Izizathu eziyi-8 Abazali Abangagomi (nokuthi Kungani Kufanele Bagome)

-Delile

• 1. Ukukhathazeka: "Imishanguzo eminingi kangaka yokugoma maduze izogxilisa amasosha omzimba wengane yami."
• 2. Ukukhathazeka: "Amasosha omzimba wengane yami akakakhuli, ngakho-ke kuphephile ukubambezela eminye imigomo noma ukuthola nje ebaluleke kakhulu."
• 3. Ukukhathazeka: "Imishanguzo iqukethe ubuthi, njenge-mercury, i-aluminium, i-formaldehyde, ne-antifreeze."
• 4. Ukukhathazeka: "Imithi yokugoma ayisebenzi nhlobo-bheka umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane wangonyaka odlule."
• 5. Ukukhathazeka: "Bekungeke kube khona 'izinkantolo zemithi yokugoma' uma imijovo yokugoma ibingeyona ingozi."
• 6. Ukukhathazeka: "Imithi yokugoma ibonakala iyindlela yezinkampani ezenza imithi nodokotela yokwenza imali eningi."
• 7. Ukukhathazeka: "Imiphumela emibi yemithi ethile yokugoma ibonakala imibi kakhulu kunesifo uqobo."
• 8. Ukukhathazeka: "Ukungiphoqa ukuthi ngigome kuwukwephula amalungelo ami."
• Buyekeza kwe-

Ngobusika obudlule, lapho amacala ayisimungumungwane angu-147 asakazeka ezifundazweni eziyisikhombisa, kanye naseCanada naseMexico, abazali babengenalo uvalo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ukugqashuka kwaqala eDisneyland, eCalifornia. Kodwa kwakungase kube kubi kakhulu. Ukube ubungekho umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane, besizoba nezigameko okungenani eziyizigidi ezi-4 e-U.S. njalo ngonyaka. Ngaphambi kokuba umuthi wokugoma ufike ngo-1963, cishe wonke umuntu wathola lesi sifo esemncane, futhi ngokwesilinganiso izingane ezingama-440 zabulawa yiso njalo ngonyaka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Ngenhlanhla, namuhla amaphesenti aphakathi kuka-80 no-90 ezingane athola imigomo eminingi. Kepha kwezinye izindawo e-U.S., Inani elikhulayo labazali liyakhetha. Uma lokho kwenzeka, bakhuphula ingozi yokuqubuka komphakathi wabo. Isizathu esivame kakhulu ukuthi abazali beqe imigomo yokugoma? Ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha, naphezu kobufakazi obuningi bokuthi aziyona ingozi. Ubufakazi bakamuva kakhulu: umbiko ophelele ka-2013 we-Institute of Medicine othole uhlelo lwe-U.S lokugoma izingane luyasebenza, kunezingozi ezimbalwa kakhulu. (Futhi sizofika kulabo.)

Mhlawumbe ukwenziwa kwezempilo okubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni, imigomo iyisisulu sempumelelo yabo. "Zisebenza kahle kakhulu, zisusa izifo ezinjengemvukuzane. Kodwa-ke siyakhohlwa ukuthi lezo zifo ziyingozi," kusho uKathryn Edwards, MD, umqondisi weVanderbilt University Vaccine Research Programme, eNashville. Ulwazi olungelona iqiniso mayelana nemithi yokugoma luphinde lube nomthelela ekukhathazekeni, futhi ukuhlunga iqiniso ezinganekwaneni akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi.Umbono oyiphutha wokuthi umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane-mumps-rubella (MMR) ungadala i-autism uye wahlala ezingqondweni zabanye abazali isikhathi esingaphezu kweshumi naphezu kwezifundo ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ezingakhombisi ukuxhumana phakathi kwalaba ababili.

Imithi yokugoma inazo izingozi, kodwa ubuchopho bethu bunenkinga yokubeka ubungozi ngendlela efanele, kusho u-Neal Halsey, M.D., udokotela wezingane kanye nomqondisi we-Institute for Vaccine Safety e-Johns Hopkins University, e-Baltimore. Abantu bangase besabe ukundiza ngaphezu kokushayela ngoba ukushayela kuyinto evamile futhi evamile, kodwa ukushayela kuyingozi kakhulu. Ukugoma izingane ukuze uzivikele ezifweni ezisongela impilo kungadala imiphumela emibi, yesikhashana, njengokubomvu nokuvuvukala endaweni okujova kuyo, umkhuhlane kanye nokuqubuka. Kodwa izingozi ezimbi kakhulu, njengokuphendula okunzima okwedlulele komzimba, ziyivelakancane kakhulu kuneziguli ezivikela kuzo. I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ilinganisela ukuthi ubungozi bokusabela okweqile komzimba kunoma yimuphi umuthi wokugoma bungesinye sezilinganiso ezi-1 million.

Ngisho noma kunengozi encane, abanye abazali basengakhathazeka, futhi lokho kunengqondo. Nakhu ongavamile ukukuzwa kochwepheshe bomuthi wokugoma: Ngokuvamile kuba nengxenye yeqiniso ekukhathazekeni kwabazali, ngisho noma bengawaqondi amanye amaqiniso, kusho uDkt. Halsey. Lokho kukwenza kukhungathekise nakakhulu uma udokotela wakho elahla ukwesaba kwakho noma ephikelela ekugomeni ngaphandle kokuphendula yonke imibuzo yakho. Kwezinye izimo, amadokhumenti enqaba ukwelapha izingane abazali bazo abangazigomi, nakuba i-American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ingakuncomi lokho. Ngakho-ke sikunikeza ukwehla kokwesaba okuvame kakhulu.

1. Ukukhathazeka: "Imishanguzo eminingi kangaka yokugoma maduze izogxilisa amasosha omzimba wengane yami."

Iqiniso: Abazali abazalwa ngawo-1970 kanye nama-80s bagonyelwa izifo eziyisishiyagalombili. Ingane eneminyaka emi-2 egonywe ngokugcwele namuhla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingahlula izifo eziyi-14. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi izingane manje zithola amashothi amaningi-ikakhulukazi njengoba umgomo ngamunye ngokuvamile udinga imithamo eminingi-ziphinde zivikelwe cishe ezifweni eziningi eziphindwe kabili.

Kodwa akulona inani lokudutshulwa okubalulekile; yilokho okukuzo. Ama-antigen yizakhi zegciwane noma zebhaktheriya zomuthi wokugoma ezenza amasosha omzimba akhe ama-antibody futhi alwe nezifo ezizayo. Ingqikithi yama-antigen etholwa yimithi emithini yokugoma namuhla iyingxenyana yalokho okuvame ukutholwa yizingane, ngisho nemithi yokuhlanganisa ehlangene.

“Nginguchwepheshe wezifo ezithathelwanayo, kodwa angiziboni izifo ezinganeni ngemva kokuba sezithole yonke imithi yokugoma ezineminyaka engu-2, 4, neziyi-6 ubudala, okungenzeka uma amasosha azo omzimba egcwele ngokweqile,” kusho uMark H. Sawyer, MD, uprofesa wezifo zezingane emitholampilo e-University of California San Diego School of Medicine kanye naseSibhedlela Sezingane SaseRady.

2. Ukukhathazeka: "Amasosha omzimba wengane yami akakakhuli, ngakho-ke kuphephile ukubambezela eminye imigomo noma ukuthola nje ebaluleke kakhulu."

Iqiniso: Lokhu kuwukungaqondi okukhulu phakathi kwabazali namuhla, kusho uDkt. Halsey, futhi kuholela ezikhathini ezinde zokungenwa yizifo ezinjengesimungumungwane. Esimeni se-MMR, ukubambezeleka komgomo ngisho nezinyanga ezintathu kwandisa ingozi yokuquleka kwe-febrile.

Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukuhlukanisa imithi yokugoma kuphephe kakhudlwana. Okwaziwayo ukuthi uhlelo olunconywayo lokugoma lwenzelwe ukunikeza ukuvikelwa okukhulu kakhulu okungenzeka. Eqinisweni, inqwaba yochwepheshe bezifo ezithathelwanayo kanye nodokotela bezifo eziwumshayabhuqe abavela kwa-CDC, amanyuvesi, nezibhedlela kulo lonke elase-US bahlolisisa amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo ngaphambi kokwenza izincomo zabo.

3. Ukukhathazeka: "Imishanguzo iqukethe ubuthi, njenge-mercury, i-aluminium, i-formaldehyde, ne-antifreeze."

Iqiniso: Imithi yokugoma ikakhulu ingamanzi anama-antigen, kepha idinga izithako ezingeziwe ukuzinzisa isisombululo noma ukwandisa ukusebenza komuthi wokugoma. Abazali bakhathazeka nge-mercury ngoba eminye imishanguzo esetshenziselwa ukuqukatha i-thiserosal yokulondoloza, eyehlela ku-ethylmercury. Abaphenyi manje bayazi ukuthi i-ethylmercury ayiqongeleli emzimbeni-ngokungafani ne-methylmercury, i-neurotoxin etholakala kwezinye izinhlanzi. Kodwa i-thimerosal isusiwe kuyo yonke imigomo yezingane kusukela ngo-2001 "njengesixwayiso," kusho uDkt. Halsey. (Imithi yokugomela i-Multidose flu isaqukethe i-thimerosal ukuze isebenze kahle, kodwa imithamo eyodwa ngaphandle kwe-thimerosal iyatholakala.)

Imigomo inosawoti be-aluminium; lawa asetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ukusabela komzimba, ukuvuselela ukukhiqizwa kwama-antibody amakhulu nokwenza umuthi wokugoma uphumelele ngokwengeziwe. Yize i-aluminium ingadala ububomvu obukhulu noma ukuvuvukala endaweni yokujova, inani elincane le-aluminium emithini yokugoma-engaphansi kwaleyo izingane ezithola ngayo ubisi lwebele, ifomula, noma eminye imithombo-ayinamphumela wesikhathi eside futhi isetshenzisiwe kweminye imigomo kusukela ngawo-1930. "Kusemhlabathini wethu, emanzini ethu, emoyeni. Kuzodingeka ushiye iplanethi ukugwema ukuvezwa," kusho udokotela wezingane futhi Bazali umeluleki u-Ari Brown, M.D., wase-Austin, eTexas.

Landela amanani e-formaldehyde, asetshenziselwa ukuvala ukungcola okungase kube khona, angase abe kweminye imithi yokugoma, kodwa izikhathi ezingamakhulu ezingaphansi kwenani le-formaldehyde abantu abayithola kweminye imithombo, njengesithelo nezinto zokuvikela. Umzimba wethu ngisho ngokwemvelo ukhiqiza i-formaldehyde eyengeziwe kunalokho okusemigomeni, kusho uDkt Halsey.

Izithako ezithile, noma kunjalo, zibeka izingozi ezithile. Imithi elwa namagciwane, njenge-neomycin, esetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane kweminye imigomo, kanye ne-gelatin, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izingxenye zomuthi wokugoma ukuthi ziwohloke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zingabangela ukusabela kwe-anaphylactic okungavamile kakhulu (cishe kanye noma kabili kumithamo eyisigidi esingu-1). Eminye imithi yokugoma ingaqukatha umkhondo wamaprotheni amaqanda, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi izingane ezinokungezwani namaqanda zisengayithola.

Ngokuqondene ne-antifreeze, ayikho emithini yokugoma. Abazali bangase badide amagama ayo amakhemikhali—kokubili i-ethylene glycol ne-propylene glycol-nezithako ezisetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhiqiza umgomo (njenge-polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether, engeyona ingozi).

4. Ukukhathazeka: "Imithi yokugoma ayisebenzi nhlobo-bheka umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane wangonyaka odlule."

Iqiniso: Iningi lisebenza ngamaphesenti angama-85 kuye kwangama-95. Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ukhohlisa kakhulu, nokho. Unyaka nonyaka, ochwepheshe bezifo ezithathelwanayo abavela emhlabeni wonke bayahlangana ukubikezela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezingasakazeka phakathi nenkathi elandelayo yomkhuhlane. Ukusebenza komgomo kuncike ezinhlotsheni ezizikhethayo-futhi ngezinye izikhathi abawutholi kahle. Umuthi wokugoma wesizini edlule usebenze ngamaphesenti angama-23 kuphela ekuvimbeleni umkhuhlane; ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi umuthi wokugoma unganciphisa ubungozi cishe ngamaphesenti angama-50 kuye kwangama-60 lapho kukhethwa uhlobo olulungile.

Ngakho-ke, yebo-umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ebusika obudlule wawunamahloni, kepha ngisho namaphesenti angama-23 amacala ambalwa asho ukuthi kusindiswe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Okubalulekile ukuthi imithi yokugoma isho ukufa okumbalwa kakhulu, ukulaliswa esibhedlela, nokukhubazeka kunanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi emlandweni.

5. Ukukhathazeka: "Bekungeke kube khona 'izinkantolo zemithi yokugoma' uma imijovo yokugoma ibingeyona ingozi."

Iqiniso: Nakuba imithi yokugoma iphephile, akuvamile ukuthi kube nemiphumela emibi engalindelekile, kusho uDkt. Halsey. "Futhi abantu akufanele bathwale umthwalo wezezimali ohambisana nalokho." Uhlelo lweNational Vaccine Injury Compensation Programme (NVICP) lunikeza abazali imali ukuze bakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko zezokwelapha nezinye ezihambisana nokulimala esimweni esingalindelekile lapho ingane yabo ihlangabezana khona nomjovo onzima wokugoma. (Baphinde bakhokhele abantu abadala abalimele ngemigomo.)

Ungase uzibuze, kungani ungavele umangalele izinkampani ezithaka imithi? Yilokho kanye okwenzeka ngawo-1980, lapho izinkampani eziyishumi nambili ezenza imigomo zibhekene nezinsolo. Iningi lalawo macala awazange liphumelele, nokho; ukuwina kudinga ukuthi abazali bakhombise ukuthi umuthi wokugoma ubanga inkinga yezempilo ngoba ubungasebenzi. Kodwa imithi yokugoma yayingenasici; babemane babe nengozi eyaziwayo. Noma kunjalo, amacala athola imali. Izinkampani eziningana zavele zayeka ukwenza imishanguzo, okuholele ekushodeni.

"Izingane bezishiywe ngaphandle kwemigomo, ngakho iCongress yangena," kusho uDorit Reiss, uprofesa ogxile kwinqubomgomo yokugoma e-University of California Hastings College of Law. Okokuqala kwandise ukuvikelwa kwabakhiqizi ngakho-ke abakwazi ukumangalelwa enkantolo ngokulimala komuthi ngaphandle kokuthi ummangali adlule ku-NVICP kuqala, okubavumela ukuthi baqhubeke nokukhiqiza imigomo. ICongress nayo yenze kwaba lula ukuthi abazali bathole isinxephezelo.

Izinkantolo zokugoma zisebenza "ngohlelo olungenaphutha." Akudingeki ukuthi abazali baveze ubufakazi bokuthi benza iphutha ngasohlangothini lomkhiqizi futhi akudingekile ukuthi bafakazele ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo ukuthi umgomo ubangele inkinga yezempilo. Empeleni, ezinye izimo ziyanxeshezelwa yize isayensi ingakhombisanga ukuthi imishanguzo ibabangele nakanjani. Kusukela ngo-2006 kuya ku-2014, izicelo eziyi-1,876 zakhokhelwa. Lokho kufinyelela kumuntu oyedwa onxeshezelwe ngayo yonke imithamo eyisigidi sokugoma esatshalalisiwe, ngokusho kwe-Health Resources and Services Administration.

6. Ukukhathazeka: "Imithi yokugoma ibonakala iyindlela yezinkampani ezenza imithi nodokotela yokwenza imali eningi."

Iqiniso: Izinkampani ezenza imithi ngokuqinisekile zibona inzuzo emithini yokugoma, kodwa aziwona neze ama-blockbuster. Kunengqondo futhi ngezinkampani ezenza imithi ukwenza imali ngemikhiqizo yazo, njengoba nje abakhiqizi bezihlalo zezimoto bethola inzuzo kwezabo. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, lezi zinkampani azivamile ukuthola uxhaso kuhulumeni wesifundazwe. Cishe yonke imali ebekelwe ucwaningo lokugoma yeNational Institutes of Health iya emanyuvesi.

Odokotela bezingane abazuzi, noma. "Imikhuba eminingi ayenzi ngisho imali ngemithi yokugoma futhi ivame ukulahleka noma iphule ngayo," kusho uNathan Boonstra, M.D., udokotela wezingane eBlank Children's Hospital, eDes Moines. "Eqinisweni, abanye bakuthola kubiza kakhulu ukuthenga, ukugcina nokuphatha imishanguzo, futhi kudingeka bathumele" iziguli emnyangweni wezempilo esifundeni. "

7. Ukukhathazeka: "Imiphumela emibi yemithi ethile yokugoma ibonakala imibi kakhulu kunesifo uqobo."

Iqiniso: Kuthatha iminyaka eyishumi kuya kwengu-15 kanye nezifundo eziningi zemithi yokugoma emisha ukuyenza kuzo zonke izigaba ezine zokuhlolwa kokuphepha nokusebenza ngaphambi kokuba ivunyelwe. Umuthi wokugoma omusha ngamunye ohloselwe izingane uqala uhlolwe kubantu abadala, bese kuba ezinganeni, futhi yonke imikhiqizo emisha nokwakhiwa kufanele kudlule kwinqubo efanayo. I-FDA bese ibhekisisa imininingwane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuthi wokugoma wenza lokho umenzi athi akwenzayo-futhi ngokuphepha. Ukusuka lapho, i-CDC, i-AAP, kanye ne-American Academy of Family Physicians banquma ukuthi bayincome yini. Ayikho i-ejensi noma inkampani ezotshala leyo mali emuthini wokugoma obangela izinkinga zempilo ezimbi kakhulu kunalokho ekuvimbelayo, kusho uDkt. Halsey: "Izifo zonke zihambisana nezinkinga ezinkulu ezingadala ukulaliswa esibhedlela noma ngisho nokufa."

Ngisho ne-chicken pox, abazali abaningi ababenabo beseyizingane, yabulala cishe izingane eziyi-100 ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuthi kuqaliswe umgomo we-varicella. Futhi bekuyimbangela ehamba phambili ye-necrotizing fasciitis, noma ukutheleleka okudla inyama. UDkt Halsey uzwile abazali bethi ukudla okunomsoco kuzosiza izingane zabo zilwe nalezi zifo, kepha imvamisa akunjalo. Izingane ezinempilo zisengozini yezinkinga ezinkulu nokufa ngenxa yalezi zifo. Isibonelo, amaphesenti angama-80 okufa kwezinkukhu kwenzeka kwezinye izingane ezinempilo, esho.

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi imiphumela emibi ethambile futhi emaphakathi-efana ne-febrile seizure kanye nemfiva ephezulu-ayiyona into engaziwa, kodwa imiphumela emibi kakhulu ayivelakancane kakhulu. Isibonelo, umphumela omubi kakhulu oqinisekisiwe womuthi wokugomela i-rotavirus ukuvela kwe-intussusception, ukuvaleka kwamathumbu okungase kudinge ukuhlinzwa futhi kwenzeka kanye kuzo zonke izinsana eziyi-20,000 kuya kweziyi-100,000 ezigonyiwe.

8. Ukukhathazeka: "Ukungiphoqa ukuthi ngigome kuwukwephula amalungelo ami."

Iqiniso: Imithetho yokugoma yombuso ngamunye yehlukile; Izimfuneko zokugoma ziqala lapho kuyisikhathi sokuya enkulisa, esikoleni samabanga aphansi, noma esikoleni sikahulumeni. Futhi ngesizathu esihle: Zivikela amaphesenti amancane ezingane okungenzeka zinesimiso sokuzivikela ezifweni esisengozini noma leyo mithi yokugoma engase ingasebenzi. Sonke isifunda sivumela ukukhululwa uma izingane zinesizathu sezempilo sokungagomi, esifana nokuba ne-leukemia noma isifo somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni esingandile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izifundazwe zivumela ukukhululwa kwezenkolo kanye/noma komuntu siqu, okunezidingo ezihlukene, ngaphandle kwaseCalifornia (kusukela ngoJulayi 2016), eMississippi, naseWest Virginia. Okwamanje, amazinga okukhululwa - kanye namazinga ezifo - aphezulu kulawo mazwe lapho kulula khona ukuthi izingane zinikezwe inkululeko.

"Umphakathi ngamunye unelungelo lokugcina amazinga aphezulu okuvikelwa kulezo zingane ezingakwazi ukugoma," kusho uDkt Halsey. Ukubaluleka kwalokho kuvikelwa komphakathi, okubizwa nangokuthi ukungatheleleki komhlambi, kwacaca ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi kuqubuka i-Disneyland. Ngenxa yokuthi isimungumungwane siyathelelana, sisakazeka ngokushesha emiphakathini enokutholakala okuncane kokugoma. I-Disneyland ihlezi enhliziyweni ye-Southern California, enamazinga amaningi okugoma aphansi kakhulu esifundazweni, futhi amacala amaningi abephakathi kwabantu baseCalifornia kuleyo miphakathi.

"Isithombe esimangalisayo," kufingqa uDkt. Halsey, "ukuthi imithi yokugoma inenzuzo futhi igcina izingane ziphilile. Futhi yilokho kanye sonke esikufunayo-abazali, abahlinzeki bezempilo, kanye nabantu abenza imithi yokugoma."

Buyekeza kwe-