Amaqiniso Nge-HIV: Ukulindela Ukuphila kanye Nesimo Sesikhathi Eside

-Delile

• Bangaki abantu abathinteka yi-HIV?
• Ukwelashwa kuthuthuke kanjani?
• I-HIV imthinta kanjani umuntu esikhathini eside esizayo?
• Ingabe zikhona izinkinga zesikhathi eside?
• Ukukhuthaza umbono wesikhathi eside
• Okubalulekile

Ukubuka konke

Umbono wabantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi uthuthuke kakhulu kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. Abantu abaningi abane-HIV manje sebengaphila impilo ende, enempilo uma bethatha imishanguzo yegciwane lengculazi njalo.

Abaphenyi bakaKaiser Permanente bathole ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwabantu abaphila ne-HIV nokuthola ukwelashwa sikhule kakhulu kusuka ngo-1996 kuya phambili. Kusukela ngalowo nyaka, kuye kwakhiwa imishanguzo emisha yokulwa negciwane lengculazi yanezelwa ekwelashweni kwezidambisigciwane okukhona. Lokhu kubangele ukuthi kube nemithi yokwelashwa esebenza kahle kakhulu ye-HIV.

Ngo-1996, isikhathi sokuphila somuntu oneminyaka engama-20 one-HIV sasiyiminyaka engama-39. Ngo-2011, isikhathi sokuphila esiphelele saqhuma saba yiminyaka engaba ngu-70.

Izinga lokusinda kwabantu abane-HIV nalo lithuthuke ngendlela emangalisayo kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zomqedazwe we-HIV. Isibonelo, abacwaningi abahlola ukushona kwabahlanganyeli ocwaningweni lwabantu baseSwitzerland abane-HIV bathola ukuthi amaphesenti angama-78 okufa phakathi kuka-1988 no-1995 ayebangelwa izimbangela ezihlobene nengculaza. Phakathi kuka-2005 no-2009, leso sibalo sehle saba ngamaphesenti ayi-15.

Bangaki abantu abathinteka yi-HIV?

Abantu abalinganiselwa e-U.S. Baphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza, kodwa bambalwa abathola igciwane unyaka nonyaka.Lokhu kungabangelwa ukuhlolwa okwandisiwe nentuthuko ekwelashweni. Imishanguzo ejwayelekile yezidambisigciwane inganciphisa i-HIV egazini iye emazingeni angatholakali. Ngokusho kuka, umuntu onamazinga angabonakali we-HIV egazini lakhe akakwazi ukudlulisela leli gciwane kumlingani wakhe ngesikhathi socansi.

Phakathi kuka-2010 no-2014, inani lonyaka lokutheleleka nge-HIV e-United States lehle.

Ukwelashwa kuthuthuke kanjani?

Imishanguzo ye-antiretroviral ingasiza ekwehliseni umonakalo odalwe ukutheleleka nge-HIV nokuyivimba ukuthi ingakhuli ibe isigaba 3 se-HIV, noma i-AIDS.

Umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo uzoncoma ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane. Le ndlela yokwelashwa idinga ukuphuza imishanguzo emithathu noma ngaphezulu yama-antiretroviral nsuku zonke. Inhlanganisela isiza ukucindezela inani le-HIV emzimbeni (inani legciwane egazini). Amaphilisi ahlanganisa imishanguzo eminingi ayatholakala.

Izigaba ezahlukene zemishanguzo zifaka:

• ama-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• i-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• ama-protease inhibitors
• ama-entry inhibitors
• i-integrase inhibitors

Ukucindezelwa kwe-Viral-load kuvumela abantu abane-HIV ukuthi baphile impilo enempilo futhi kwehlisa namathuba abo okuba nesigaba 3 se-HIV. Enye inzuzo yomthamo wegciwane engabonakali ukuthi isiza ekwehliseni ukudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Ucwaningo lwe-2014 European PartNER lwathola ukuthi ingozi yokudluliswa kwe-HIV incane kakhulu uma umuntu enomthwalo ongatholakali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthamo wegciwane ungaphansi kwamakhophi angama-50 nge-milliliter (mL) ngayinye.

Lokhu kutholakala kuholele isu lokuvikela i-HIV elaziwa ngokuthi "ukwelashwa njengokuvikela." Ikhuthaza ukwelashwa okungaguquguquki nokungaguquguquki njengendlela yokunciphisa ukusabalala kwegciwane.

Ukwelashwa kwe-HIV kuguquke kakhulu kusukela kwaqala ubhadane, futhi nentuthuko yaqhubeka yenziwa. Imibiko yokuqala evela esivivinyweni somtholampilo e-United Kingdom kanye nocwaningo olushicilelwe oluvela e-United States lukhombise imiphumela ethembisayo ekwelashweni kokuhlolwa kwe-HIV okungabeka igciwane ekuxolelweni futhi kukhulise amasosha omzimba.

Ucwaningo lwaseMelika lwenziwa ngezinkawu ezitheleleke ngohlobo lwe-HIV olufanayo, ngakho-ke akucaci ukuthi abantu bazobona izinzuzo ezifanayo. Ngokuqondene nokuhlolwa kwe-UK, ababambiqhaza abakhombisanga zimpawu ze-HIV egazini labo. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baxwayise ngokuthi kukhona okungenzeka ukuthi igciwane libuye, futhi isifundo asikaqedwa.

Umjovo wanyanga zonke kulindeleke ukuthi ufike ezimakethe ekuqaleni kuka-2020 ngemuva kokukhombisa imiphumela ethembisayo ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa. Lo mjovo uhlanganisa izidakamizwa i-cabotegravir ne-rilpivirine (i-Edurant). Uma kuziwa ekucindezeleni i-HIV, okujovwayo kufakazelwa ukuthi kusebenza njengohlobo olujwayelekile lwemithi yansuku zonke yomlomo.

I-HIV imthinta kanjani umuntu esikhathini eside esizayo?

Yize umbono usuthole kangcono kakhulu kulabo abane-HIV, kuseneminye imiphumela yesikhathi eside abangayithola.

Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, abantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza bangaqala ukuba nemiphumela emibi ethile yokwelashwa noma i-HIV uqobo.

Lokhu kungafaka:

• ukushesha ukuguga
• ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
• izinkinga ezihlobene nokuvuvukala
• imiphumela emazingeni e-lipid
• umdlavuza

Umzimba nawo ungashintsha ukuthi ucubungula kanjani ushukela namafutha. Lokhu kungaholela ekubeni namafutha amaningi ezindaweni ezithile zomzimba, ezingashintsha isimo somzimba. Kodwa-ke, lezi zimpawu zomzimba zivame kakhulu emithini yakudala ye-HIV. Izindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha zimbalwa kakhulu, uma zikhona, kulezi zimpawu ezithinta ukubukeka komzimba.

Uma welashwa kabi noma eshiywa engalashwa, ukutheleleka nge-HIV kungakhula kube isigaba 3 se-HIV, noma i-AIDS.

Umuntu uba nesigaba 3 se-HIV lapho amasosha omzimba ebuthakathaka kakhulu ukuvikela umzimba wakhe ezifweni. Umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo kungenzeka ahlolisise isigaba 3 se-HIV uma inani lamaseli egazi amhlophe athile (ama-CD4 amaseli) kumasosha omzimba womuntu one-HIV lehla ngaphansi kwamaseli angama-200 nge-mL yegazi ngalinye.

Isikhathi sokuphila sihlukile kuwo wonke umuntu ophila nesigaba 3 se-HIV. Abanye abantu bangafa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zalesi sifo, kodwa iningi lingaphila impilo enempilo ngokwelashwa okuvamile kwama-antiretroviral.

Ingabe zikhona izinkinga zesikhathi eside?

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-HIV ingabulala amaseli kumasosha omzimba. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima emzimbeni ukulwa nezifo ezimbi. Lezi zifo ezingosomathuba zingasongela impilo ngoba zingalimaza amasosha omzimba lapho asevele ebuthakathaka.

Uma umuntu ophila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza eba nokutheleleka kokungenela, uzotholakala ene-HIV yesigaba 3, noma i-AIDS.

Ezinye izifo ezingosomathuba zibandakanya:

• isifo sofuba
• inyumoniya ephindaphindayo
• salmonella
• isifo sobuchopho nomgogodla
• izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo zamaphaphu
• ukutheleleka okungapheli kwamathumbu
• igciwane le-herpes simplex
• izifo zokukhunta
• ukutheleleka kwe-cytomegalovirus

Izifo ezinamathuba, ikakhulukazi, zihlala ziyimbangela enkulu yokufa kwabantu abaphila nesigaba 3 se-HIV. Indlela engcono yokuvimbela ukutheleleka okungosomathuba ukunamathela ekwelashweni nokuhlolwa njalo. Kubalulekile futhi ukusebenzisa amakhondomu ngesikhathi socansi, ukugoma, nokudla ukudla okulungiselelwe kahle.

Ukukhuthaza umbono wesikhathi eside

I-HIV ingasheshe yenze umonakalo emasosheni omzimba futhi iholele esigabeni sesi-3 se-HIV, ngakho-ke ukuthola ukwelashwa ngesikhathi kungasiza ekwenzeni ngcono isikhathi sokuphila. Abantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza kufanele bavakashele abahlinzeki babo bezempilo njalo futhi baphathe ezinye izimo zezempilo lapho zivela.

Ukuqala nokuhlala ekwelashweni ngezidambisigciwane ngemuva nje kokuxilongwa kubalulekile ekuhlaleni uphilile futhi uvimbele izinkinga kanye nokudlulela esigabeni sesi-3 se-HIV.

Okubalulekile

Ukuhlolwa okusha, ukwelashwa, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ye-HIV kuthuthukise kakhulu lokho okwake kwaba umbono omubi. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, ukutholakala une-HIV kwakuthathwa njengesigwebo sentambo. Namuhla, abantu abane-HIV bangaphila impilo ende futhi enempilo.

Yingakho ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwe-HIV kubalulekile. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kuyisihluthulelo ekuphatheni igciwane, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila, nokunciphisa ubungozi bokudlulisa. Labo abahlala bengalashwa banamathuba amaningi okuhlangabezana nezinkinga ezivela kwi-HIV ezingaholela ekuguleni nasekufeni.