Kungani Umgomo Wengxibongo Ushiya Isibazi?

-Delile

• Wasebenza kanjani umuthi wokugoma?
• Kungani kwaba khona izibazi?
• I-BCG vs. isibanda sengxibongo
• Amathiphu okubuna isibazi
• Ukuthatha

Ukubuka konke

Ingxibongo yisifo esiyigciwane, esithathelwanayo esidala ukuqubuka okukhulu kwesikhumba nomkhuhlane. Ngesikhathi kuqhamuka ingxibongo ebaluleke kakhulu ngekhulu lama-20, abantu abalinganiselwa kwabathathu kwabayishumi babulawa yigciwane kanti abanye abaningi basala bekhubazekile, ngokusho kwe.

Ngenhlanhla, abacwaningi bakwazi ukwakha umuthi wokugomela leli gciwane. Igciwane elifakiwe yigciwane elibukhoma, kodwa akulona igciwane le-variola elaziwa ngokubanga ingxibongo. Esikhundleni salokho, igciwane le-vaccinia liyajova. Ngoba leli gciwane lifana kakhulu ne-variola virus, umzimba uvame ukwenza amasosha omzimba okwanele ukulwa negciwane lengxibongo.

Ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi komuthi wokugomela ingxibongo, odokotela bamemezela ukuthi igciwane lengxibongo “liphelile” e-United States ngo-1952. Ngo-1972, imithi yokugoma ingxibongo yayeka ukuba yingxenye yemigomo ejwayelekile e-United States.

Ukwenziwa komuthi wokugomela ingxibongo kwaba impumelelo enkulu kwezokwelapha. Kodwa umuthi wokugoma ushiye uphawu oluhlukile noma isibazi.

Ngenkathi abantu abaningi abanesibalo sokugonyelwa ingxibongo sebekhulile, iU.S.UMnyango Wezempilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu bahlinzeka lo muthi wokugoma ngemuva kuka-1972 kubasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye namaqembu aphendula ingxibongo eminyangweni yezempilo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi igciwane lengxibongo lingasetshenziswa njengesikhali semvelo ngamaphekula.

Wasebenza kanjani umuthi wokugoma?

Umuthi wokugomela ingxibongo uhanjiswa ngendlela eyingqayizivele uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imigomo eminingi esetshenziswa namuhla. Isibonelo, ukudutshulwa komkhuhlane kuhanjiswa ngenduku yesikhathi esisodwa kusetshenziswa iphuzu elilodwa lenaliti elidlula ezingxenyeni eziningana zesikhumba futhi lingene emisipheni. Umuthi wokugomela ingxibongo unikezwa kusetshenziswa inaliti ekhethekile ebiliwe (ama-prong amabili). Esikhundleni sokubhoboza isikhumba kanye, umuntu ophethe umuthi wokugoma uzokwenza ama-punctures amaningi esikhunjeni ukuletha igciwane esikhunjeni sesikhumba, okuyisendlalelo esingezansi nje kwe-epidermis esibonakalayo emhlabeni. Umuthi wokugoma awungeni ezingxenyeni ezijulile zesikhumba, njengezicubu ezingaphansi.

Lapho igciwane lifinyelela kule ngqimba yesikhumba, liqala ukwanda. Lokhu kubangela ukuqhuma okuncane, okuyindilinga okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-papule. I-papule bese ikhula ibe i-vesicle, ebukeka njengebhamuza eligcwele uketshezi. Ekugcineni, le ndawo enamakhasi izoklewula. Yize lokhu kukhombisa lokho odokotela abakubheka njengokugoma okuphumelelayo, kungashiya uphawu kwabanye abantu.

Kungani kwaba khona izibazi?

Izibazi ezifana nefomu lesibazi somuthi wokugomela ingxibongo ngenxa yenqubo yokuphulukisa yemvelo yomzimba. Lapho isikhumba silimele (njengoba kunjalo ngomuthi wokugomela ingxibongo), umzimba uphendula ngokushesha ukulungisa izicubu. Umphumela uba yisibazi, okuyisicubu sesikhumba, kepha imicu yesikhumba ihlelwe ngendlela eyodwa esikhundleni sezinkomba ezahlukahlukene njengaso sonke isikhumba. Amaseli wesikhumba ajwayelekile athatha isikhathi ukukhula ngenkathi izicubu ezibomvu zingakhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngenkathi umphumela uvikela, abantu bangashiywa nesikhumbuzi esibonakalayo sokulimala kwesikhumba.

Kubantu abaningi, isibazi sengxibongo yisibazi esincane, esiyindilinga esingaphansi kwesikhumba esisizungezile. Izibazi zabantu abaningi azidluli usayizi wesisuli sepensela, yize ezinye zingaba nezibazi ezinkulu. Kwesinye isikhathi zingalunywa futhi isikhumba sizizwe siqinile eduze kwabo. Lokhu kungumphumela wemvelo wokuthuthuka kwezicubu ezibomvu.

Abanye abantu banempendulo ehlukile yokuvuvukala ekulimaleni kwesikhumba. Bangase bathambekele ekwakheni izicubu ezibomvu ngokweqile ngesimo se-keloid. Lesi yisibazi esiphakanyisiwe esikhula ngokuphendula ukulimala kwesikhumba. Ziyaziwa ukuthi zakha ehlombe futhi zingadala isibazi esiphakanyisiwe, esisabalalayo esibukeka sengathi kukhona okuchithekele esikhunjeni futhi saqina. Odokotela abazi ukuthi kungani abanye abantu bethola ama-keloids kanti abanye abawatholi. Bayabazi labo abanomlando womndeni wama-keloid (abaneminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengu-30), kanti labo abadabuka e-Afrika, e-Asia, noma baseSpain banamathuba amaningi okuthola ama-keloids, ngokusho kwe-American Academy of Dermatology.

Ngesikhathi sokuphakama kokukhathazeka ngengxibongo, ukuba nesibazi somuthi wokugomela ingxibongo kwakuwuphawu oluwusizo ngoba izikhulu zezempilo zazingacabanga ukuthi umuntu ugonyelwe igciwane. Isibonelo, izikhulu zabokufika esiQhingini sase-Ellis eNew York zazaziwa ngokuhlola izingalo zabokufika ngokuba khona komuthi wokugomela ingxibongo ngaphambi kokuba bamukelwe e-United States.

Ngaphandle kokwakheka kwesibazi, umuthi wokugoma uyaziwa ngokubangela ukusabela okuncane lapho unikezwa engalweni, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqe noma ezinye izindawo.

I-BCG vs. isibanda sengxibongo

Ngaphezu kwesibazi esaziwayo esivela emuthonjeni wengxibongo, kukhona omunye umuthi wokugoma odala isibazi esifanayo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi umuthi wokugoma we-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin noma we-BCG. Lo mgomo usetshenziselwa ukuvikela abantu esifubeni sofuba somuntu. Zombili izinhlobo zomuthi wokugoma zingashiya izibazi zengalo ephezulu.

Imvamisa, umuntu angawubona umehluko phakathi komuthi wokugomela ingxibongo nezibazi ze-BCG ngokucabangela lokhu okulandelayo:

• Umuthi wokugomela ingxibongo awuzange usatshalaliswe kabanzi e-United States ngemuva kuka-1972. Uma umuntu ezalwa ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, isibazi somuthi wakhe wokugoma kungenzeka ukuthi yisibazi se-BCG.
• Ukugonywa kwe-BCG akuvamile ukusetshenziswa e-United States, ngoba isifo sofuba senzeka ngamanani aphansi. Kodwa-ke, umuthi wokugoma usetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni lapho kutholakala khona amazinga aphezulu we-TB, njenge-Mexico.
• Yize izinhlobo zesibazi zingahluka, isibazi se-BCG sithambekele ekuphakanyisweni futhi sihlanganiswe kancane. Isibanda sengxibongo sithambekele ekucindezelekeni, noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Iyindilinga kancane, inamaphethelo amangelengele.

Umjovo we-BCG nawo uhanjiswa ngaphakathi, njengomuthi wokugomela ingxibongo.

Amathiphu okubuna isibazi

Imithi yokwelashwa kwesibungu sengxibongo iyafana naleyo yesibazi ngokujwayelekile. Amanye amathiphu okunciphisa ukubukeka kwesibazi afaka:

• Ukugqoka i-sunscreen ngaso sonke isikhathi phezu kwesibazi. Ukuvezwa yilanga kungadala ukuthi izicubu ezibomvu zibonakale zimnyama futhi zijiyile. Lokhu kungenza umuthi wokugomela ingxibongo ubonakale uphawuleka kakhulu.
• Ukufaka amafutha okuthambisa isikhumba angasiza ekunciphiseni ukubukeka kwesibazi. Izibonelo zifaka ibhotela le-cocoa, uwoyela wemvelo, i-aloe, noma ama-ointments aqukethe i-allium cepa (anyanisi bulb). Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela zokwelashwa azikaze zifakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi zinciphisa ngokuphelele ukubukeka kwezibazi.
• Ukukhuluma nodokotela nge-dermabrasion, inqubo esebenza ukususa izingqimba zangaphandle zesikhumba ukukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa. Imiphumela yale ndlela yokwelapha izibazi ayinakulindeleka.
• Ukukhuluma nodokotela mayelana nokubuyekezwa kwesibazi, inqubo ebandakanya ukususa isikhumba esithintekile nokubopha isibazi ndawonye. Yize lokhu kudala esinye isibazi, empeleni, isibazi esisha asibonakali kangako.
• Ukukhuluma nodokotela ngokuxhunyelelwa kwesikhumba, okufaka indawo enesibazi ngesikhumba esisha, esinempilo. Noma kunjalo, imiphetho yesikhumba ezungeze lapho kufakwa khona ukufakelwa komuthi ingavela ngokuhlukile.

Uma isibanda sakho sengxibongo sithuthuka saba ukeloid, ungafaka amashidi abicah (njengebhandishi) noma ijeli keloid. Lokhu kungasiza ukunciphisa usayizi we-keloid.

Ukuthatha

Kubasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-37 500 bezisebenzi zomphakathi abathole umuthi wokugomela ingxibongo ngo-2003, kwaba nezibazi ezilinganiselwa ku-21 ezenziwa ngemuva kokugonywa, ngokusho kwephephabhuku i-Clinical Infectious Diseases. Kulabo ababhekana nokushaqeka, isikhathi esimaphakathi sokubona isibazi kwakuyizinsuku ezingama-64.

Yize izibazi zengxibongo zisengaba khona, umuntu kufanele ahlole ukuthi isibazi sabo sidinga ukwelashwa ukunciphisa ukubukeka kwaso. Izibazi eziningi ziyasuswa noma zivuselelwe ukubukeka kwezimonyo, hhayi ukukhathazeka ngempilo.