuzane ekudleni engaphansi kwamazinga anobungozi.

Izinhlangano eziningana ezilawulayo zibeka imingcele yokuphepha yama-pesticides ekunikezelweni kokudla. Le mingcele ilondolozeka kakhulu, ikhawulela izibulala-zinambuzane izikhathi eziphansi kunaleso eliphansi kunawo wonke elaziwa ngokudala ukulimala.

Ithembeke Kangakanani Imikhawulo Yezokuphepha?

Okunye ukugxeka kwemingcele yokuphepha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuthi ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane - zokwenziwa neziphilayo - ziqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana nethusi, ezakha emzimbeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwenhlabathi eNdiya luthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane akubanga namazinga aphezulu ezinsimbi ezisindayo kunalezo ezitholakala enhlabathini engenazinambuzane (5).

Okunye ukugxeka ukuthi eminye yemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezempilo yezibulala-zinambuzane kungenzeka ingatholakali ngezinhlobo zezifundo ezisetshenziselwa ukubeka imikhawulo ephephile.

Ngalesi sizathu, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwemiphumela yezempilo emaqenjini anokuchayeka okuphezulu okungavamile kubalulekile ukusiza ukucwilisa imithethonqubo.

Ukuphulwa kwale mibundu yokuphepha akuvamile. Ucwaningo lwase-US lwathola amazinga wezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphezulu kwemingcele elawulwayo kwabangu-9 kwabangu-2,344 basekhaya kanye nama-26 kwangu-4,890 amasampula womkhiqizo ongenisiwe (6).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwaseYurophu lwathola amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphezu komkhawulo wabo wokulawula ku-4% wokudla okungama-40,600 emazweni we-17 (6).

Ngenhlanhla, noma ngabe amazinga eqa imibundu yokulawula, kuyaqabukela kuholele ekulimaleni (6,).

Ukubuyekezwa kwamashumi eminyaka edatha e-US kutholakale ukuqubuka kwezifo okuvela ezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni akubangelwa ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kepha izingozi ezingavamile lapho abalimi ngabanye basebenzise khona i-pesticide ngokungalungile ().

Amazinga we-pesticide kumkhiqizo awavamile ukudlula imibundu yokuphepha futhi imvamisa ayibangeli monakalo lapho enza kanjalo. Ukugula okuningi okuhlobene ne-pesticides kungumphumela wokusebenzisa ngokweqile noma ukuvezwa emsebenzini.

Iyini Imiphumela Yezempilo Yokuchayeka Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Eziphezulu?

Kokubili ama-biopesticides we-synthetic and organic anemiphumela eyingozi yezempilo ngamanani aphezulu kunalawo atholakala ezithelweni nasemifino.

Ezinganeni, ukuvezwa ngengozi emazingeni aphezulu ezibulala-zinambuzane kuhlotshaniswa nomdlavuza wobuntwana, ukunakekelwa kokushoda kokukhathazeka (ADHD) kanye ne-autism (9,).

Ucwaningo olulodwa lwezingane eziyi-1,139 lwathola ingozi engama-50-90% yokwanda kwe-ADHD ezinganeni ezinamazinga aphezulu omchamo wezibulala-zinambuzane, uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezinamazinga omchamo aphansi kakhulu (,).

Kulolu cwaningo, bekungacaci ukuthi ngabe izibulala-zinambuzane ezitholwe emchameni ngabe zivela ekukhiqizeni noma kokunye ukuchayeka kwemvelo, njengokuhlala eduze kwepulazi.

Olunye ucwaningo alukhombisanga miphumela engemihle yezempilo ezinganeni ezingama-350 ezizalwa ngabesifazane abanamazinga aphezulu ezibulala-zinambuzane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nomama abanamazinga aphansi ezibulala-zinambuzane ().

Ucwaningo lwezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo ezisetshenziswe engadini lwathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-rotenone kwakuhambisana nesifo sika-Parkinson kamuva empilweni (14).

Kokubili ama-biopesticides we-synthetic and organic ahlotshaniswe namazinga omdlavuza andile emazingeni aphezulu ezilwaneni zaselebhu (15).

Kodwa-ke, akukho bungozi bomdlavuza obwandisiwe obuye baxhunyaniswa namanani amancane ezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhiqizwayo.

Ukubuyekezwa okukodwa kwezifundo eziningi kuphethe ngokuthi amathuba okuba nomdlavuza kusuka enanini lezibulala-zinambuzane ezidliwe esikhathini esilinganiselwe sokuphila angaphansi kwesisodwa esigidini ().

Ukuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuphakeme ngengozi noma emsebenzini kuhlotshaniswa neminye imidlavuza kanye nezifo ze-neurodevelopmental. Kodwa-ke, amazinga aphansi ezibulala-zinambuzane atholakala ekudleni cishe awazukulimaza.

Ungakanani umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane osekudleni?

Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni kuyatholakala kwi-World Health Organisation (17).

Ucwaningo olulodwa lukhombise ama-apula angama-3% ama-apula asePoland aqukethe amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphezu komkhawulo wokuphepha osemthethweni wama-pesticides ekudleni ().

Kodwa-ke, amazinga abengekho ngokwanele ukudala ingozi, ngisho nasezinganeni.

Amazinga wezibulala-zinambuzane kumkhiqizo angancishiswa ngokuwasha, ukupheka nokucutshungulwa kokudla ().

Ucwaningo olulodwa lokubuyekeza luthole ukuthi amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane ancishiswe ngo-10-80% ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokupheka nezokulungisa ukudla ().

Ikakhulu, ukugeza ngamanzi ompompi (noma ngaphandle kwezinsipho ezikhethekile noma okokuhlanza) kunciphisa amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane ngo-60-70% ().

Amazinga wezibulala-zinambuzane emikhiqizweni ejwayelekile cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi angaphansi kwemingcele yawo yokuphepha. Zingancishiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuhlanza nokupheka ukudla.

Ngabe Kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbalwa ku-Organic Foods?

Akumangalisi ukuthi umkhiqizo ongokwemvelo unamazinga aphansi emithi yokwenziwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Lokhu kuguqulela emazingeni aphansi okwenziwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emzimbeni (22).

Ucwaningo olulodwa kubantu abadala abangaphezu kwama-4,400 lukhombise ukuthi labo ababika okungenani ukusetshenziswa okulingene kwemikhiqizo ephilayo banamazinga aphansi okwenziwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emchameni wabo ().

Kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo ophilayo uqukethe amazinga aphezulu we-biopesticides.

Ucwaningo olulodwa lwama-olives namafutha omnqumo kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kwathola amazinga andisiwe e-biopesticides rotenone, azadirachtin, pyrethrin kanye ne-fungicides yethusi (24).

Le mibulala-zinambuzane ephilayo inemiphumela emibi kwezemvelo, okuthi, kwezinye izimo, ibe yimbi kunezindlela zokwenziwa ().

Abanye abantu bathi izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zingaba yingozi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngoba zenzelwe ukuba nempilo enkulu futhi ingahlala isikhathi eside emzimbeni nasendaweni ezungezile.

Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kuyiqiniso. Noma kunjalo, kunezibonelo eziningi zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ephikelelayo eqhubeka isikhathi eside noma ende ukwedlula isibulala-zinambuzane esenziwe ngokujwayelekile (26).

Umbono ophikisayo ukuthi ama-organic biopesticides ngokuvamile awasebenzi kangako kunama-pesticides okwenziwa, okwenza abalimi bawasebenzise kaningi nangezilinganiso eziphakeme.

Eqinisweni, ocwaningweni olulodwa, ngenkathi izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zeqa imingcele yokuphepha ngo-4% noma ngaphansi komkhiqizo, amazinga e-rotenone nethusi ayehlala engaphezulu kwemingcele yabo yokuphepha (6, 24).

Sekukonke, ukulimala okungaba khona kusuka kuma-biopesticides okwenziwa nokwenziwa komzimba kuncike ku-pesticide ethize kanye nomthamo. Kodwa-ke, zombili izinhlobo zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane akunakwenzeka ukuthi zidale izinkinga zempilo emazingeni aphansi atholakala kumkhiqizo.

Umkhiqizo wemvelo uqukethe ama-pesticides ambalwa, kodwa ama-biopesticides amaningi. Ama-biopesticides awavikelekile impela, kepha zombili izinhlobo zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ziphephile emazingeni aphansi atholakala kumkhiqizo.

Ngabe Kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbalwa ku-Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?

Ama-GMO yizitshalo ezinezakhi zofuzo ezengezwe kuzo ukukhulisa ukukhula kwazo, ukwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene noma ukumelana nezinambuzane zemvelo (27).

Ngokomlando, izitshalo zasendle zazikhuliswa zinezici ezingcono zokulima ngokukhetha ukutshala kuphela izitshalo ezinhle kakhulu ezitholakalayo.

Le ndlela yokukhethwa kwezakhi zofuzo isetshenziswe kuzo zonke izitshalo nezilwane ekunikezelweni kokudla komhlaba wethu.

Ngokuzala, izinguquko zenziwa kancane kancane ezizukulwaneni eziningi, futhi ukuthi kungani isitshalo siqina kakhudlwana kuyimfihlakalo. Ngenkathi isitshalo sikhethelwa isici esithile, ushintsho lofuzo oludale lesi sici alubonakali kubazalisi.

Ama-GMO asheshisa le nqubo ngokusebenzisa amasu esayensi ukunikeza isitshalo okuhlosiwe isici esithile sezakhi zofuzo. Umphumela olindelekile waziwa kusengaphambili, njengokuguqulwa kommbila ukuze kukhiqizwe i-Bt toxin ().

Ngoba izitshalo ze-GMO ngokwemvelo zinokuphikiswa okwandayo, zidinga izibulala-zinambuzane ezimbalwa ukuze ziphumelele ukulima ().

Lokhu mhlawumbe akubazuzisi abantu abadla umkhiqizo, ngoba ubungozi bemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ekudleni sebuphansi ngokweqile. Kodwa-ke, ama-GMO anganciphisa imiphumela eyingozi yezemvelo kanye neyasemsebenzini yezidakamizwa zokwenziwa kanye nezokuphilayo.

Ukubuyekezwa okuningi okuphelele kwezifundo zabantu nezilwane kuphetha ngokuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ama-GMO ayingozi empilweni (, 30, 31, 32).

Okunye ukukhathazeka kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ama-GMO amelana ne-glyphosate (Roundup) akhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sibulala-magciwane emazingeni aphezulu.

Ngenkathi ucwaningo olulodwa luphakamisa ukuthi amazinga aphezulu e-glyphosate angakhuthaza umdlavuza ezilwaneni zaselebhu, lawa mazinga abephakeme kakhulu kunalawo asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni i-GMO ngisho nalawo okuchayeka emsebenzini noma kwemvelo ().

Ukubuyekezwa kwezifundo eziningi kuphethwe ngemithamo engokoqobo ye-glyphosate kuphephile ().

Ama-GMO adinga ama-pesticides ambalwa. Lokhu kunciphisa ubungozi bokulimala kwezibulala-zinambuzane kubalimi, abavuni kanye nabantu abahlala eduze namapulazi. Inani elikhulu lezifundo likhombisa njalo ukuthi ama-GMO aphephile.

Ingabe Kufanele Ugweme Ukudla Usebenzisa Ama-pesticides?

Kunobufakazi obuningi besayensi bokuthi ukudla izithelo nemifino eningi kunezinzuzo eziningi kakhulu zezempilo (34).

Lokhu kuyiqiniso kungakhathalekile ukuthi umkhiqizo ungokwemvelo noma utshalwe ngokujwayelekile nokuthi ushintshwe izakhi zofuzo noma cha (,).

Abanye abantu bangakhetha ukugwema izibulala-zinambuzane ngenxa yezinkinga zemvelo noma zomsebenzi. Kepha khumbula ukuthi i-organic ayisho ukuthi ayinamuthi wokubulala izinambuzane.

Ukudla ukudla okulinywe endaweni kungaba nezinzuzo emvelweni, kepha kuya ngemikhuba yepulazi ngalinye. Uma uthenga emapulazini asendaweni, cabanga ukubabuza ngezindlela zabo zokulawula izinambuzane (26).

Izinga eliphansi lezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakala kumkhiqizo liphephile. Ukuthenga umkhiqizo wendawo kunganciphisa noma kunganciphisi lezi zingozi, kuya ngezindlela zokulima ngazinye.

Okusemqoka

Ama-pesticides asetshenziswa cishe kukho konke ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwanamuhla ukwenza ngcono isivuno sezitshalo ngokulawula ukhula, izinambuzane nezinye izinsongo zokukhiqiza.

Kokubili ama-biopesticides we-synthetic and organic anemiphumela engaba khona yezempilo.

Ngokuvamile, izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zilawulwa ngokuqinile futhi zilinganiswe. Ukudla okungokwemvelo kuncane emithini yokubulala izinambuzane, kodwa kuphakeme kuma-organic biopesticides.

Kodwa-ke, amazinga womabili ama-pesticides okwenziwa kanye nama-organic biopesticides ekukhiqizeni aphindwe kaningi kunamazinga aphansi kakhulu aziwa ngokulimaza izilwane noma abantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinzuzo eziningi zezempilo zokudla izithelo nemifino ethe xaxa zicace bha futhi ziyafana ezifundweni eziningi.

Sebenzisa imikhuba enengqondo, njengokuhlanza umkhiqizo ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, kodwa ungakhathazeki ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ekudleni.