Usana - ukukhula okusha

Ukukhula kwezinsana kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezindawo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuqonda
• Ulimi
• Okomzimba, njengamakhono emoto amahle (ukubamba isipuni, ukubamba i-pincer) namakhono amakhulu emoto (ukulawula ikhanda, ukuhlala nokuhamba)
• Komphakathi

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMZIMBA

Ukukhula komzimba kosana kuqala ekhanda, bese kudlulela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Isibonelo, ukuncela kuza ngaphambi kokuhlala, okuza ngaphambi kokuhamba.

Usana kuzinyanga ezimbili:

• Bangaphakamisa futhi baphendule amakhanda abo lapho belele ngomhlane
• Izandla zifihliwe, izingalo ziyaguquguquka
• Intamo ayikwazi ukuxhasa ikhanda lapho usana ludonselwa endaweni yokuhlala

Izimo zokuqala zifaka:

• I-Babinski reflex, izinzwane ziphumela ngaphandle lapho unyawo luphululwa
• IMoro reflex (startle reflex), yelula izingalo bese iyagoba bese iyazidonsela emzimbeni ngokukhala okufishane; kuvame ukwenziwa yimisindo ephezulu noma ukunyakaza okungazelelwe
• Ukubamba ngesandla kwePalmar, usana luvala isandla futhi "lubambe" umunwe wakho
• Ukubeka, umlenze uyelula lapho kuthintwa kuphela unyawo
• Ukutshala kwePlantar, usana luguqula izinzwane nezinyawo zangaphambili
• Ukuqothula futhi ukuncela, kujikisa ikhanda kufuna ingono lapho kuthintwa isihlathi bese kuqala ukuncela lapho ingono ithinta izindebe
• Ukunyathela nokuhamba, kuthatha izinyathelo ngokushesha lapho zombili izinyawo zibekwe ngaphezulu, nomzimba usekelwa
• Ukuphendula kwentamo yethoni, ingalo yangakwesobunxele iyaqhubeka lapho ingane ibheka ngakwesobunxele, ngenkathi ingalo yangakwesokudla nomlenze ungena ngaphakathi, futhi okuphambene nalokho

Izinyanga ezi-3 kuya kwezi-4:

• Ukulawulwa okungcono kwemisipha yamehlo kuvumela usana ukulandelela izinto.
• Iqala ukulawula izenzo zezandla nezinyawo, kepha lokhu kunyakaza akulungisiwe kahle. Usana lungaqala ukusebenzisa izandla zombili, lusebenze ngokubambisana, ukufeza imisebenzi. Usana alukakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukubamba, kepha luswayipha ezintweni ukuze lusondeze.
• Ukubona okwandisiwe kuvumela usana ukuthi lutshele izinto ngaphandle kwezizinda ezinokungafani okuncane kakhulu (njengenkinobho ebhulukhweni yombala ofanayo).
• Usana luphakama (isibilini esingenhla, amahlombe, nekhanda) ngezingalo lapho ulele ubheke phansi (esiswini).
• Imisipha yezintambo yathuthukiswa ngokwanele ukuvumela usana ukuba luhlale ngokusekelwa, futhi luqhubeke lubheke phezulu.
• Izimo zakuqala sezivele zanyamalala, noma seziqala ukunyamalala.

Izinyanga ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha:

• Ukwazi ukuhlala wedwa, ngaphandle kokuxhaswa, ngezikhathi ezithile ekuqaleni, bese ufika kumasekhondi afinyelela kwangu-30 noma ngaphezulu.
• Izinsana ziqala ukubamba amabhulokhi noma ama-cubes kusetshenziswa inqubo yokubamba i-ulnar-palmar (ukucindezela ibhulokhi entendeni yesandla ngenkathi igobeka noma ukugoba isihlakala) kepha ayikasisebenzisi isithupha.
• Izinsana zihamba zisuka emuva ziye esiswini. Lapho isisu, usana lungasukuma ngezingalo ukuphakamisa amahlombe nekhanda bese lubheka nxazonke noma lufinyelele ezintweni.

Izinyanga ezi-6 kuya kwezi-9:

• Ukukhasa kungaqala
• Izinsana zingahamba ngenkathi zibambe isandla somuntu omdala
• Izinsana zikwazi ukuhlala kahle, ngaphandle kokusekelwa, isikhathi eside
• Izinsana zifunda ukuhlala phansi zimile
• Izinsana zingangena futhi zigcine zimile ngenkathi zibambe ifenisha

Izinyanga eziyi-9 kuya kwezingu-12:

• Izinsana ziqala ukulinganisela lapho zimi zodwa
• Usana luthatha izinyathelo zokubamba isandla; kungathatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa uwedwa

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMUZWA

• Ukuzwa kuqala ngaphambi kokuzalwa, futhi kuvuthiwe lapho kuzalwa. Usana luthanda izwi lomuntu.
• Thinta, nambitha, futhi uhogele, uvuthwe lapho uzalwa; ukhetha ukunambitheka okumnandi.
• Umbono, usana olusanda kuzalwa lungabona ebangeni elingamasentimitha ayi-8 kuye kwayi-12 (amasentimitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30). Umbala wemibala uqala phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-4 kuya kwezi-6. Ngezinyanga ezi-2, ingalandelela izinto ezihambayo kuze kube yizi-180 degrees, futhi ikhetha ubuso.
• Izinzwa zangaphakathi (vestibular), usana luphendula ekunyakazeni nasekuguqukeni kwesimo.

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOLIMI

Ukukhala kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuxhumana. Ngosuku lwesithathu lokuphila kwengane, omama bangatshela ukukhala komntwana wabo kusuka kwabanye abantwana. Ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila, abazali abaningi bangasho ukuthi ukukhala kwengane yabo kusho ukulamba, ubuhlungu, noma intukuthelo. Ukukhala futhi kubangela ubisi lukamama ongumhlengikazi ukwehla (gcwalisa isifuba).

Inani lokukhala ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala liyahluka enganeni enempilo, kusuka ehoreni eli-1 kuye kwele-3 ngosuku. Izinsana ezikhala ngaphezu kwamahora amathathu ngosuku zivame ukuchazwa njengezine-colic. I-colic ezinganeni ayivamile ngenxa yenkinga emzimbeni. Ezimweni eziningi, iyema ngezinyanga ezine ubudala.

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyini imbangela, ukukhala ngokweqile kudinga ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha. Kungadala ingcindezi emndenini engaholela ekuhlukunyezweni kwengane.

Izinyanga ezingu-0 kuya kwezingu-2:

• Yazisa amazwi
• Isebenzisa ububanzi bemisindo ukukhombisa izidingo, ezifana nendlala noma ubuhlungu

Izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezi-4:

• Ama-Coos

Izinyanga ezi-4 kuya kwezi-6:

• Yenza imisindo yonkamisa ("oo," "ah")

Izinyanga ezi-6 kuya kwezi-9:

• Babbles
• Kuqhuma amabhamuza ("ama-raspberries")
• Uyahleka

Izinyanga eziyi-9 kuya kwezingu-12:

• Lingisa imisindo ethile
• Ithi "Mama" ne- "Dada,", kepha hhayi ikakhulukazi labo bazali
• Uphendula imiyalo elula yomlomo, efana nokuthi "cha"

UKUZIPHATHA

Ukuziphatha okusanda kuzalwa kusekelwe ezifundeni eziyisithupha zokwazi:

• Ukukhala okusebenzayo
• Ukulala okusebenzayo
• Ukozela uvuka
• Ukuxabana
• Isexwayiso esithulile
• Ukulala ngokuthula

Izingane ezinempilo ezinesistimu yezinzwa ejwayelekile zingahamba kahle zisuka kwesinye isimo ziye kwesinye. Ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula, ithoni yemisipha, nokunyakaza komzimba kuhlukile esifundeni ngasinye.

Imisebenzi eminingi yomzimba ayizinzile ezinyangeni zokuqala emva kokuzalwa. Lokhu kujwayelekile futhi kwehlukile kosana kuya kosana. Ukucindezeleka nokuvuselela kungathinta:

• Ukuhamba kwamathumbu
• Ukuvala umlomo
• Ukuxhuma
• Umbala wesikhumba
• Ukulawula ukushisa
• Ukuhlanza
• Ukuzamula

Ukuphefumula ngezikhathi ezithile, lapho ukuphefumula kuqala futhi kuyeke futhi, kuyinto ejwayelekile. Akusilo uphawu lwesifo sokufa kwezinsana ngokuzumayo (SIDS). Ezinye izingane ziyahlanza noma zikhafule amathe njalo emva kokudla, kepha zingabi nalutho olubi emzimbeni. Baqhubeka nokuthola isisindo futhi bakhula ngokujwayelekile.

Ezinye izinsana ziyagquma futhi zibubule ngenkathi zenza ukunyakaza kwamathumbu, kepha zikhiqiza indle ethambile, engenagazi, futhi ukukhula kwazo nokondla kuhle. Lokhu kungenxa yemisipha yesisu engavuthiwe esetshenziselwa ukuphusha futhi ayidingi ukwelashwa.

Imijikelezo yokulala / yokuvuka iyahlukahluka, futhi ayenzi uzinze kuze kube yilapho ingane inezinyanga ezintathu ubudala. Le mijikelezo ivela ngezikhathi ezingahleliwe zemizuzu engama-30 kuya kwengu-50 lapho izalwa. Izikhathi ziyanda kancane kancane lapho usana lukhula. Lapho zinezinyanga ezine ubudala, iningi lezinsana lizoba nesikhathi esisodwa sokulala okungaphazanyiswa ngosuku ngamahora amahlanu.

Izinsana ezinceliswe ibele zizondla cishe njalo emahoreni amabili. Izinsana ezondliwe ngamafomula kufanele zikwazi ukuhamba amahora amathathu phakathi kokuphakelwa. Ngezikhathi zokukhula okusheshayo, zingondla kaningi.

Awudingi ukunikeza ingane amanzi. Eqinisweni, kungaba yingozi. Ingane ephuza ngokwanele izokhiqiza amanabukeni angu-6 kuya kwayi-8 emanzi esikhathini esingamahora angama-24. Ukufundisa usana ukuncela i-pacifier noma isithupha sabo kunikeza induduzo phakathi kokuphakelwa.

UKUPHEPHA

Ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu ezinganeni. Izinyathelo zokuphepha eziyisisekelo esigabeni sokukhula kwengane. Isibonelo, cishe ezinyangeni ezine kuya kwezingu-6, usana lungaqala ukugingqika. Ngakho-ke, qaphela ngenkathi ingane isetafuleni lokushintsha.

Cabanga ngala macebiso abalulekile okuphepha:

• Qaphela ubuthi (abahlanza indlu, izimonyo, imithi, kanye nezinye izitshalo) ekhaya lakho futhi uzigcine zingafinyeleli enganeni yakho. Sebenzisa ama-latches okuphepha ekhabetheni nasekhabetheni. Thumela inombolo kazwelonke yokulawula ubuthi - 1-800-222-1222 - eduze kocingo.
• UNGAVUMELI izinsana ezindadlana ukukhasa noma ukuhambahamba ekhishini ngenkathi abantu abadala noma izingane zakubo ezindala zipheka. Vimba ikhishi ngesango noma ubeke usana endaweni yokudlala, esihlalweni esiphakeme, noma embhedeni ngenkathi abanye bepheka.
• UNGAPHUZI uphuze noma uphathe noma yini eshisayo ngenkathi ubambe usana ukugwema ukusha. Izinsana ziqala ukuvayizisa izingalo zazo futhi zibambe izinto ezinyangeni ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5.
• UNGASHIYI usana lodwa nezingane zakwabo noma ezifuywayo. Ngisho nezingane zakubo ezindala zingase zingakulungeli ukubhekana nesimo esiphuthumayo uma kwenzeka. Izilwane ezifuywayo, yize zingabonakala zithambile futhi zinothando, zingasabela ngokungalindelekile lapho kukhala usana noma zilubamba, noma zingase zibhebhethekise usana ngokuqamba amanga eduze kakhulu.
• UNGASHIYI usana lodwa endaweni lapho ingane ingazulazula noma igingqike khona iwele phansi.
• Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu zokuqala zokuphila, hlala usana lwakho emhlane ukuze lilale. Lesi sikhundla sikhonjisiwe ukunciphisa ubungozi besifo sokufa kwezinsana ngokuzumayo (SIDS). Lapho nje ingane ingazigingqa yodwa, isimiso sezinzwa esikhulayo sinciphisa kakhulu ingozi ye-SIDS.
• Yazi ukuthi ungasingatha kanjani isimo esiphuthumayo sokuklinya enganeni ngokuthatha izifundo eziqinisekisiwe nge-American Heart Association, i-American Red Cross, noma isibhedlela sendawo.
• Ungalokothi ushiye izinto ezincane lapho usana lungafinyelela khona, izinsana zihlola indawo ezikuyo ngokubeka konke ezingakufaka emlonyeni wazo.
• Beka usana lwakho esihlalweni esifanele semoto konke ukuhamba ngemoto, noma ngabe libanga elifushane kangakanani. Sebenzisa isihlalo semoto esibheke emuva emuva kuze kube yilapho usana okungenani lunonyaka owodwa ubudala KANYE nesisindo samakhilogremu angama-20 (9 kilograms), noma ngaphezulu uma kungenzeka. Ngemuva kwalokho ungashintshela ngokuphephile esihlalweni semoto esibheke phambili. Indawo ephephe kunazo zonke yesihlalo semoto yosana iphakathi kwesihlalo sangemuva. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umshayeli anake ukushayela, hhayi ukudlala nosana. Uma udinga ukunaka usana, donsa imoto ngokuphepha ehlombe bese upaka ngaphambi kokuzama ukusiza ingane.
• Sebenzisa amasango ezitebhisini, uvimbele namagumbi okungewona "ubufakazi bezingane." Khumbula, izinsana zingafunda ukukhasa noma ukujija ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.

Fonela uMhlinzeki Wakho Wokunakekelwa Kwezempilo UMA:

• Usana alubukeki luhle, lubukeka luhlukile kokujwayelekile, noma alunakududuzwa ngokubamba, ukuzamazama noma ukugona.
• Ukukhula noma ukukhula kwengane akubonakali kuyinto ejwayelekile.
• Usana lwakho lubonakala ngathi "lulahlekelwa" izigaba zentuthuko. Isibonelo, uma ingane yakho enezinyanga eziyi-9 ikwazile ukudonsa ime, kepha ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ayisakwazi ukuhlala ingasekelwa.
• Uyakhathazeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

• Ukhakhayi losana olusanda kuzalwa
• Ingqondo yezinsana
• Izinyathelo zentuthuko
• I-Moro reflex

I-Onigbanjo MT, Feigelman S. Unyaka wokuqala. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 22.

U-Olsson JM. Usana olusanda kuzalwa. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 21.