Amarekhodi emikhakha yentuthuko

Izinyathelo zentuthuko yizindlela zokuziphatha noma amakhono omzimba abonwa ezinganeni nasezinganeni njengoba zikhula futhi zikhula. Ukugingqika, ukukhasa, ukuhamba nokukhuluma konke kuthathwa njengezinyathelo ezinkulu. Izinyathelo zihlukile ebangeni ngalinye leminyaka.

Kukhona uhla olujwayelekile lapho ingane ingafinyelela khona ibanga ngalinye. Isibonelo, ukuhamba kungaqala ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili kwezinye izingane. Abanye bahamba ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-18 futhi kusabhekwa njengokujwayelekile.

Esinye sezizathu zokuvakasha kahle kwengane kumhlinzeki wezempilo eminyakeni yokuqala ukulandela ukukhula kwengane yakho. Iningi labazali liphinde libuke izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene. Khuluma nomhlinzeki wengane yakho uma unezinkinga mayelana nokukhula kwengane yakho.

Ukubuka ngeso elibukhali "uhlu lokuhlola" noma ikhalenda yezimanga zentuthuko kungabakhathaza abazali uma ingane yabo ingakhuli kahle. Ngasikhathi sinye, izingqophamlando zingasiza ekuboneni ingane edinga ukuhlolwa okunemininingwane eminingi. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi uma izinsizakalo zentuthuko ziqala ngokushesha, umphumela uba ngcono. Izibonelo zezinsizakalo zentuthuko zifaka: ukwelashwa kokukhuluma, ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, kanye nenkulisa yokuthuthuka.

Ngezansi kunohlu olujwayelekile lwezinye zezinto ongabona izingane zizenza eminyakeni ehlukene. Lezi akuzona iziqondiso eziqondile. Kunezinyathelo eziningi ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile namaphethini entuthuko.

Usana - ukuzalwa unyaka owodwa

• Ukwazi ukuphuza enkomishini
• Ukwazi ukuhlala wedwa, ngaphandle kokuxhaswa
• Babbles
• Ibonisa ukumamatheka komphakathi
• Uthola izinyo lokuqala
• Idlala ukubheka-a-boo
• Kuzidonsela esimweni sokuma
• Kuzigoqa ngokwami
• Kusho umama nodadewabo, basebenzise amagama ngokufanele
• Iqonda ukuthi "CHA" futhi izomisa umsebenzi ngokuphendula
• Uhamba ngenkathi ubambe ifenisha noma okunye ukwesekwa

Ingane encane - iminyaka engu-1 kuya kwengu-3

• Iyakwazi ukuzondla ngobunono, ngokuchithwa okuncane
• Iyakwazi ukudweba umugqa (lapho ikhonjiswa eyodwa)
• Iyakwazi ukugijima, i-pivot, futhi ibuyele emuva
• Iyakwazi ukusho isibongo nesibongo
• Ukwazi ukuhamba izitebhisi ezihamba phansi naphezulu
• Iqala ukunyathela isondo lamabhayisikili amathathu
• Ungabiza izithombe zezinto ezivamile futhi akhombe izitho zomzimba
• Ugqoka uqobo ngosizo oluncane nje
• Lingisa inkulumo yabanye, "kunanela" igama emuva
• Ufunda ukwabelana ngamathoyizi (ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwabantu abadala)
• Ufunda ukushintshana (uma kuqondiswa) ngenkathi edlala nezinye izingane
• Amakhosi ahambayo
• Iyabona futhi ilebula imibala ngokufanele
• Ibona umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane
• Isebenzisa amagama amaningi futhi iqonde imiyalo elula
• Isebenzisa isipuni ukuzondla

Ofunda esikoleni - iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwengu-6

• Iyakwazi ukudweba isiyingi nesikwele
• Iyakwazi ukudweba izibalo zezinduku ezinezici ezimbili kuya kwezintathu zabantu
• Iyakwazi ukweqa
• Izilinganiso ezingcono, zingaqala ukugibela ibhayisikili
• Uqala ukubona amagama abhaliwe, amakhono okufunda ayaqala
• Ubamba ibhola elibhampa
• Ujabulela ukwenza izinto eziningi ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kosizo
• Ujabulela imilolotelo nokudlala ngamagama
• Uhobhane ngonyawo olulodwa
• Uhamba kahle ngamabhayisikili amathathu
• Iqala isikole
• Iyaqonda imiqondo yosayizi
• Uqonda imiqondo yesikhathi

Ingane yobudala besikole - iminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-12

• Uqala ukuthola amakhono emidlalo yeqembu efana nebhola likanobhutshuzwayo, i-T-ball, noma eminye imidlalo yeqembu
• Uqala ukulahlekelwa amazinyo "abantwana" futhi uthole amazinyo ahlala njalo
• Amantombazane aqala ukukhombisa ukukhula kwengubo yasemakhwapheni neyasenkingeni, ukukhula kwamabele
• Ukuya esikhathini (okokuqala ukuya esikhathini) kungenzeka emantombazaneni
• Ukuqashelwa kontanga kuqala ukuba okubalulekile
• Amakhono wokufunda athuthuka ngokuqhubekayo
• Izindlela ezibalulekile emisebenzini yasemini
• Uyaqonda futhi uyakwazi ukulandela izinkomba eziningana zilandelana

Osemusha - iminyaka engu-12 kuya kwengu-18

• Ukuphakama kwabantu abadala, isisindo, ukuvuthwa ngokocansi
• Abafana bakhombisa ukukhula kwekhwapha, isifuba, nezinwele zasesidlangalaleni; ukushintsha kwezwi; namasende / umthondo ukhulise
• Amantombazane akhombisa ukukhula kwezinwele zasemakhwapheni nezasemaphandleni; amabele akhula; ukuqala ukuya esikhathini kuyaqala
• Ukwamukelwa kontanga nokuqashelwa kubaluleke kakhulu
• Uyaqonda imiqondo engaqondakali

Izihloko ezihlobene zifaka:

• Ukuqoshwa kwentuthuko - izinyanga ezi-2
• Ukuqoshwa kwentuthuko - izinyanga ezi-4
• Ukuqoshwa kwentuthuko - izinyanga eziyi-6
• Ukuqoshwa kwentuthuko - izinyanga eziyi-9
• Irekhodi lokuqopha umlando - izinyanga eziyi-12
• Amarekhodi okuthuthuka - izinyanga eziyi-18
• Irekhodi lokuqopha umlando - iminyaka emibili
• Irekhodi lokuqopha umlando - iminyaka emithathu
• Irekhodi lezintuthuko - iminyaka emi-4
• Irekhodi lokuqopha umlando - iminyaka emi-5

Umlando wokukhula kwabantwana; Imigqa ejwayelekile yokukhula kwengane; Umlando wokukhula kwengane

• Ukukhula kwentuthuko

I-Ball JW, i-Dains JE, i-Flynn JA, i-Solomon BS, i-Stewart RW. Ulwazi lokuqopha. Ku: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, ama-eds. Umhlahlandlela kaSiedel Wokuhlolwa Komzimba. Umhlaka 9. ISt Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2019: isahluko 5.

UKimmel SR, uRatliff-Schaub K. Ukukhula nentuthuko. Ku: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, ama-eds. Incwadi Yezokwelapha Yomndeni. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: isahluko 22.

I-Lipkin PH. Ukuqapha kwentuthuko nokuziphatha kanye nokuhlola. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 28.