Izithasiselo zokudla

Izithasiselo zokudla yizinto eziba yingxenye yomkhiqizo wokudla lapho zengezwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula noma sokwenza lokho kudla.

Izithasiselo zokudla "eziqondile" zivame ukungezwa ngenkathi kucutshungulwa ku:

• Faka izakhamzimba
• Inqubo yokusiza noma yokulungisa ukudla
• Gcina umkhiqizo uhlanzekile
• Yenza ukudla kukhange ngokwengeziwe

Izithasiselo zokudla eziqondile zingenziwa ngumuntu noma zemvelo.

Izithasiselo zokudla zemvelo zifaka:

• Amakhambi noma izinongo zokwengeza ukunambitheka ekudleni
• Uviniga wokudla okuvunwayo
• Usawoti, ukugcina inyama

Izithasiselo zokudla "ezingaqondile" yizinto ezingatholwa ekudleni ngesikhathi noma ngemuva kokucutshungulwa. Azisetshenziswanga noma zabekwa ekudleni ngamabomu. Lezi zithasiselo zitholakala ngamanani amancane kumkhiqizo wokugcina.

Izithasiselo zokudla zisebenza imisebenzi eyisihlanu esemqoka. Kunjalo:

1. Nikeza ukudla ukwakheka okubushelelezi nokungaguquguquki:

• Ama-emulsifiers avimbela imikhiqizo ewuketshezi ukuthi yehlukane.
• Izisimamisi kanye ne-thickeners zinikeza ukuthungwa okulinganayo.
• Ama-anticaking agents avumela izinto ukuba zigeleze ngokukhululeka.

2. Thuthukisa noma ulondoloze inani lezakhi:

• Ukudla neziphuzo eziningi kuyaqiniswa futhi kuyanothiswa ukuze kunikezwe amavithamini, amaminerali, kanye nezinye izakhamzimba. Izibonelo zokudla okuvame ukuqiniswa ufulawa, okusanhlamvu, imajarini nobisi. Lokhu kusiza ukwakheka kwamavithamini noma amaminerali angahle abe phansi noma entule ukudla komuntu.
• Yonke imikhiqizo equkethe izakhamzimba ezengeziwe kufanele ifakwe ilebula.

3. Gcina ukudla kuhlanzekile:

• Amagciwane namanye amagciwane angadala izifo ezitholakala ekudleni. Izinto zokuvikela zinciphisa ukonakala okubangelwa yila magciwane.
• Ezinye izivimbeli zisiza ekugcineni ukunambitheka kwempahla ebhakwe ngokuvimbela amafutha namafutha ukuthi angonakali.
• Izinto zokuvikela nazo zigcina izithelo ezintsha zingaphenduki zibe nsundu lapho zichayeke emoyeni.

4. Lawula ibhalansi ye-acid-base yokudla futhi unikele ngemvubelo:

• Izithasiselo ezithile zisiza ukuguqula ibhalansi ye-asidi-base yokudla ukuthola ukunambitheka noma umbala othize.
• Ama-leavening agents akhipha ama-acid uma efudumele asabela nge-baking soda ukusiza amabhisikidi, amakhekhe nezinye izimpahla ezibhakiwe zikhuphuke.

5. Nikeza umbala futhi uthuthukise ukunambitheka:

• Imibala ethile ithuthukisa ukubukeka kokudla.
• Izinongo eziningi, kanye nokunambitheka kwemvelo nokwenziwe ngabantu, kuletha ukunambitheka kokudla.

Ukukhathazeka okuningi ngezithasiselo zokudla kuhlobene nezithako ezenziwe ngabantu ezingezwe ekudleni. Ezinye zazo yilezi:

• Ama-antibiotic anikezwa izilwane ezikhiqiza ukudla, njengezinkukhu nezinkomo
• Ama-antioxidants ekudleni okunamafutha noma okunamafutha
• Ama-sweeteners okufakelwa, njenge-aspartame, i-saccharin, i-sodium cyclamate, ne-sucralose
• I-Benzoic acid kumajusi wezithelo
• I-Lecithin, i-gelatins, i-cornstarch, ama-wax, izinsini kanye ne-propylene glycol ekuqiniseni kokudla nakuma-emulsifiers
• Odayi abaningi abahlukahlukene nezinto zokufaka imibala
• I-Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
• Ama-nitrate nama-nitrites kuzinja ezishisayo nakweminye imikhiqizo yenyama esetshenzisiwe
• Ama-sulfite kubhiya, iwayini, nemifino ehlanganisiwe

I-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inohlu lwezithasiselo zokudla okucatshangwa ukuthi ziphephile. Eziningi azikahlolwa, kodwa ososayensi abaningi bazithatha njengeziphephile. Lezi zinto zifakwa ohlwini "oluvame ukubonwa njengoluphephile (GRAS)". Lolu hlu luqukethe izinto ezingaba ngu-700.

ICongress ichaza ukuphepha "njengokuqiniseka okunengqondo ukuthi akukho monakalo ozovela ekusetshenzisweni" kwesithasiselo. Izibonelo zezinto ezikulolu hlu yilezi: i-guar gum, ushukela, usawoti, neviniga. Uhlu lubuyekezwa njalo.

Ezinye izinto ezitholakala ziyingozi kubantu noma ezilwaneni zisengavunyelwa, kodwa ezingeni lika-1/100 kuphela wemali ethathwa njengeyingozi. Ukuzivikela kwabo, abantu abanokungezwani komzimba noma okunye ukungabekezelelani kokudla kufanele bahlale behlola uhlu lwezithako kwilebula. Ukusabela kunoma isiphi isengezo kungaba mnene noma kube nzima. Isibonelo, abanye abantu abane-asthma baba ne-asthma yabo ebi kakhulu ngemuva kokudla ukudla noma iziphuzo ezinama-sulfite.

Kubalulekile ukugcina ukuqoqa imininingwane mayelana nokuphepha kwezithasiselo zokudla. Bika noma yikuphi ukuphendula onakho kokudla noma izithasiselo zokudla ku-FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). Imininingwane emayelana nokubika ukusabela iyatholakala ku-www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofFoods/CFSAN/ContactCFSAN/default.htm.

I-FDA kanye noMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States (i-USDA) baqondisa futhi balawula ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo emikhiqizweni yokudla ethengiswa e-United States. Kodwa-ke, abantu abanezidlo ezikhethekile noma ukungabekezelelani kufanele baqaphele lapho bekhetha ukuthi imiphi imikhiqizo abazoyithenga.

Izithasiselo ekudleni; Ama-flavour okufakelwa nombala

U-Aronson JK. I-Glutamic acid nama-glutamates. Ku: Aronson JK, ed. Imiphumela emibi kaMeyler yezidakamizwa. Umhla ka-16. I-Waltham, MA: I-Elsevier BV ;; 2016: 557-558.

UBush RK, uBaumert JL, uTaylor SL. Ukusabela kuzithasiselo zokudla nezidakamizwa. Ku: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE et al, ama-eds. Ukungezwani komzimba noMiddleton: Izimiso kanye Nokuzijwayeza. Umhlaka 9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 80.

I-International Food Information Council (IFIC) kanye ne-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Izithako zokudla nemibala. www.fda.gov/media/73811/download. Kubuyekezwe ngoNovemba, 2014. Kufinyelelwe ngo-Ephreli 06, 2020.