Konke Odinga Ukukwazi Nge-Autism

-Delile

• Yini i-autism?
• Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-autism?
• Ziyini izimpawu ze-autism?
• Yini ebangela i-autism?
• Yikuphi ukuhlolwa okusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga i-autism?
• Ukuhlolwa kokuthuthuka
• Okunye ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa
• Yelashwa kanjani i-autism?
• Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha
• Ingabe ukudla kungaba nomthelela ku-autism?
• I-autism izithinta kanjani izingane?
• I-Autism nokuzivocavoca umzimba
• I-autism iwathinta kanjani amantombazane?
• I-autism ibathinta kanjani abantu abadala?
• Kungani ukuqaphela kwe-autism kubalulekile?
• Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-autism ne-ADHD?
• Uyini umbono wabantu abane-autism?

Sifaka imikhiqizo esicabanga ukuthi ilusizo kubafundi bethu. Uma uthenga ngezixhumanisi ezikuleli khasi, singathola ikhomishini encane. Nansi inqubo yethu.

Yini i-autism?

I-Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) igama elibanzi elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza iqembu lezinkinga ze-neurodevelopmental.

Lokhu kuphazamiseka kubonakala ngezinkinga zokuxhumana nokuxhumana nabantu. Abantu abane-ASD bavamise ukukhombisa intshisekelo ebekelwe imingcele, ephindaphindayo, noma eyezinkolelo noma izindlela zokuziphatha.

I-ASD itholakala kubantu emhlabeni jikelele, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ungowaluphi uhlanga, isiko noma isizinda sezomnotho. Ngokusho kwe-autism kwenzeka kaningi kubafana kunamantombazane, ngesilinganiso sesine kuya kwesisodwa sowesilisa nowesifazane.

I-CDC ilinganisela ngo-2014 ukuthi cishe ingane eyodwa kwezingu-59 ihlonzwe nge-ASD.

Kunezinkomba zokuthi izimo ze-ASD ziyanda. Abanye bathi lokhu kwanda kubangelwa yimvelo. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe baphikisana ngokuthi ngabe kukhona yini ukwanda kwangempela kwamacala noma ukuxilongwa okuvamile nje.

Qhathanisa amazinga e-autism ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene ezweni lonke.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-autism?

IDSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) ishicilelwa yiAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) futhi isetshenziswa odokotela ukuthola izifo ezinhlobonhlobo zengqondo.

Uhlelo lwesihlanu nolwakamuva kakhulu lwe-DSM lwakhishwa ngo-2013. I-DSM-5 njengamanje iqaphela izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezahlukene ze-ASD, noma izincazelo. Kunjalo:

• noma ngaphandle kokuhambisana nokukhubazeka kwengqondo
• nokukhubazeka kolimi noma ngaphandle kwalo
• ehambisana nesimo esaziwayo sezokwelapha noma sezofuzo noma isici semvelo
• ehambisana nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kwengqondo, noma isimilo
• nge-catatonia

Umuntu othile angatholakala ukuthi unesikhombi esisodwa noma eziningi.

Ngaphambi kwe-DSM-5, abantu abasesithombeni se-autism kungenzeka ukuthi batholwe benesinye sezifo ezilandelayo:

• ukuphazamiseka kwe-autistic
• I-Asperger's syndrome
• ukuphazamiseka kokuthuthuka okugcwele-akucaciswanga ngenye indlela (PDD-NOS)
• Ukuphazamiseka kokuhlukaniswa kwengane

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umuntu othole okunye kwalokhu kuxilongwa kwangaphambilini akalahlekelwanga ukuxilongwa kwakhe futhi ngeke adinge ukuhlolwa kabusha.

Ngokwe-DSM-5, ukuxilongwa okubanzi kwe-ASD kuhlanganisa ukuphazamiseka okufana ne-Asperger's syndrome.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-autism?

Izimpawu ze-Autism zivame ukubonakala ngokusobala ngesikhathi sobuntwana, ziphakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-12 nengama-24 ubudala. Kodwa-ke, izimpawu zingavela futhi ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma kamuva.

Izimpawu zokuqala zingafaka ukubambezeleka okuphawuleka olimini noma ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi.

I-DSM-5 yehlukanisa izimpawu ze-autism ngezigaba ezimbili: izinkinga zokuxhumana nokuxhumana komphakathi, kanye nemikhawulo evinjelwe noma ephindaphindwayo yokuziphatha noma imisebenzi.

Izinkinga zokuxhumana nokuxhumana komphakathi zifaka:

• izingqinamba nokuxhumana, kufaka phakathi ubunzima bokuhlanganyela imizwa, ukwabelana ngezintshisekelo, noma ukugcina ingxoxo yangemuva nangaphandle
• izingqinamba zokuxhumana okungenziwanga ngamazwi, njengenkinga yokugcina ukuthintana kwamehlo noma ukufunda ukukhuluma komzimba
• ubunzima bokuthuthukisa nokugcina ubudlelwano

Amaphethini wokukhawulelwa noma aphindaphindiwe wokuziphatha noma wemisebenzi afaka:

• ukunyakaza okuphindaphindayo, ukunyakaza, noma izindlela zokukhuluma
• ukunamathela ngokuqinile emisebenzini ethile noma ekuziphatheni
• ukwanda noma ukwehla kokuzwela kolwazi oluthile lwezinzwa oluvela endaweni ebazungezile, njengokusabela okungekuhle emsindweni othile
• izintshisekelo ezihleliwe noma ukugxila

Abantu bahlolwa ngaphakathi kwesigaba ngasinye futhi kuyabonakala ubunzima bezimpawu zabo.

Ukuze uthole ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD, umuntu kufanele abonise zonke izimpawu ezintathu esigabeni sokuqala kanye nezimpawu okungenani ezimbili esigabeni sesibili.

Yini ebangela i-autism?

Imbangela ngqo yeASD ayikaziwa. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi asikho isizathu esisodwa.

Ezinye zezinto ezisolwa ngobungozi be-autism zifaka:

• ukuba nelungu lomndeni eliseduze eline-autism
• izakhi zofuzo
• i-X syndrome ethambile nezinye izifo zofuzo
• ukuzalwa ngabazali asebekhulile
• isisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi
• ukungalingani komzimba
• ukuvezwa izinsimbi ezisindayo nobuthi bezemvelo
• umlando wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane
• Ukuvezwa kwengane emithini ye-valproic acid (Depakene) noma i-thalidomide (Thalomid)

Ngokusho kweNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), zombili izakhi zofuzo nemvelo kunganquma ukuthi umuntu uba ne-autism.

Imithombo eminingi, endala futhi, isiphethe ngokuthi lesi sifo asibangelwa yimigomo, noma kunjalo.

Ucwaningo olwaba nempikiswano ngo-1998 lwaphakamisa ukuxhumana phakathi komuthi wokugoma i-autism kanye nesimungumungwane, imvukuzane kanye ne-rubella (MMR). Kodwa-ke, leso sifundo sikhishwe kolunye ucwaningo futhi sagcina sihoxisiwe ngo-2010.

Funda kabanzi nge-autism nezici zayo eziyingozi.

Yikuphi ukuhlolwa okusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga i-autism?

Ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD kuhilela ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene okuhlukahlukene, ukuhlolwa kofuzo, nokuhlolwa.

Ukuhlolwa kokuthuthuka

I-American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) incoma ukuthi zonke izingane zihlolwe i-ASD eneminyaka eyi-18 nengama-24.

Ukuhlola kungasiza ngokukhomba kusenesikhathi izingane ezingaba ne-ASD. Lezi zingane zingahlomula ngokuxilongwa kusenesikhathi nokungenelela.

I-Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) iyithuluzi elijwayelekile lokuhlola elisetshenziswa amahhovisi amaningi ezingane. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwemibuzo engama-23 kugcwaliswa ngabazali. Odokotela bezingane bangasebenzisa izimpendulo ezinikeziwe ukukhomba izingane ezingaba sengozini yokuba ne-ASD.

Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ukuhlolwa akusikho ukuxilongwa. Izingane ezihlola kahle i-ASD azinaso lesi sifo. Ngokwengeziwe, ukuhlolwa kwesinye isikhathi akuboni zonke izingane ezine-ASD.

Okunye ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa

Udokotela wengane yakho angancoma inhlanganisela yezivivinyo ze-autism, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA yezifo zofuzo
• ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha
• ukuhlolwa okubukwayo nokulalelwayo ukukhipha noma yiziphi izinkinga ngombono nokuzwa okungahlobene ne-autism
• ukuhlolwa kokwelashwa emsebenzini
• imibuzo yemibuzo yentuthuko, efana ne-Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)

Ukuxilongwa kuvame ukwenziwa yiqembu lochwepheshe. Leli thimba lingabandakanya izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zezingane, abelaphi emsebenzini, noma izinkulumo zezifo nezilimi.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuhlolwa okusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga i-autism.

Yelashwa kanjani i-autism?

Akukho “ukwelashwa” kwe-autism, kepha izindlela zokwelapha nokunye ukucatshangelwa kokwelashwa kungasiza abantu bazizwe bengcono noma behlise izimpawu zabo.

Izindlela eziningi zokwelashwa zibandakanya izindlela zokwelapha ezinjenge:

• ukwelashwa kokuziphatha
• ukudlala ukwelashwa
• ukwelashwa emsebenzini
• ukwelashwa ngokomzimba
• ukwelashwa kokukhuluma

Ukubhucungwa umzimba, izingubo zokulala nezingubo, nezindlela zokuzindla nakho kungadala imiphumela yokuphumula. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela yokwelashwa izohluka.

Abanye abantu ku-spectrum bangaphendula kahle ezindleleni ezithile, kanti abanye bangaphendula.

Thenga izingubo zokulala lapha.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zokuphatha i-autism zingafaka:

• amavithamini aphezulu
• ukwelashwa kwe-chelation, okubandakanya ukugeleza izinsimbi emzimbeni
• ukwelashwa kwe-oksijeni ye-hyperbaric
• i-melatonin ukubhekana nezinkinga zokulala

Ucwaningo lwezinye izindlela zokwelashwa luxubekile, kanti okunye kwalokhu kwelashwa kungaba yingozi.

Ngaphambi kokutshala imali kunoma iyiphi yazo, abazali kanye nabanakekeli kufanele balinganise izindleko zocwaningo nezimali ngokubheka noma yiziphi izinzuzo. Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa kwe-autism.

Ingabe ukudla kungaba nomthelela ku-autism?

Akukho kudla okukhethekile okwenzelwe abantu abane-ASD. Noma kunjalo, abanye abameli be-autism bahlola izinguquko zokudla njengendlela yokusiza ukunciphisa izingqinamba zokuziphatha nokukhuphula izinga lempilo jikelele.

Isisekelo sokudla kwe-autism ukugwema izithasiselo zokufakelwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinto zokuvikela, imibala kanye nezinto ezinandisa.

Ukudla kwe-autism kungagxila kokudla okuphelele, okufana:

• izithelo nemifino
• izinkukhu ezinamafutha
• inhlanzi
• amafutha angasetshenziswanga
• amanzi amaningi

Abanye abameli be-autism futhi bavumela ukudla okungenayo i-gluten. I-protein gluten itholakala kukolweni, ibhali, nakwezinye izinhlamvu.

Labo bameli bakholelwa ukuthi i-gluten idala ukuvuvukala kanye nokusabela okungahambi kahle komzimba kubantu abathile abane-ASD. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwesayensi aluhambisani nobudlelwano phakathi kwe-autism, i-gluten, nenye iprotheni eyaziwa nge-casein.

Olunye ucwaningo, kanye nobufakazi obenziwe ngabantu, kuphakanyiswe ukuthi ukudla kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni izimpawu zokunaka-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), isimo esifana ne-autism. Thola okuningi mayelana nokudla kwe-ADHD.

I-autism izithinta kanjani izingane?

Izingane ezine-autism zingahle zingafinyeleli ezinyathelweni ezifanayo zentuthuko njengontanga yazo, noma zingakhombisa ukulahleka kwamakhono ezenhlalo noma olimi athuthukiswe ngaphambilini.

Isibonelo, ingane eneminyaka emibili engenayo i-autism ingakhombisa intshisekelo kumageyimu alula okuzenzisa. Uneminyaka engu-4 ubudala ngaphandle kwe-autism angajabulela ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini nezinye izingane. Ingane ene-autism ingaba nenkinga yokuxhumana nabanye noma ingayithandi ngokuphelele.

Izingane ezine-autism nazo zingahlanganyela ekuziphatheni okuphindaphindwayo, zinobunzima bokulala, noma ziphoqelela ukudla izinto ezingezona zokudla. Bangakuthola kunzima ukuchuma ngaphandle kwendawo ehlelekile noma inqubo ehambisanayo.

Uma ingane yakho ine-autism, kungadingeka ukuthi ubambisane nothisha bayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayaphumelela ekilasini.

Kunezinsizakusebenza eziningi zokusiza izingane ezine-autism kanye nabathandekayo bazo.

Amaqembu okusekela asendaweni angatholakala ngenhlangano engenzi nzuzo kazwelonke i-Autism Society. Inhlangano i-Autism Speaks ibuye inikeze ngamathuluzi okubhekiswe kuwo ahloselwe abazali, izingane zakwabo, ogogo nomkhulu kanye nabangane bezingane ezine-autism.

I-Autism nokuzivocavoca umzimba

Izingane ezine-autism zingathola ukuthi izivivinyo ezithile zingadlala indima ekwehliseni ukukhungatheka nokukhuthaza inhlalakahle jikelele.

Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuzivocavoca oluthokozelwa yingane yakho lungasiza. Ukuhamba nokuzijabulisa nje ebaleni lokudlala zombili zikulungele.

Ukubhukuda nokuba semanzini kungasebenza njengokuzivocavoca kanye nomsebenzi wokudlala wezinzwa. Imisebenzi yokudlala ebucayi ingasiza abantu abane-autism abangahle babe nenkinga yokucubungula amasiginali emiqondweni yabo.

Kwesinye isikhathi imidlalo yokuxhumana ingaba nzima ezinganeni ezine-autism. Esikhundleni salokho ungakhuthaza ezinye izinhlobo zokuzivocavoca okuyinselele kepha okuqinisayo. Qalisa ngalezi zeluleko kumibuthano yengalo, izinkanyezi, nezinye izivivinyo ze-autism zezingane.

I-autism iwathinta kanjani amantombazane?

Ngenxa yokwanda kwayo okuqondene nobulili, i-autism ivame ukucatshangelwa njengesifo sabafana. Ngokwe-, ama-ASD acishe abe yizikhathi ezi-4 kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazane.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi i-autism ayenzeki emantombazaneni. Eqinisweni, i-CDC ilinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti angu-0.66, noma cishe u-1 emantombazaneni ayi-152, ane-autism. I-Autism ingaze iveze ngokuhlukile kwabesifazane.

Uma kuqhathaniswa namashumi eminyaka amuva nje, i-autism ihlolwa phambilini futhi kaningi manje. Lokhu kuholela emazingeni aphezulu abikiwe kubafana namantombazane.

I-autism ibathinta kanjani abantu abadala?

Imindeni enabathandekayo abane-ASD ingakhathazeka ngokuthi impilo ene-autism ibukeka kanjani kumuntu omdala.

Idlanzana labantu abadala abane ASD lingaqhubeka lihlale noma lisebenze ngokuzimela. Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala abaningi abane-ASD badinga usizo oluqhubekayo noma ukungenelela impilo yabo yonke.

Ukwethula izindlela zokwelashwa nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa zisencane kungasiza ekuholeni kwinkululeko engaphezulu nasekhwalithi engcono yempilo.

Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abasesibukweni abatholakali kuze kube sekwephuzile kakhulu empilweni. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuntuleka kwangaphambilini kokuqwashisa kodokotela.

Funa usizo uma usola ukuthi une-autism yabantu abadala. Akukephuzi kakhulu ukutholakala.

Kungani ukuqaphela kwe-autism kubalulekile?

U-Ephreli yiNyanga ye-World Autism. Iphinde yathathwa njengeNyanga Yokuqwashisa Nge-Autism Kazwelonke e-United States. Kodwa-ke, abameli abaningi banxuse ngokufanele isidingo sokukhulisa ulwazi ngama-ASD unyaka wonke, hhayi nje ngezinsuku ezingama-30 ezikhethiwe.

Ukuqwashisa nge-Autism kudinga ukuzwelana nokuqonda ukuthi ama-ASD ahlukile kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ukwelashwa okuthile kanye nokwelashwa kungasebenzela abanye abantu kepha hhayi abanye. Abazali nabanakekeli nabo bangaba nemibono engafani ngendlela engcono yokukhuthaza ingane ene-autism.

Ukuqonda i-autism nabantu abase-spectrum kuqala ngokuqwashisa, kepha akugcini lapho. Bheka indaba kababa oyedwa "ekukhungathekeni" kwakhe ngokuqwashisa nge-autism.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-autism ne-ADHD?

I-Autism ne-ADHD kwesinye isikhathi kuyadidaniswa.

Izingane ezitholwe zine-ADHD zihlala zinezinkinga ngokugxila, ukugxila, nokugcina ukubheka iso nabanye. Lezi zimpawu ziyabonakala nakwabanye abantu ku-spectrum.

Naphezu kokufana okuthile, i-ADHD ayithathwa njengesifo se-spectrum. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu ukuthi abantu abane-ADHD abavami ukuntula amakhono okuxhumana nabantu.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho inezimpawu zokungasebenzi kahle, khuluma nodokotela wayo mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-ADHD okungenzeka. Ukuthola ukuxilongwa okucacile kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingane yakho ithola ukwelashwa okufanele.

Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi umuntu abe nakho kokubili i-autism ne-ADHD. Bheka le ndatshana, ehlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-autism ne-ADHD.

Uyini umbono wabantu abane-autism?

Awekho amakhambi ama-ASD. Imithi ephumelela kunazo zonke ibandakanya ukungenelela kokuziphatha kwasekuqaleni futhi okunamandla. Lapho ingane ibhaliswa ekuqaleni kulezi zinhlelo, umbono wabo uyoba ngcono.

Khumbula ukuthi i-autism iyinkimbinkimbi, nokuthi kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi umuntu one-ASD athole uhlelo olulungele yena kakhulu.