Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene: kuyini, kwenziwa kanjani nokuthi yini engalashwa

-Delile

• Kwenziwa kanjani
• Indlela ye-CRISPR
• Imoto T-Cell Technique
• Izifo ezelashwa ngofuzo
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene ngokumelene nomdlavuza

Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukwelashwa kofuzo noma ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukwelashwa okusha okuqukethe iqoqo lamasu angasiza ekwelapheni nasekuvimbeleni izifo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengezifo zofuzo nomdlavuza, ngokuguqula izakhi zofuzo ezithile.

Izakhi zofuzo zingachazwa njengeyunithi eyisisekelo yofuzo futhi zakhiwe ngokulandelana okuthile kwama-nucleic acid, okungukuthi, i-DNA ne-RNA, futhi okuphethe imininingwane ephathelene nezimpawu zomuntu nempilo yakhe. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwezokwelapha luqukethe ukudala ushintsho ku-DNA yamaseli athintwe yilesi sifo nokwenza kusebenze ukuzivikela komzimba ukuze kubonwe izicubu ezilimele futhi kukhuthaze ukuqedwa kwalo.

Izifo ezingaphathwa ngale ndlela yilezo ezibandakanya ukuguqulwa okuthile kwi-DNA, njengomdlavuza, izifo ezizimele, isifo sikashukela, i-cystic fibrosis, phakathi kwezinye izifo ezonakalisayo noma zofuzo, noma kunjalo, ezimweni eziningi zisasesigabeni sokuthuthuka izivivinyo.

Kwenziwa kanjani

Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene kuqukethe ukusebenzisa izakhi zofuzo esikhundleni semithi yokwelapha izifo. Kwenziwa ngokuguqula izinto zofuzo zezicubu ezifakwe yisifo ngenye into ejwayelekile. Njengamanje, ukwelashwa kofuzo kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa amasu amabili wamangqamuzana, inqubo yeCRISPR kanye nenqubo yeCar T-Cell:

Indlela ye-CRISPR

Inqubo ye-CRISPR iqukethe ukuguqula izifunda ezithile ze-DNA ezingahle zihlobene nezifo. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ivumela izakhi zofuzo ukuthi ziguqulwe ezindaweni ezithile, ngendlela eqondile, esheshayo futhi engabizi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, inqubo ingenziwa ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa:

• Izakhi zofuzo ezithile, ezingabizwa nangokuthi izakhi zofuzo eziqondiwe noma ukulandelana, ziyakhonjwa;
• Ngemuva kokuhlonza, ososayensi bakha ukulandelana kwe- "umhlahlandlela we-RNA" ogcwalisa indawo okuqondiwe kuyo;
• Le RNA ibekwe esitokisini kanye ne-Cas 9 protein, esebenza ngokusika ukulandelana kwe-DNA okuqondiwe;
• Ngemuva kwalokho, ukulandelana okusha kwe-DNA kufakwa kulandelana kwangaphambilini.

Izinguquko eziningi zofuzo zibandakanya izakhi zofuzo ezisemangqamuzaneni e-somatic, okungukuthi, amaseli aqukethe izinto zofuzo ezingadluliswanga ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kunciphisa ushintsho luye kulowo muntu kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwavela ucwaningo nokuhlolwa lapho inqubo ye-CRISPR yenziwa kumaseli wegciwane, okungukuthi, eqandeni noma isidoda, okukhiqize uchungechunge lwemibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwale ndlela nokuphepha kwayo ekukhuleni komuntu. .

Imiphumela yesikhathi eside yale nqubo nokuhlelwa kofuzo ayikaziwa. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukukhohliswa kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu kungenza umuntu abe sengozini enkulu yokuvela kokuguquka okuzenzakalelayo, okungaholela ekusebenziseni ngokweqile amasosha omzimba noma ukuvela kwezifo ezimbi kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwengxoxo mayelana nokuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuzungeza amathuba okuguquka okuzenzekelayo nokudluliswa kwenguquko ezizukulwaneni ezizayo, udaba lokuziphatha lwenqubo luye lwaxoxwa kabanzi, ngoba le ndlela ingasetshenziselwa ukuguqula okwengane izici, ezifana nombala wamehlo, ubude, umbala wezinwele, njll.

Imoto T-Cell Technique

Inqubo yeCar T-Cell isivele isetshenziswa e-United States, Europe, China nase Japan futhi isanda kusetshenziswa eBrazil ukwelapha i-lymphoma. Le ndlela iqukethe ukuguqula amasosha omzimba ukuze amangqamuzana ama-tumor abonakale kalula futhi asuswe emzimbeni.

Ngalokhu, amaseli we-T wokuvikela womuntu ayasuswa futhi izinto zabo zofuzo zenziwa ngokungeza isakhi sofuzo se-CAR kumaseli, aziwa njenge-chimeric antigen receptor. Ngemuva kokungeza isakhi sofuzo, inani lamaseli liyakhuphuka futhi kusukela lapho kuqinisekiswa inani elanele lamaseli nokuba khona kwezinhlaka eziguqulwe ngokwengeziwe zokuqashelwa kwesimila, kukhona ukungeniswa kokuwohloka kwamasosha omzimba womuntu bese kuba umjovo amaseli wokuvikela aguqulwe ngofuzo lweCAR.

Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukusebenza kwesistimu yomzimba yokuzivikela, eqala ukubona amaseli ezinwele kalula futhi ikwazi ukuqeda la maseli ngempumelelo.

Izifo ezelashwa ngofuzo

Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene kuyathembisa ukwelashwa kwanoma yisiphi isifo sofuzo, noma kunjalo, kuphela kwabanye okungenziwa noma kusigaba sokuhlola. Ukuhlelwa kofuzo sekufundwe ngenhloso yokwelapha izifo zofuzo, njenge-cystic fibrosis, i-congenital blindness, i-hemophilia kanye ne-sickle cell anemia, ngokwesibonelo, kodwa futhi kubhekwe njengenqubo engakhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwezifo ezimbi kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi , njengesibonelo somdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo kanye nokutheleleka nge-HIV, isibonelo.

Yize kufundwe kabanzi ngokwelashwa nokuvinjelwa kwezifo, ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungasetshenziswa nasezitshalweni, ukuze zikwazi ukubekezelela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi kumelane kakhulu nezimuncagazi kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, nasekudleni ngenhloso yokuba nomsoco .

Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene ngokumelene nomdlavuza

Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene yokwelashwa komdlavuza sekuvele kwenziwa kwamanye amazwe futhi kukhonjiswa ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezithile zama-leukemias, ama-lymphomas, ama-melanomas noma ama-sarcomas, ngokwesibonelo. Lolu hlobo lwezokwelapha luqukethe ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisa amaseli omzimba okuzivikela ukuze abone amangqamuzana e-tumor futhi awaqede, okwenziwa ngokujova izicubu noma amagciwane aguqulwe izakhi zofuzo emzimbeni wesiguli.

Kukholakala ukuthi, ngokuzayo, ukwelashwa kofuzo kuzosebenza kahle futhi kuthathe indawo yokwelashwa komdlavuza njengamanje, kepha, njengoba kusabiza kakhulu futhi kudinga ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphakeme, kuboniswa kangcono ezimweni ezingaphenduli ekwelashweni ngamakhemikhali, i-radiotherapy kanye ukuhlinzwa.