Usana Ngaphambi kwesikhathi

-Delile

• Izimbangela zokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• Izinkinga ezikhona zezempilo ezinganeni ezingaphambi kwesikhathi
• Ukwelapha usana oluzalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• Umbono wesikhathi eside wezinsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• Ukuvimbela ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi

Ukubuka konke

Ukuzalwa kubhekwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, noma ngaphambi kwesikhathi, lapho kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesonto lama-37 lokukhulelwa. Ukukhulelwa okujwayelekile kuhlala cishe amasonto angama-40.

Lawo masonto okugcina esibelethweni abalulekile ekutholeni isisindo esinempilo nasekukhuleni ngokugcwele kwezitho ezibalulekile ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ubuchopho namaphaphu. Yingakho izingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi zingaba nezinkinga eziningi zezokwelapha futhi zingadinga ukuhlala isikhathi eside esibhedlela. Bangaba nezinkinga zesikhathi eside zezempilo, njengokukhubazeka kokufunda noma ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba.

Esikhathini esedlule, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwakuyimbangela enkulu yokufa kwezinsana e-United States. Namuhla, izinga lokunakekelwa kwezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa lithuthukile, njengamazinga okusinda ezingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuseyimbangela enkulu yokufa kwezinsana emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho kwe-. Futhi kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokuphazamiseka kwesistimu yezinzwa zesikhathi eside ezinganeni.

Izimbangela zokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi

Isizathu sokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuvamile asikwazi ukukhonjwa. Kodwa-ke, izici ezithile ziyaziwa ukuthi zandisa ubungozi besifazane bokuya emsebenzini ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Owesifazane okhulelwe onanoma iyiphi yalezi zimo ezilandelayo kungenzeka ukuthi azalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi:

• isifo sikashukela
• Isifo senhliziyo
• isifo sezinso
• umfutho wegazi ophakeme

Izici ezihlobene nokukhulelwa ezihambisana nokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi zifaka:

• ukungondleki kahle ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• ukubhema, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, noma ukuphuza kakhulu utshwala ngesikhathi ukhulelwe
• izifo ezithile, njenge-urinary tract kanye ne-amniotic ulwelwesi lwezifo
• ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi ekukhulelweni kwangaphambilini
• isibeletho esingajwayelekile
• ukuvuleka komlomo wesibeletho kuqala

Abesifazane abakhulelwe nabo banethuba elandayo lokuletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi uma bebancane kuneminyaka engu-17 noma ngaphezulu kunama-35.

Izinkinga ezikhona zezempilo ezinganeni ezingaphambi kwesikhathi

Lapho umntwana ezalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, maningi amathuba okuthi abe nezinkinga zokwelashwa. Usana olungakashayi isikhathi lungakhombisa lezi zimpawu ngemuva nje kokuzalwa:

• inkinga yokuphefumula
• isisindo esincane
• amafutha omzimba aphansi
• ukungakwazi ukugcina ukushisa komzimba njalo
• umsebenzi omncane kunokujwayelekile
• izinkinga zokuhamba nokuxhumanisa
• ubunzima bokudla
• isikhumba esiphaphathekile ngokungajwayelekile noma esiphuzi

Izinsana ezingaphambi kwesikhathi nazo zingazalwa zinezimo ezisongela impilo. Lokhu kungafaka:

• ukopha ebuchosheni, noma ukopha ebuchosheni
• ukopha kwamaphaphu, noma ukopha emaphashini
• i-hypoglycemia, noma ushukela wegazi ophansi
• i-neonatal sepsis, ukutheleleka kwegazi kwegciwane
• inyumoniya, ukutheleleka nokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu
• i-patent ductus arteriosus, umgodi ongavaliwe emthanjeni omkhulu wegazi wenhliziyo
• i-anemia, ukuntuleka kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi okuhambisa umoya-mpilo emzimbeni wonke
• isifo sokuphefumula esisanda kuzalwa, isifo sokuphefumula esibangelwa amaphaphu angathuthuki kahle

Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zingaxazululwa ngokunakekelwa okufanele kwengane esanda kuzalwa. Ezinye zingaholela ekukhubazekeni isikhathi eside noma ekuguleni.

Odokotela benza izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene ezinganeni ezingakazalwa ngaphambi nje kokubeletha. Lezi zivivinyo zisiza ukunciphisa ubungozi bezinkinga. Odokotela baphinde baqaphe izinsana ngokuqhubekayo ngenkathi behlala esibhedlela.

Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kufaka:

• i-X-ray yesifuba ukuhlola ukukhula kwenhliziyo namaphaphu
• ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuhlola amazinga e-glucose, calcium, ne-bilirubin
• ukuhlaziywa kwegesi yegazi ukuthola amazinga we-oxygen egazini

Ukwelapha usana oluzalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi

Odokotela bavame ukuzama ukuvimbela ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokunika umama imishanguzo ethile engabambezela ukubeletha.

Uma umsebenzi ongakafiki isikhathi ungeke umiswe noma ingane idinga ukulethwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, odokotela bese belungiselela ukubeletha okuyingozi kakhulu. Umama angadinga ukuya esibhedlela esineyunithi yokunakekelwa kwezibhedlela ezisanda kuzalwa (i-NICU). Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi usana luthola ukunakekelwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa.

Ezinsukwini nasemavikini ambalwa okuqala okuphila kwengane ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukunakekelwa esibhedlela kugxila ekusekeleni ukukhula kwezitho ezibalulekile. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lungagcinwa ku-incubator elawulwa ngamazinga okushisa. Imishini yokuqapha ilandelela isilinganiso senhliziyo yengane, ukuphefumula, namazinga e-oxygen egazini. Kungaba amasonto noma izinyanga ngaphambi kokuba ingane ikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kosizo lwezokwelapha.

Izingane eziningi ezingakazalwa azikwazi ukudla ngomlomo ngoba okwamanje azikwazi ukuhlanganisa ukuncela nokugwinya. Lezi zingane zondliwa ngomsoco obalulekile noma ngemithambo noma kusetshenziswa ithubhu efakwa ngamakhala noma ngomlomo kanye nasesiswini. Lapho ingane isiqine ngokwanele ukuba ingancela futhi igwinye, ukuncelisa ibele noma ukuncelisa ibhodlela kuvame ukwenzeka.

Ingane engakazalwa inganikezwa umoya-mpilo uma amaphaphu ayo engakakhuli ngokuphelele. Kuncike ekutheni ingane ingakwazi kanjani ukuphefumula yodwa, okukodwa kokulandelayo kungasetshenziswa ukuletha umoya-mpilo:

• umshini wokuphefumula, umshini opompa umoya ungene ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamaphaphu
• ingcindezi eqhubekayo yomoya, ukwelashwa okusebenzisa umfutho womoya omncane ukugcina imigwaqo yomoya ivulekile
• i-oxygen hood, idivaysi elingana nekhanda losana ukuze inikeze umoya-mpilo

Ngokuvamile, ingane engakazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ingakhishwa esibhedlela uma ingakwazi:

• ukuncelisa ibele noma ukuncelisa ibhodlela
• phefumula ngaphandle kokusekelwa
• gcina izinga lokushisa komzimba nesisindo somzimba

Umbono wesikhathi eside wezinsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi

Izinsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuvamile zidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Yingakho bevame ukuqala impilo yabo ku-NICU. I-NICU inikeza imvelo evimbela ukucindezeleka enganeni. Ibuye inikeze ngemfudumalo, ukondleka, kanye nokuvikelwa okudingekayo ekukhuleni okufanele nasekuthuthukeni.

Ngenxa yentuthuko eminingi muva nje ekunakekeleni omama nezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, amazinga okusinda ezingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi athuthukile. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngabathola ukuthi izinga lokusinda kwezingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwamasonto angama-28, okubhekwa njengaphambi kwesikhathi ngokweqile, lenyuke lisuka kuma-70% ngo-1993 laya kuma-79% ngo-2012.

Noma kunjalo, zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zisengozini yezinkinga zesikhathi eside. Izinkinga zokuthuthuka, ezokwelapha nezokuziphatha zingaqhubeka kuze kube yizingane. Eminye ingadala ngisho nokukhubazeka unomphela.

Izinkinga ezivamile zesikhathi eside ezihambisana nokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ukungakhuli ngokweqile, zifaka:

• izinkinga zokuzwa
• ukungaboni noma ukungaboni
• ukukhubazeka ekufundeni
• ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba
• ukukhula okuphuzile kanye nokuxhumana okungahambi kahle

Abazali bezinsana ezingakashayi isikhathi kudingeka banake ngokucophelela ukukhula kwengqondo nengane yezingane zabo. Lokhu kufaka ukufezeka kwamakhono athile, njengokumamatheka, ukuhlala nokuhamba.

Ukukhuliswa kwenkulumo nokuziphatha nakho kubalulekile ukuqapha. Ezinye izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingadinga ukwelashwa ngenkulumo noma ukwelashwa ngokomzimba phakathi nazo zonke izingane.

Ukuvimbela ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi

Ukuthola ukunakekelwa kokubeletha ngokushesha nangendlela efanele kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ezinye izindlela ezibalulekile zokuvimbela zifaka:

Ukudla ukudla okunempilo ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwakho. Qiniseka ukuthi udla okusanhlamvu okuphelele, amaprotheni anciphile, imifino nezithelo. Ukuthatha izengezo ze-folic acid ne-calcium nakho kunconywa kakhulu.

Ukuphuza amanzi amaningi nsuku zonke. Inani elinconyiwe izingilazi eziyisishiyagalombili ngosuku, kodwa uzofuna ukuphuza ngaphezulu uma uzivocavoca umzimba.

Ukuthatha i-aspirin nsuku zonke kusukela ku-trimester yokuqala. Uma unengcindezi ephezulu yegazi noma umlando wokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, udokotela wakho angakutusa ukuthi uthathe ama-aspirin angama-60 kuye kwangama-80 usuku ngalunye.

Ukuyeka ukubhema, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, noma ukusebenzisa ngokweqile imishanguzo ethile kadokotela. Le misebenzi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ingaholela engcupheni ephezulu yokukhubazeka okuthile kokuzalwa kanye nokukhulelwa kwesisu.

Khuluma nodokotela wakho uma ukhathazekile ngokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Udokotela wakho angakwazi ukusikisela izinyathelo ezingeziwe zokuvikela ezingasiza ekwehliseni ubungozi bokuzala ngaphambi kwesikhathi.