Ukuhlolela i-Autism

-Delile

• Ngubani onethuba elikhulu lokutholakala ene-autism?
• Ziyini izimpawu ze-autism?
• I-autism itholakala kanjani?
• Ukuhlolwa kwentuthuko
• Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuziphatha
• Ukuhlolwa kofuzo
• Ukudla okudlela endlini

Izithombe ze-Getty

I-Autism, noma i-autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yisimo sezinzwa esingadala umehluko kwezenhlalo, ukuxhumana, nokuziphatha. Ukuxilongwa kungabonakala kuhluke kakhulu, ngoba abekho abantu ababili abane-autistic abafanayo, futhi bangaba nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zokusekelwa.

I-Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) yigama lesambulela elihlanganisa izimo ezintathu ebezisehlukene ezingasabhekwa njengokuxilongwa okusemthethweni kwi-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5):

• ukuphazamiseka kwe-autistic
• ukuphazamiseka kokukhula okusabalele, okungachaziwe ngenye indlela (PDD-NOS)
• I-Asperger syndrome

Ku-DSM-5, konke lokhu kuxilongwa sekukleliswe ngaphansi kwesigaba sesambulela se-ASD. Amazinga e-ASD 1, 2, no-3 akhombisa izinga lokusekelwa umuntu we-autistic angalidinga.

Ngubani onethuba elikhulu lokutholakala ene-autism?

Ngokwe-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), mayelana nezingane zase-United States zazine-ASD ngo-2016. I-Autism spectrum disorder yenzeka kuwo wonke amaqembu ezinhlanga, izinhlanga, nezenhlalo nezomnotho.

Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuvame kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazane. Kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi njengoba amantombazane ane-ASD evame ukwethula ngokuhlukile uma eqhathaniswa nabafana, kungenzeka ukuthi angabonwa.

Amantombazane ajwayele ukufihla izimpawu zawo ngenxa yalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "umphumela wokufihla." Ngakho-ke, i-ASD ingajwayeleka kakhulu emantombazaneni kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.

Alikho ikhambi elaziwayo le-ASD, futhi odokotela abakakutholi kahle ukuthi kubangelwa yini, yize sazi ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ethile. Abantu abaningi emphakathini we-autistic abakholelwa ukuthi ikhambi liyadingeka.

Kungaba nezinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezenza ukuthi ingane ibe sethubeni lokuba ne-ASD, kubandakanya izinto ezithinta ezemvelo, ezemvelo nezofuzo.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-autism?

Izimpawu nezimpawu zokuqala ze-autism ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izingane ezine-ASD zinezimpawu ezincane kuphela, kanti ezinye zinezinkinga zokuziphatha ezinzima.

Ojahidada bavamise ukuthanda ukuxhumana nabantu nemvelo abahlala kuyo. Ngokuvamile abazali yibona abokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi ingane yabo ikhombisa ukungaziphathi kahle.

Yonke ingane eku-spectrum ye-autism ibhekana nezinselele kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

• ukuxhumana (ngamazwi nangamazwi)
• ukuxhumana komphakathi
• imikhuba evinjelwe noma ephindaphindwayo

Izimpawu zokuqala ze-ASD zingabandakanya okulandelayo:

• ukuthuthukisa amakhono olimi sekwedlule isikhathi (njengokungabhibhidli unonyaka owodwa noma ukungasho amagama anengqondo ngeminyaka emi-2)
• ukungakhombi izinto noma abantu noma ukuvalelisa
• ukungalandeleli abantu ngamehlo
• okukhombisa ukungaphenduli lapho kubizwa igama labo
• ukungalingisi isimo sobuso
• hhayi ukufinyelela ekulandweni
• ukugijimela noma ukuvala izindonga
• ukufuna ukuba wedwa noma ukudlala wedwa
• ukungadlali imidlalo yokuzenzisa noma ukuzenza sengathi uyadlala (isb., ukondla unodoli)
• ukuba nentshisekelo eyeqisayo ezintweni ezithile noma ezihlokweni
• ukuphinda amagama noma izenzo
• ezibangela ukulimala kubo
• ukuthukuthela
• kukhombisa ukuzwela okuphezulu ngendlela izinto ezinuka ngayo noma ezinambitha ngayo

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukubonisa okukodwa noma okuningi kwalokhu kuziphatha akusho ukuthi ingane (izofinyelela imibandela) izokwazi ukuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD.

Lokhu kungabangelwa ezinye izimo noma kumane kubhekwe izici zobuntu.

I-autism itholakala kanjani?

Odokotela bavame ukuxilonga i-ASD besebancane. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izimpawu nobukhulu buhluka kakhulu, i-autism spectrum disorder kwesinye isikhathi ingaba nzima ukuyithola.

Abanye abantu abatholakali kuze kube badala.

Njengamanje, asikho isivivinyo esisodwa esisemthethweni sokuxilonga i-autism. Umzali noma udokotela angabona izinkomba zakuqala ze-ASD enganeni encane, yize ukuxilongwa kuzodinga ukuqinisekiswa.

Uma izimpawu zikuqinisekisa, iqembu lochwepheshe kanye nochwepheshe bavame ukwenza ukuxilongwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-ASD. Lokhu kungafaka isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo noma i-neuropsychologist, udokotela wezingane othuthukayo, udokotela wezinzwa, kanye / noma udokotela wezifo zengqondo.

Ukuhlolwa kwentuthuko

Kusukela ekuzalweni, udokotela wakho uzohlola ingane yakho ngenqubekela phambili yokuthuthuka ngesikhathi sokuvakashelwa okuvamile nokujwayelekile.

I-American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) incoma izivivinyo zokuhlola ezenzelwe i-autism ezineminyaka eyi-18 nengama-24 ubudala ngaphezu kokubhekwa kokuthuthuka okujwayelekile.

Uma ukhathazekile ngokukhula kwengane yakho, udokotela wakho angakudlulisela kuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi uma ingane yakini noma ilunga lomndeni line-ASD.

Uchwepheshe uzokwenza izivivinyo ezifana nokuhlolwa kokuzwa ukuhlola ukuzwa / ubunzima bokuzwa ukuthola ukuthi kunesizathu esingokomzimba sokuziphatha okubonwayo.

Bazophinda basebenzise amanye amathuluzi okuhlola i-autism, njenge-Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT).

Uhlu lokuhlola luyithuluzi lokuhlola elibuyekeziwe eligcwaliswa ngabazali. Kuyasiza ukunquma ithuba lengane lokuba ne-autism njengephansi, eliphakathi, noma eliphakeme. Ukuhlolwa kumahhala futhi kunemibuzo engama-20.

Uma ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi ingane yakho inethuba eliphakeme lokuba ne-ASD, izothola ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuxilongwa.

Uma ingane yakho inethuba eliphakathi nendawo, imibuzo yokulandelela ingahle idingeke ukuze isize ngokuhlukanisa imiphumela.

Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuziphatha

Isinyathelo esilandelayo sokuxilongwa kwe-autism wukuhlolwa okuphelele ngokomzimba nangokwemizwa. Lokhu kungabandakanya iqembu lochwepheshe. Ochwepheshe bangafaka:

• odokotela bezingane abasathuthuka
• izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo yezingane
• izazi zezinzwa zezingane
• izinkulumo nezifo zolimi
• abelaphi emsebenzini

Ukuhlola kungafaka namathuluzi wokuhlola. Kunamathuluzi amaningi wokuhlola wokuthuthuka. Alikho ithuluzi elilodwa elingahlola i-autism. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwamathuluzi amaningi kuyadingeka ekuhloleni i-autism.

Ezinye izibonelo zamathuluzi wokuhlola zifaka:

• Imibuzo yobudala nezigaba (i-ASQ)
• Ingxoxo Yokuhlola I-Autism - Ibuyekeziwe (ADI-R)
• Uhlelo lwe-Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
• Isikali Sokulinganiswa Kwe-Autism Spectrum (ASRS)
• Isikali Sokulinganiselwa Kwengane Ebuntwaneni (IZIMOTO)
• Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlunga Kokuthuthuka Okusakazekayo - Isigaba 3
• Ukuhlolwa Kwabazali Kwesimo Sentuthuko (PEDS)
• Isilinganiso Sokulinganisa Kwe-Gilliam Autism
• Ithuluzi Lokuhlola i-Autism Ezinganeni Nezingane Ezincane (STAT)
• Uhlu lwemibuzo Yezokuxhumana Komphakathi (i-SCQ)

Ngokusho kwe-, uhlelo olusha lwe-American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) libuye linikeze izindlela ezifanele zokusiza ukuxilonga i-ASD.

Ukuhlolwa kofuzo

Yize i-autism yaziwa njengesimo sezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlolwa kofuzo akukwazi ukuthola noma ukuthola i-autism. Kunezakhi zofuzo eziningi nezici zemvelo ezingaba nomthelela ku-ASD.

Amanye amalabhoratri angahlola amanye ama-biomarker okukholelwa ukuthi ayizinkomba ze-ASD. Babheka abanikeli bezakhi zofuzo abaziwa kakhulu, yize bembalwa kakhulu abantu abazothola izimpendulo eziwusizo.

Umphumela ongemuhle kolunye lwalezi zivivinyo zofuzo usho ukuthi ufuzo kungenzeka lube nomthelela ekubeni khona kwe-ASD.

Umphumela ojwayelekile usho kuphela ukuthi umnikeli othile wezakhi zofuzo ukhishwe ngaphandle nokuthi imbangela ayisaziwa.

Ukudla okudlela endlini

I-ASD ivamile futhi akudingeki ukuthi ibe imbangela yokwethuka. Abantu abane-Autistic bangachuma futhi bathole imiphakathi yokusekelwa kanye nesipiliyoni esabiwe.

Kodwa ukuxilonga i-ASD kusenesikhathi futhi ngokunembile kubalulekile ukuvumela umuntu one-autistic ukuthi aziqonde yena kanye nezidingo zakhe, nokuthi abanye (abazali, othisha, njll.) Baqonde ukuziphatha kwabo nokuthi bangaphendula kanjani kubo.

I-neuroplasticity yengane, noma ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuya ngokuhlangenwe nakho okusha, kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqaleni. Ukungenelela kusenesikhathi kunganciphisa izinselelo ingane yakho engabhekana nazo. Kubanikeza nethuba elihle kakhulu lokuzimela.

Uma kudingeka, ukwenza ngezifiso izindlela zokwelapha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye zengane yakho kungaphumelela ekubasizeni baphile impilo yabo engcono kakhulu. Ithimba labachwepheshe, othisha, abelaphi, odokotela nabazali kufanele baklame uhlelo lwengane ngayinye.

Ngokuvamile, lapho kutholakala ukuthi ingane isencane kangakanani, iba ngcono umbono wayo wesikhathi eside.