I-Tetrachromacy ('Super Vision')

-Delile

• I-Tetrachromacy vs. trichromacy
• Izimbangela ze-tetrachromacy
• Ukuhlolwa okusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga i-tetrachromacy
• I-Tetrachromacy ezindabeni

Yini i-tetrachromacy?

Wake wezwa ngezinduku nezigaxa ezivela ekilasini lesayensi noma kudokotela wakho wamehlo? Yizinto ezisemehlweni akho ezikusiza ukuthi ubone ukukhanya nemibala. Zitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-retina. Leyo ungqimba lwezicubu ezincanyana ngemuva kwenhlamvu yeso lakho eduze kwethambo lakho le-optic.

Izinduku nezigaxa kubalulekile ekuboneni. Izinduku ziyazwela ekukhanyeni futhi zibalulekile ekukuvumeleni ubone ebumnyameni. Izigaxa zinesibopho sokukuvumela ukuthi ubone imibala.

Iningi labantu, kanye nezinye izimpungushe ezinjengama-gorilla, ama-orangutan, nezimfene ngisho nezinye, zibona umbala ngezinhlobo ezintathu zama-cone. Lolu hlelo lokubona imibala lwaziwa njenge-trichromacy ("imibala emithathu").

Kepha bukhona ubufakazi bokuthi kunabantu abaneziteshi ezine zokubona imibala ezihlukile. Lokhu kwaziwa njenge-tetrachromacy.

I-Tetrachromacy kucatshangwa ukuthi ayivamile kubantu. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi kuvame kakhulu kubantu besifazane kunabesilisa. Ucwaningo lwango-2010 lubonisa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti ayi-12 abesifazane angaba nalesi siteshi sokubona umbala.

Abesilisa abanamathuba amaningi okuthi babe ama-tetrachromats. Abesilisa empeleni banamathuba amaningi okuthi bangaboni kahle noma bangakwazi ukubona imibala eminingi njengabesifazane. Lokhu kungenxa yokungajwayelekile okuzuzwe njengefa kuzigaxa zabo.

Ake sifunde kabanzi ngokuthi i-tetrachromacy ihlangana kanjani nombono ojwayelekile we-trichromatic, yini ebangela i-tetrachromacy, nokuthi ungathola kanjani ukuthi unayo.

I-Tetrachromacy vs. trichromacy

Umuntu ojwayelekile unezinhlobo ezintathu zama-cones eduze ne-retina ekuvumela ukuthi ubone imibala ehlukahlukene kububanzi:

• Izigaxa ze-wave-wave (S): iyazwela ngemibala enobude obude bemibala, njengokububende nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• ama-wave wave (M): izwela ngemibala enobude obumaphakathi obuphakathi, njengokuphuzi noluhlaza okotshani
• izigaxa ze-wave-wave (L): iyazwela ngemibala enobude obude obude, njengokubomvu ne-orange

Lokhu kwaziwa njengethiyori ye-trichromacy. Izithombe ezifakwayo kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-cone zikunika amandla akho okubona umbala ogcwele.

Izithombe zenziwe ngeprotheyini ebizwa nge-opsin kanye ne-molecule ezwelayo ekukhanyeni. Le molecule yaziwa njenge-11-cis retinal. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-photopigments zisabela kubude obuthile bombala obuzwelayo kubo. Lokhu kubangela ukukwazi kwakho ukubona leyo mibala.

Ama-Tetrachromats anohlobo lwesine lwesigaxa esine-photopigment evumela ukubona kwemibala eminingi engekho ku-spectrum ebonakalayo ebonakalayo. I-spectrum yaziwa kangcono njenge-ROY G. BIV (Red, Oububanzi, Yellow, Gumhlanga, Blue, Minandigo, futhi Violet).

Ukuba khona kwalesi sithombe esingeziwe kungavumela i-tetrachromat ukuthi ibone imininingwane eminingi noma ukuhlukahluka ngaphakathi kobubanzi obubonakalayo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-theory ye-tetrachromacy.

Ngenkathi ama-trichromats angabona imibala engaba yisigidi esi-1, ama-tetrachromats angakwazi ukubona imibala emangalisayo eyizigidi eziyi-100, ngokusho kukaJay Neitz, PhD, uprofesa wezifo zamehlo e-University of Washington, ofunde kakhulu ukubona imibala.

Izimbangela ze-tetrachromacy

Nakhu ukuthi ukuqonda kwakho kombala kusebenza kanjani:

1. I-retina ithatha ukukhanya kusuka kumfundi wakho. Lokhu ukuvuleka ngaphambili kweso lakho.
2. Ukukhanya nombala kuhamba ngelensi yeso lakho futhi kube yingxenye yesithombe esigxile.
3. Izigaxa ziguqula imininingwane ekhanyayo nombala ibe amasiginali amathathu ahlukene: okubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
4. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zamasignali zithunyelwa ebuchosheni futhi zicutshungulwe ekuqwashisweni kwengqondo ngalokhu okubonayo.

Umuntu ojwayelekile unezinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukahlukene zezigaxa ezihlukanisa imininingwane yombala ebonakalayo zibe amasiginali abomvu, aluhlaza, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lezi zimpawu zingabuye zihlanganiswe ebuchosheni zibe umyalezo ophelele obukwayo.

Ama-Tetrachromats anohlobo olulodwa lwesigaxa esivumela ukuthi libone ubukhulu bemibala yesine. Kubangelwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Futhi kunesizathu esihle zofuzo sokuthi kungani ama-tetrachromat engase abe ngabesifazane. Ukuguqulwa kwe-tetrachromacy kudluliswa kuphela nge-X chromosome.

Abesifazane bathola ama-chromosomes ama-X amabili, elilodwa kunina (XX) kanti elilodwa livela kuyise (XY). Banamathuba amaningi okuthi bazuze ifa lokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezidingekayo kuwo womabili ama-chromosomes e-X. Abesilisa bathola i-X chromosome eyodwa kuphela. Ukuguquka kwazo kuvame ukuholela ekuthambekeni okungathandeki noma ekungaboni umbala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma izigaxa zabo ze-M noma ze-L abayiboni imibala efanelekile.

Umama noma indodakazi yomuntu one-trichromacy engathandeki kungenzeka ukuthi abe yi-tetrachromat. Elinye lama-chromosomes akhe e-X lingahle lithwale izakhi zofuzo ezijwayelekile zika-M no-L. Okunye okungenzeka kuthwala izakhi zofuzo ezijwayelekile ze-L kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezishintshiwe ezidlule kubaba noma indodana ene-trichromacy engathandeki.

Elinye lala ma-chromosome amabili we-X ekugcineni lenziwa lasebenza ekwakhiweni kwamaseli wesigaxa ku-retina. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi i-retina yakhe izinhlobo ezine zamangqamuzana ezigaxa ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ze-X ezidluliswa zivela kumama nobaba.

Ezinye izinhlobo, kufaka phakathi abantu, azidingi i-tetrachromacy nganoma iyiphi injongo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Bacishe balahlekelwa yikhono ngokuphelele. Kwezinye izinhlobo, i-tetrachromacy imayelana nokusinda.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, njenge, zidinga i-tetrachromacy ukuthola ukudla noma ukukhetha umlingani. Futhi ubudlelwano bokuvunyelaniswa kwempova phakathi kwezinambuzane ezithile nezimbali kubangele ukukhula kwezitshalo. Lokhu-ke nakho kudale ukuthi izinambuzane ziguquke ukuze zibone le mibala. Ngaleyo ndlela, bazi kahle ukuthi iziphi izitshalo okufanele bazikhethele impova.

Ukuhlolwa okusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga i-tetrachromacy

Kungaba yinselele ukwazi ukuthi ngabe uyi-tetrachromat uma ungakaze uhlolwe. Ungavele uthathe ikhono lakho lokubona imibala eyengeziwe kalula ngoba awunaso esinye isistimu yokubuka ongayiqhathanisa neyakho.

Indlela yokuqala yokuthola isimo sakho wukuhlolwa kofuzo. Iphrofayili ephelele ye-genome yakho yangasese ingathola ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zakho okungenzeka kube nomphumela kwizigaxa zakho zesine. Ukuhlolwa kofuzo lwabazali bakho nakho kungathola izakhi zofuzo eziguquliwe ezidluliselwe kuwe.

Kodwa wazi kanjani ukuthi empeleni uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala eyengeziwe kuleso sigaxa esengeziwe?

Yilapho ucwaningo lusiza khona. Kunezindlela eziningana ongathola ngazo ukuthi uyi-tetrachromat.

Ukuhlolwa okumesha umbala ukuhlolwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-tetrachromacy. Kuhamba kanjena kumongo wesifundo socwaningo:

1. Abaphenyi banikeza ababambiqhaza bocwaningo iqoqo lezingxube ezimbili zemibala ezizobukeka zilingane nama-trichromats kodwa ehlukile kuma-tetrachromats.
2. Ababambiqhaza bakala kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-10 ukuthi le mixube ifana kangakanani.
3. Ababambiqhaza banikezwa amasethi afanayo enhlanganisela yemibala ngesikhathi esihlukile, ngaphandle kokutshelwa ukuthi bayinhlanganisela efanayo, ukubona ukuthi izimpendulo zabo ziyashintsha noma zihlala zinjalo.

Ama-tetrachromat eqiniso azokala le mibala ngendlela efanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi, okusho ukuthi empeleni angahlukanisa phakathi kwemibala evezwe ngababili.

Ama-trichromats angalinganisa izingxube zemibala efanayo ngokuhlukile ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, okusho ukuthi akhetha izinombolo ezingahleliwe.

Qaphela ukuthi noma yiziphi izivivinyo eziku-inthanethi ezithi zikwazi ukukhomba i-tetrachromacy kufanele zisondele ngokungabaza okukhulu. Ngokwabacwaningi baseNewcastle University, imikhawulo yokubonisa umbala ezikrinini zamakhompiyutha yenza ukuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi kungenzeki.

I-Tetrachromacy ezindabeni

Ama -etrakromat ayivelakancane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi enza amagagasi amakhulu emidiya.

Isihloko esifundweni se-2010 Journal of Vision, esaziwa kuphela nge-cDa29, sasinombono ophelele we-tetrachromatic. Akazange awenze amaphutha ezivivinyweni zakhe zokufanisa umbala, futhi izimpendulo zakhe zashesha ngendlela emangalisayo.

Ungumuntu wokuqala ukufakazelwa yisayensi ukuthi une-tetrachromacy. Indaba yakhe yalandwa yimithombo yezindaba eminingi yesayensi, njengomagazini i-Discover.

Ku-2014, umculi kanye ne-tetrachromat uConcetta Antico babelane ngobuciko bakhe kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe neBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Ngamazwi akhe, i-tetrachromacy imvumela ukuthi abone, ngokwesibonelo, “impunga engacunuli… [njengamawolintshi, ama-yellows, imifino, ama-blues, nama-pink.”

Ngenkathi amathuba akho okuba yi-tetrachromat angahle abe mancane, lezi zindaba zibonisa ukuthi lokhu kutholakala okungajwayelekile kuqhubeka kanjani ukuhlaba umxhwele kulabo bethu abanombono ojwayelekile wezinhlamvu ezintathu.