Ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa

Ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kwenzeka lapho ukusetshenziswa komuntu kotshwala noma enye into (isidakamizwa) kuholela ezinkingeni zezempilo noma ezinkingeni emsebenzini, esikoleni, noma ekhaya.

Lesi sifo sibizwa nangokuthi ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa.

Isizathu esiqondile sokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa asaziwa. Izakhi zofuzo zomuntu, isenzo somuthi, ukucindezela kontanga, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, nokucindezeleka kwemvelo konke kungaba yizici.

Abaningi ababa nenkinga yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa banokudangala, ukukhubazeka kokunakwa, ukukhathazeka ngemuva kwengozi, noma enye inkinga yengqondo. Ukuphila okucindezelayo noma okunesiphithiphithi nokuzethemba okuphansi nakho kujwayelekile.

Izingane ezikhula zibona abazali bazo besebenzisa izidakamizwa zingaba nengozi enkulu yokuba nenkinga yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kamuva empilweni ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo nezofuzo.

Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka:

• Ama-opiates namanye ama-narcotic angamaphilisi ezinhlungu anamandla angadala ukozela, futhi kwesinye isikhathi imizwa enamandla yenhlalakahle, injabulo, injabulo, isasasa nenjabulo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-heroin, i-opium, i-codeine, kanye nemithi yezinhlungu ye-narcotic engabekwa udokotela noma ithengwe ngokungemthetho.
• Izikhuthazi yizidakamizwa ezishukumisa ubuchopho nohlelo lwezinzwa. Kubandakanya i-cocaine nama-amphetamine, njengezidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-ADHD (methylphenidate, noma iRitalin). Umuntu angaqala ukudinga inani eliphakeme lale mithi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuzwa umphumela ofanayo.
• Izicindezeli zibangela ukozela futhi zinciphise ukukhathazeka. Kubandakanya utshwala, ama-barbiturate, ama-benzodiazepines (i-Valium, i-Ativan, i-Xanax), i-chloral hydrate, ne-paraldehyde. Ukusebenzisa lezi zinto kungaholela ekubeni umlutha.
• I-LSD, i-mescaline, i-psilocybin ("amakhowe"), ne-phencyclidine (i-PCP, noma "uthuli lwengelosi") kungadala ukuthi umuntu abone izinto ezingekho (ukubona izinto ezingekho) futhi kungaholela ekubeni umlutha wengqondo.
• Insangu (insangu, noma i-hashish).

Kunezigaba eziningana zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingaholela ekubeni umlutha. Intsha ibonakala ihamba ngokushesha ngezigaba kunabantu abadala. Izigaba yilezi:

• Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlola - Ngokujwayelekile kufaka ontanga, abenzele ukuzilibazisa; umsebenzisi angakujabulela ukudelela abazali noma abanye abantu abanegunya.
• Ukusetshenziswa njalo - Umsebenzisi uphuthelwa kakhulu esikoleni noma emsebenzini; ukukhathazeka ngokulahlekelwa umthombo wezidakamizwa; isebenzisa izidakamizwa "ukulungisa" imizwa engemihle; iqala ukuhlala kude nabangane nomndeni; ingashintsha abangane ibe labo abasebenzisa njalo; kukhombisa ukubekezelelana okwandisiwe kanye namandla "okuphatha" umuthi.
• Inkinga noma ukusetshenziswa okuyingozi - Umsebenzisi ulahlekelwa yinoma yisiphi isisusa; akanandaba nesikole nomsebenzi; unezinguquko ezisobala zokuziphatha; ukucabanga ngokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kubaluleke ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izintshisekelo, kufaka phakathi ubudlelwane; umsebenzisi uba yimfihlo; ingaqala ukuthengisa izidakamizwa ukusiza ukusekela umkhuba; ukusetshenziswa kwezinye, izidakamizwa ezinzima zinganda; izinkinga zomthetho zinganda.
• Umlutha - Awukwazi ukubhekana nokuphila kwansuku zonke ngaphandle kwezidakamizwa; iphika inkinga; isimo somzimba siba sibi kakhulu; ukulahlekelwa "kokulawulwa" kokusetshenziswa; angazibulala; izinkinga zezezimali nezomthetho ziya ngokuba zimbi kakhulu; kungenzeka ukuthi kunesibopho esinqamukile namalungu omndeni noma abangane.

Izimpawu nokuziphatha kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kungafaka:

• Ukudideka
• Ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa, noma ngabe kulimala impilo, umsebenzi noma umndeni
• Iziqephu zodlame
• Ubutha lapho ubhekene nokuxhomeka kwezidakamizwa
• Ukwehluleka ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ukungakwazi ukuyeka noma ukunciphisa ukuphuza utshwala
• Ukwenza izaba zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa
• Umsebenzi ongekho noma isikole, noma ukwehla kokusebenza
• Isidingo sokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nsuku zonke noma ezijwayelekile ukuze sisebenze
• Ukunganaki ukudla
• Ukungakhathaleli ukubukeka komzimba
• Ukungasabambi iqhaza emisebenzini ngenxa yokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa
• Ukuziphatha okuyimfihlo ukufihla ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa
• Ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ngabe uwedwa

Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa (izikrini ezinobuthi) kumasampuli egazi nomchamo kungakhombisa amakhemikhali amaningi kanye nezidakamizwa emzimbeni. Ukuthi ukuhlolwa kubucayi kangakanani kuncike emthini uqobo, lapho umuthi uthathwe, naselebhu yokuhlola. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kunamathuba amaningi okuthola umuthi kunokuhlolwa komchamo, yize izikrini zezidakamizwa zomchamo zenziwa kaningi.

Ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kuyisimo esibi futhi akulula ukuselapha. Ukunakekelwa nokwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kubandakanya ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe.

Ukwelashwa kuqala ngokwazi inkinga. Yize ukwenqaba kuyisibonakaliso esivamile sokulutha, abantu abayimilutha banokuphika okuncane kakhulu uma bephathwa ngozwela nangenhlonipho, kunokuba batshelwe ukuthi benzeni noma babhekane nakho.

Into ingakhishwa kancane kancane noma imiswe ngokungazelelwe. Ukusekelwa kwezimpawu zomzimba nezingokomzwelo, kanye nokuhlala ungazisebenzisi izidakamizwa (ukuzithiba) nakho kungukhiye ekwelashweni.

• Abantu abane-overdose yezidakamizwa bangadinga ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo esibhedlela. Ukwelashwa okuqondile kuya ngomuthi osetshenzisiwe.
• Ukuxoshwa emzimbeni (detox) ukuhoxiswa kwento ngokungazelelwe endaweni lapho kukhona ukwesekwa okuhle. Ukuxoshwa emzimbeni kungenziwa ngokugula noma ngokugula.
• Ngezinye izikhathi, kuthathwa omunye umuthi onesenzo noma umphumela ofanayo emzimbeni, njengoba umthamo wehliswa kancane ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi nezingozi zokuhoxa. Isibonelo, ukulutha izidakamizwa, i-methadone noma izidakamizwa ezifanayo zingasetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukuhoxa nokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa.

Izinhlelo zokwelashwa zokuhlala ziqapha futhi zibhekane nezimpawu zokuhoxa okungenzeka nezindlela zokuziphatha. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa amasu okwenza abasebenzisi ukuthi babone indlela abaziphatha ngayo futhi bafunde ukuthi bangabuyeli kanjani ekusebenziseni (ukubuyela emuva).

Uma lo muntu enesifo sokudangala noma esinye isifo sempilo yengqondo, kufanele silashwe. Ezimweni eziningi, umuntu uqala ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuzama ukuzelapha izifo zengqondo.

Amaqembu amaningi okusekela ayatholakala emphakathini. Kubandakanya:

• Izidakamizwa Ezingaziwa (NA) - www.na.org/
• I-Alateen - al-anon.org/for-members/group-resource/alateen/
• I-Al-Anon - al-anon.org/

Iningi lala maqembu lilandela uhlelo lwezinyathelo eziyi-12 olusetshenziswa ku-Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) www.aa.org/.

Ukubuyiselwa kwe-SMART www.smartrecovery.org/ kanye neLife Ring Secular Recovery www.lifering.org/ yizinhlelo ezingasebenzisi indlela yezinyathelo eziyi-12. Ungathola amanye amaqembu okusekela kwi-Intanethi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kungaholela ekweqeni ngokweqile okubulalayo. Abanye abantu baqala ukuthatha izinto futhi (ukubuyela emuva) ngemuva kokuma.

Izinkinga zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zifaka:

• Ukucindezeleka
• Umdlavuza, isibonelo, umdlavuza womlomo nowesisu kuxhumene nokuphuza ngokweqile nokuthembela
• Ukutheleleka nge-HIV, noma i-hepatitis B noma i-C ngokusebenzisa izinaliti ezabiwe
• Ukuphela komsebenzi
• Izinkinga zememori nokugxila, isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-hallucinogen, kufaka phakathi insangu (iTHC)
• Izinkinga ngomthetho
• Ukuhlukana kobudlelwano
• Imikhuba yezocansi engaphephile, engaholela ekukhulelweni okungafunwa, izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, i-HIV, noma i-hepatitis yegciwane

Shayela i-aphoyintimenti nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekelwa kwempilo uma wena noma ilungu lomndeni usebenzisa into ethile futhi ufuna ukuyeka. Fonela futhi uma unqanyuliwe ekunikezeni izidakamizwa futhi usengozini yokuhoxa. Abaqashi abaningi banikela ngezinsizakalo zokudlulisela kubasebenzi babo abanezinkinga zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa.

Izinhlelo zokufundisa ngezidakamizwa zingasiza. Abazali bangaba nethonya elinamandla ezinganeni zabo ngokuzifundisa ngobungozi bokusebenzisa izinto.

Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa; Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali; Ukuhlukunyezwa ngamakhemikhali; Umlutha wezidakamizwa; Umlutha - isidakamizwa; Ukuncika kwizidakamizwa; Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni; Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa; Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Hallucinogen

• Ukudangala kanye namadoda

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UKowalchuk A, uMhlanga BC. Ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. Ku: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, ama-eds. Incwadi Yezokwelapha Yomndeni. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: isahluko 50.

I-National Institute on Drug Abuse iwebhusayithi. Izidakamizwa, ubuchopho, nokuziphatha: isayensi yokulutha. Isayensi ikuguqule kanjani ukuqonda kokulutha izidakamizwa. www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/preface. Kubuyekezwe uJulayi 2020. Kufinyelelwe ngo-Okthoba 13, 2020.

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