Umlobi: Robert Simon
Usuku Lokudalwa: 19 Ujuni 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku: 25 Ujanuwari 2025
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ЗАБРОШЕННАЯ ОГРОМНАЯ В/Ч ВСЁ БРОСИЛИ
Ividiyo: ЗАБРОШЕННАЯ ОГРОМНАЯ В/Ч ВСЁ БРОСИЛИ

-Delile

Ukubuka konke

Ngisho nezingane ezinemikhuba emincane kakhulu ziyaqubuka ngezikhathi ezithile zikhungatheke futhi zingalaleli. Kepha ukuphikelela okuqhubekayo kwentukuthelo, ukudelela, nokuziphindiselela kubaphathi beziphathimandla kungaba luphawu lokuphikisana nokuphikisana nokuphikisana (ODD).

I-ODD ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha okuholela ekudeleleni nasekuthukutheleleni igunya. Kungathinta umsebenzi womuntu, isikole, kanye nempilo yomphakathi.

I-ODD ithinta amaphesenti aphakathi kuka-1 no-16 ezingane ezifunda isikole. Kuvame kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazane. Izingane eziningi ziqala ukukhombisa izimpawu ze-ODD ezineminyaka ephakathi kwengu-6 nengu-8. I-ODD nayo ivela kubantu abadala. Abantu abadala abane-ODD abangatholakalanga ukuthi bayizingane bavame ukungatholakali.

Izimpawu zesifo sokuphikisana nokuphikisana

Ezinganeni nasebusheni

I-ODD ivame ukuthinta izingane nentsha. Izimpawu ze-ODD zifaka:

  • ukuthukuthela njalo noma iziqephu zentukuthelo
  • ukwenqaba ukuthobela izicelo zabantu abadala
  • ukuphikisana ngokweqile nabantu abadala kanye nezibalo zeziphathimandla
  • njalo ebuza noma eyishaya indiva imithetho
  • Ukuziphatha kuhlose ukucasula, ukucasula, noma ukucasula abanye, ikakhulukazi abasemagunyeni
  • ukusola abanye ngamaphutha abo noma ukungaziphathi kahle
  • ukucasuka kalula
  • ukuphindisela

Azikho kulezi zimpawu kuphela ezikhomba ku-ODD. Kudingeka kube nephethini lezimpawu eziningi ezenzeka esikhathini esiyizinyanga okungenani eziyisithupha.


Kubantu abadala

Kukhona ukugqagqana kwezimpawu ze-ODD phakathi kwezingane nabantu abadala. Izimpawu kubantu abadala abane-ODD zifaka:

  • ngizizwa ngithukuthele umhlaba
  • ukuzizwa ungaqondakali noma ungathandwa
  • ukungathandi okunamandla igunya, kufaka phakathi abaphathi emsebenzini
  • ekhomba njengesihlubuki
  • bazivikela ngamandla futhi bangavuleki ekuphenduleni
  • besola abanye ngamaphutha abo

Lesi sifo kuvame ukuba nzima ukusithola kubantu abadala ngoba izimpawu eziningi zihambisana nokuziphatha okungahlali nabantu, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa nezinye izifo.

Izimbangela zokuphikisana nokuphikisana nokuphikisana

Ayikho imbangela efakazelwe ye-ODD, kepha kunemibono engasiza ekuboneni izimbangela ezingaba khona. Kucatshangwa ukuthi inhlanganisela yezici zemvelo, zebhayoloji nezingokwengqondo zibanga i-ODD. Isibonelo, kuvame kakhulu emindenini enomlando wokunakekelwa kokushoda kokungasebenzi (ADHD).

Omunye umbono uphakamisa ukuthi i-ODD ingaqala ukukhula lapho izingane zingojahidada, ngoba izingane nentsha ene-ODD ikhombisa indlela yokuziphatha ejwayelekile ezinganeni. Lo mbono ubuye uphakamise ukuthi ingane noma eyeve eshumini elinambili kunzima ukuthi azimele ezimeni zabazali noma zegunya ababenamathele kuzo ngokomzwelo.


Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi i-ODD ikhule njengomphumela wokuziphatha okufundiwe, kukhombisa izindlela ezingezinhle zokuqinisa ezinye izibalo zeziphathimandla nabazali abazisebenzisayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma ingane isebenzisa imikhuba emibi ukuthola ukunakwa. Kwezinye izimo, ingane ingathola izindlela ezimbi zokuziphatha kumzali.

Ezinye izimbangela kungenzeka zifaka:

  • izici ezithile zobuntu, njengokuthanda ngamandla
  • ukuntuleka kokunamathisela okuhle kumzali
  • ukucindezeleka okukhulu noma ukungaqiniseki ekhaya noma empilweni yansuku zonke

Imigomo yokuhlonza ukuphazamiseka kokuphikisana nokuphikisana

Udokotela wezifo zengqondo noma isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo singahlola izingane nabantu abadala abane-ODD. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, eyaziwa nge-DSM-5, ichaza izinto ezintathu eziyinhloko ezidingekayo ukuxilonga i-ODD:

1. Bakhombisa indlela yokuziphatha

Umuntu kufanele abe nephethini yezimo zokuthukuthela noma zokuthukuthela, isimilo sokuphikisana noma sokudelela, noma ukuziphindisela okuhlala okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngalesi sikhathi, badinga ukubonisa okungenani izindlela ezine ezilandelayo zokuziphatha kunoma yisiphi isigaba.


Okungenani eyodwa yalezi zimpawu kufanele iboniswe nomuntu ongesona ingane yakini. Izigaba nezimpawu zifaka:

Imizwa ethukuthele noma ecasukile, okubandakanya izimpawu ezifana:

  • bavame ukwehluleka ukuzibamba
  • ukuthinta
  • ukucasuka kalula
  • kuvame ukuthukuthela noma ukucasuka

Ukuziphatha okuphikisayo noma okudelelayo, okubandakanya izimpawu ezifana:

  • ukuphikisana kaningi nabantu abanegunya noma abantu abadala
  • ukuphikisa ngenkuthalo izicelo ezivela kubaphathi beziphathimandla
  • ukwenqaba ukuhambisana nezicelo ezivela kwabasemagunyeni
  • ukucasula abanye ngamabomu
  • esola abanye ngokungaziphathi kahle

Ukuziphindiselela

  • Ukusebenza ngokuhlukumeza okungenani kabili esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha

2. Ukuziphatha kuphazamisa impilo yabo

Into yesibili ebhekwa nguchwepheshe ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha kuhlotshaniswa nosizi kumuntu noma kumbuthano wakhe oseduze nomphakathi. Ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo kungathinta kabi izindawo ezibalulekile ezifana nempilo yabo yezenhlalo, imfundo, noma umsebenzi.

3. Akuhlangene nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa noma iziqephu zempilo yengqondo

Ukuxilongwa, isimilo asikwazi ukwenzeka kuphela phakathi neziqephu ezibandakanya:

  • ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa
  • ukudana
  • ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo
  • i-psychosis

Ubunzima

I-DSM-5 nayo inesilinganiso sobunzima. Ukuxilongwa kwe-ODD kungaba:

  • Ubumnene: Izimpawu zigcinwa kusilungiselelo esisodwa kuphela.
  • Elingene: Ezinye izimpawu zizoba khona okungenani kuzilungiselelo ezimbili.
  • Okunzima: Izimpawu zizoba khona kuzilungiselelo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu.

Ukwelashwa kokuphikisana nokuphikisana nokuphikisana

Ukwelashwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kubalulekile kubantu abane-ODD. Intsha nabantu abadala abane-ODD abangalashwa banengozi eyengeziwe yokudangala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ngokusho kweAmerican Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Izinketho zokwelashwa zingabandakanya:

Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha komuntu ngamunye: Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sizosebenza nengane ukwenza ngcono:

  • amakhono okuphatha intukuthelo
  • amakhono okuxhumana
  • ukulawula umfutho
  • amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga

Bangakwazi futhi ukubona izinto ezingaba nomthelela.

Ukwelashwa komndeni: Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sizosebenza nawo wonke umndeni ukwenza izinguquko. Lokhu kungasiza abazali ukuthi bathole ukusekelwa futhi bafunde amasu okuphatha i-ODD yengane yabo.

Ukwelashwa kokusebenzisana komzali nengane(PCIT): Abelaphi bazoqeqesha abazali njengoba bexhumana nezingane zabo. Abazali bangafunda izindlela ezisebenza kangcono zokukhulisa izingane.

Amaqembu ontanga: Ingane ingafunda ukuthi ingawathuthukisa kanjani amakhono ayo ezenhlalo nobudlelwano nezinye izingane.

Imithi: Lokhu kungasiza ekwelapheni izimbangela ze-ODD, njengokucindezelwa noma i-ADHD. Noma kunjalo, awukho umuthi othize wokwelapha i-ODD uqobo.

Amasu okuphatha ukuphikisana nokuphikisana nokuphikisana

Abazali bangasiza izingane zabo ukuphatha i-ODD ngo:

  • ukwandisa ukuqiniswa okuhle nokunciphisa ukuqiniswa okungekuhle
  • usebenzisa isijeziso esingaguquguquki sokuziphatha okubi
  • kusetjentiswa timphendvulo tekuba ngumtali letibikezelako naletishesha
  • ukumodela ukuxhumana okuhle ekhaya
  • ukunciphisa ukubangelwa kwemvelo noma kwesimo (Isibonelo, uma ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo kwengane yakho kubonakala kwanda ngokungalali, qiniseka ukuthi balala ngokwanele.)

Abantu abadala abane-ODD bangaphatha ukuphazamiseka kwabo ngoku:

  • ukwamukela umthwalo wezenzo zabo nokuziphatha kwabo
  • besebenzisa ukucabanga nokuphefumula okujulile ukugcina intukuthelo yabo ilawulwe
  • ukuthola imisebenzi edambisa ukukhathazeka, njengokuzivocavoca umzimba

Ukuphazamiseka kokuphikisana nokuphikisana ekilasini

Abazali akubona bodwa abaphonswa inselelo yizingane ezine-ODD. Kwesinye isikhathi ingane ingahle iziphathe kumzali kepha ingaziphathi kahle kothisha esikoleni. Othisha bangasebenzisa amasu alandelayo ukusiza ukufundisa abafundi abane-ODD:

  • Yazi ukuthi amasu wokuguqula ukusebenza asebenza kwabanye abafundi kungenzeka angasebenzi kulo mfundi. Kungadingeka ukuthi ubuze umzali ukuthi yini ephumelela kakhulu.
  • Yiba nokulindela okucacile nemithetho. Thumela imithetho yasekilasini endaweni ebonakalayo.
  • Yazi ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho esimweni sekilasi, kufaka phakathi ukubhoboza umlilo noma ukuhleleka kwezifundo, kungacasula ingane ene-ODD.
  • Bamba ingane ukuthi iphendule ngezenzo zayo.
  • Zama ukwakha ukwethembana nomfundi ngokukhulumisana ngokucacile nangokungaguquguquki.

I-Q & A: Yenza ukungahambisani kahle nokuphikisana nokuphikisana okuphikisayo

Q:

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha nokuphikisana okuphikisayo?

Isiguli esingaziwa

A:

Ukuphazamiseka okuphikisayo kuyingcuphe yokuthuthuka kokuziphatha kokuziphatha (CD). Izindlela zokuxilonga ezihambisana nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha zivame ukubhekwa njengezimbi kakhulu kunendlela ehambisana ne-ODD. I-CD ifaka ukwephulwa okungathi sína ukwedlula inselelo yegunya noma isimilo sokuziphindiselela, njengokuntshontsha, isimilo esinolaka kubantu noma ezilwaneni, nasekucekelweni phansi kwempahla. Imithetho ephulwa ngabantu abane-CD ingaba mibi kakhulu. Ukuziphatha okuhambisana nalesi simo nakho kungavumelana nomthetho, okuvame ukuba njalo nge-ODD.

UTimothy J. Legg, PhD, Izimpendulo zeCRN zimelela imibono yochwepheshe bethu bezokwelapha. Konke okuqukethwe kunolwazi oluqinile futhi akufanele kuthathwe njengezeluleko zezokwelapha.

-Yintshisekelo

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