Ukukhula kwentsha

Ukukhula kwezingane ezineminyaka eyi-12 kuya kwengu-18 ubudala kufanele kufake phakathi nezinyathelo ezilindelekile zomzimba nezengqondo.

Ngesikhathi sobusha, izingane zikhulisa ikhono loku:

• Qonda imibono engaqondakali. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuqonda imiqondo ephakeme yezibalo, nokuthuthukisa amafilosofi wokuziphatha, kufaka phakathi amalungelo namalungelo.
• Sungula futhi ulondoloze ubudlelwano obenelisayo. Intsha izofunda ukwabelana ngokusondelana ngaphandle kokuzizwa ikhathazekile noma ivinjelwe.
• Iya kumqondo ovuthiwe ngokwabo nenhloso yabo.
• Buza amanani amadala ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubunikazi bawo.

UKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMZIMBA

Ngesikhathi sobusha, abantu abasha bahlangabezana nezinguquko eziningi njengoba beya ekuvuthweni ngokomzimba. Izinguquko zokuqala, zangaphambi kokubeletha zenzeka lapho kuvela izici zobulili zesibili.

Amantombazane:

• Amantombazane angaqala ukuhluma amabele kusukela eminyakeni eyi-8 ubudala. Amabele akhula ngokuphelele phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 nengu-18.
• Izinwele ze-pubic, ikhwapha nezinwele zemilenze zivame ukuqala ukukhula cishe eminyakeni eyi-9 noma eyi-10, futhi zifinyelele emaphethini abantu abadala cishe eminyakeni eyi-13 kuya kwengu-14.
• Ukuya esikhathini (ukuqala kwezikhathi zokuya esikhathini) kwenzeka kakhulu eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 ngemuva kokuvela kwezinwele zokuqala zebele kanye nezokushicilela. Kungenzeka kusukela eminyakeni yobudala eyi-9, noma emuva kweminyaka yobudala eyi-16. Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuya esikhathini e-United States cishe iminyaka eyi-12.
• Ukukhula kwamantombazane kukhuphuka eminyakeni yobudala eyi-11.5 futhi kwehlisa iminyaka yobudala engu-16.

Abafana:

• Abafana bangaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi amasende abo kanye nesikhotha sikhula beseneminyaka engu-9. Ngokushesha, ipipi liqala ukuba lide. Ngeminyaka eyi-17 noma eyi-18, izitho zabo zangasese zivame ukuba ngosayizi nobukhulu babo.
• Ukukhula kwezinwele ze-pubic, kanye nekhwapha, umlenze, isifuba, nezinwele zobuso, kuqala kubafana cishe eminyakeni eyi-12, futhi kufinyelela emaphethini abantu abadala cishe eminyakeni eyi-17 kuye kweyi-18.
• Abafana abaqali ukuthomba ngesigameko esenzeka ngokuzumayo, njengokuqala kokuya esikhathini emantombazaneni. Ukuba nemisi ejwayelekile yasebusuku (amaphupho amanzi) kuphawula ukuqala kokuthomba kubafana. Amaphupho amanzi ngokuvamile aqala phakathi kweminyaka eyi-13 nengu-17. Iminyaka yobudala emaphakathi cishe ingu-14 nohhafu weminyaka.
• Izwi labafana lishintsha ngasikhathi sinye njengoba umthondo ukhula. Ukukhishwa kwebusuku kwenzeka ngenhla yokuphakama kokuphakama.
• Ukukhula kwabafana kukhuphuka cishe eminyakeni yobudala eyi-13 nohhafu bese kwehlisa cishe iminyaka engu-18.

UKUZIPHATHA

Izinguquko zomzimba ezingazelelwe nezisheshayo intsha edlula kuzo zenza intsha ikhathazeke kakhulu. Bayazwela, futhi bakhathazekile ngokuguquka komzimba wabo. Bangase baziqhathanise kabuhlungu nontanga yabo.

Izinguquko zomzimba zingahle zingabi khona ngendlela ebushelelezi, ejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, abasebasha bangadlula ezigabeni ezingezinhle, kokubukeka nokubumbana komzimba. Amantombazane angahle akhathazeke uma engakulungele ukuqala kokuya esikhathini. Abafana bangakhathazeka uma bengazi ngokukhishwa kobusuku.

Ngesikhathi sokuthomba, kuyinto evamile ngabantu abasha ukuthi baqale ukuhlukana nabazali babo futhi bazenzele ubuntu babo. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kungenzeka ngaphandle kwenkinga evela kubazali babo nakwamanye amalungu omndeni.Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungaholela ezingxabanweni kweminye imindeni njengoba abazali bezama ukugcina ukulawula.

Abangane baba babaluleke kakhulu njengoba intsha isuka kubazali bayo ifuna ukuzazi.

• Iqembu lontanga labo lingaba yindawo ephephile. Lokhu kuvumela osemusha ukuthi avivinye imibono emisha.
• Ebusheni bokuqala, iqembu lontanga imvamisa liqukethe ubungani obungathandani. Lokhu kuvame ukufaka "amaqembu," amaqembu ezigelekeqe, noma amaklabhu. Amalungu eqembu lontanga avame ukuzama ukwenza ngokufana, agqoke ngokufanayo, abe namakhodi ayimfihlo noma amasiko, futhi ahlanganyele emisebenzini efanayo.
• Njengoba intsha ingena maphakathi nentsha (iminyaka eyi-14 kuye kwengu-16) nangaphezulu, iqembu lontanga liyakhula lifake ubungani bezothando.

Maphakathi nesikhathi sokuthomba, abantu abasha bavame ukuzwa isidingo sokuveza ukuthi bangobani ngokobulili. Badinga ukunethezeka ngemizimba yabo nemizwa yabo yezocansi. Intsha ifunda ukuveza nokwamukela ukusondelana noma ukusondelana ngokocansi. Abantu abasha abangenalo ithuba lokuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo bangaba nesikhathi esinzima nobudlelwano obuseduze lapho sebekhulile.

Intsha ivame ukuba nokuziphatha okuhambisana nezinsumansumane eziningana zobusha:

• Inganekwane yokuqala ukuthi "basesiteji" futhi ukunakwa kwabanye abantu kuhlala kugxile ekubukekeni noma ezenzweni zabo. Lokhu kungukuzicabangela okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, kungavela (ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala) kuya emngceleni nge-paranoia, ukuzithanda (narcissism), noma ne-hysteria.
• Enye inganekwane yobusha ingumqondo wokuthi "akusoze kwenzeka kimi, kuphela omunye umuntu." "It" ingamelela ukukhulelwa noma ukuthola izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ngemuva kokwenza ucansi olungavikelekile, okudala ukushayisana kwemoto ngenkathi ushayela uphuze utshwala noma izidakamizwa, noma eminye yemiphumela emibi eminingi yokuziphatha okubeka engcupheni.

UKUPHEPHA

Intsha iba namandla futhi izimele ngaphambi kokuba ithuthukise amakhono amahle okwenza izinqumo. Isidingo esinamandla sokwamukelwa ontanga singalinga umuntu omusha ukuthi abambe iqhaza ekuziphatheni okuyingozi.

Ukuphepha kwezimoto kufanele kugxilwe. Kufanele igxile endimeni yomshayeli / umgibeli / umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, ubungozi bokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, nokubaluleka kokusebenzisa amabhande esihlalo. Intsha akufanele ibe nelungelo lokusebenzisa izimoto ngaphandle uma ingakhombisa ukuthi ingakwenza ngokuphepha lokho.

Ezinye izindaba zokuphepha yilezi:

• Intsha ebambe iqhaza kwezemidlalo kufanele ifunde ukusebenzisa imishini nezinto zokuzivikela noma okokwembatha. Kufanele bafundiswe imithetho yokudlala ephephile nendlela yokwenza imisebenzi esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.
• Abantu abasha kudingeka bazi kakhulu ngezingozi ezingaba khona kubandakanya nokufa okungazelelwe. Lezi zinsongo zingenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa okuvamile, nokusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa notshwala.
• Intsha evunyelwe ukusebenzisa noma ukuthola izibhamu kumele ifunde ukuzisebenzisa kahle.

Uma izingane ezisencane zidinga ukuhlolwa uma zibonakala zihlukanisiwe nontanga yazo, zingenandaba nesikole noma imisebenzi yomphakathi, noma zingenzi kahle esikoleni, emsebenzini noma kwezemidlalo.

Intsha eningi isengozini enkulu yokudangala kanye nemizamo yokuzibulala. Lokhu kungabangelwa yingcindezi nezingxabano emindenini yabo, esikoleni noma ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, amaqembu ontanga, kanye nobudlelwano obuseduze.

AMACEBISO OKUKHULISA NGOBULILI

Intsha imvamisa idinga ubumfihlo ukuze iqonde izinguquko ezenzeka emizimbeni yazo. Okufanelekile, kufanele bavunyelwe ukuba namakamelo abo okulala. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, kufanele okungenani babe nendawo yangasese.

Ukuhlekisa ingane eyeve eshumini nambili ngezinguquko zomzimba akufanelekile. Kungaholela ekuzazeni nasekuphoxekeni.

Abazali kudingeka bakhumbule ukuthi kungokwemvelo futhi kujwayelekile ukuthi ingane yabo ibe nentshisekelo ekushintsheni komzimba nasezihlokweni zocansi. Akusho ukuthi ingane yabo ibandakanyeka ezenzweni zocansi.

Intsha ingazama izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha ngocansi noma isimilo ngaphambi kokuzizwa ikhululekile ngobunikazi bayo bobulili. Abazali kufanele baqaphele ukuthi bangabizi ukuziphatha okusha ngokuthi "akulungile," "kuyagula," noma "akulungile."

Isakhiwo se-Oedipal (ukukhanga kwengane kumzali wobulili obuhlukile) kuvamile phakathi neminyaka yobusha. Abazali bangabhekana nalokhu ngokwamukela izinguquko zomzimba zengane nokuheha kwabo ngaphandle kokuweqa umngcele womzali nengane. Abazali futhi bangaziqhenya ngokukhula kwentsha ekuvuthweni.

Kujwayelekile ukuthi umzali athole ingane ikhanga. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngoba osemusha uvame ukubukeka kakhulu njengomunye (ubulili obufanayo) umzali abenza esemncane. Lokhu kukhanga kungadala ukuthi umzali azizwe enamahloni. Umzali kufanele aqaphele ukuthi angakhi ibanga elingenza osemusha azizwe enesibopho. Akufanelekile ukuheha komzali enganeni ukuthi ibe yinoma yini ngaphandle kokuheha njengomzali. Ukuheha okweqa imingcele yomzali nengane kungaholela ekuziphatheni okusondele ngokungafanele nengane. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukulalana kwezihlobo.

IZIMBANGELA ZENkululeko NAMANDLA

Ukufuna kwentsha ukuzimela kuyingxenye ejwayelekile yentuthuko. Umzali akufanele akubone njengokulahlwa noma ukulahlekelwa ukulawula. Abazali kudingeka bahlale bengaguquguquki futhi bengaguquguquki. Kufanele batholakale ukulalela imibono yengane ngaphandle kokubusa ubunikazi bokuzimela bengane.

Yize intsha ihlale iphonsela inselelo izibalo zeziphathimandla, zidinga noma zifuna imikhawulo. Imikhawulo inikeza umngcele ophephile ukuze bakhule futhi basebenze. Ukubeka umkhawulo kusho ukuba nemithetho nemithetho esethwe ngaphambilini mayelana nokuziphatha kwabo.

Imizabalazo yamandla iqala lapho igunya lisengcupheni noma "ukulunga" kuyinkinga enkulu. Lezi zimo kufanele zigwenywe, uma kungenzeka. Elinye lamaqembu (imvamisa intsha) lizokwehlulwa. Lokhu kuzodala ukuthi intsha ilahlekelwe yisithunzi. Osemusha angazizwa enamahloni, engafaneleki, enentukuthelo futhi ebabayo ngenxa yalokho.

Abazali kufanele bakulungele futhi babone izingxabano ezivamile ezingaba khona ngenkathi bekhulisa intsha. Isipiliyoni singathinteka yizinkinga ezingaxazululiwe kusuka ebuntwaneni bomzali uqobo, noma kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yobusha.

Abazali kufanele bazi ukuthi izingane zabo zizophonsela inselelo igunya labo kaninginingi. Ukugcina imigqa yokuxhumana ivulekile futhi kucacile, kepha kungaxoxiswana ngakho, imingcele noma imingcele kungasiza ekunciphiseni izingxabano ezinkulu.

Iningi labazali linomuzwa wokuthi linokuhlakanipha okwengeziwe nokuzikhulisa njengoba likhuphukela ezinseleleni zokuba ngumzali osemusha.

Intuthuko - intsha; Ukukhula nentuthuko - intsha

• Ukucindezeleka kwentsha

IHazen EP, i-Abrams AN, iMuriel AC. Ingane, ukukhula, nokukhula kwabantu abadala. Ku: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, ama-eds. IMassachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. Okwesibili. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 5.

IHolland-Hall CM. Intuthuko yentsha ngokomzimba nangokwenhlalo. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Incwadi kaNelson Yezingane. Umhlaka 21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 132.

UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM. Ukubuka konke nokuhlolwa kwentsha. Ku: UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM, ama-eds. UNelson Essentials Pediatrics. Umhlaka 8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: isahluko 67.