Kusho Ukuthini Umthwalo Wegciwane Lesandulela Ngculaza?

-Delile

• Ukuthi umthamo wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza usithinta kanjani isibalo samaseli e-CD4
• Ukulinganisa umthamo wegciwane
• Kusho ukuthini inani legciwane egazini ngokudluliswa kwe-HIV
• Ukudluliswa kocansi
• Ukudluliswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ukuncelisa
• Ukulandelela umthamo wegciwane
• Kufanele kuhlolwe kangaki inani legciwane egazini?
• Ukugcina ophathina bezocansi bephephile
• Ukuthola ukwesekwa ngemuva kokuxilongwa nge-HIV

Uyini umthwalo wegciwane?

Umthamo wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza inani le-HIV elinganiswa ngevolumu yegazi. Inhloso yokwelashwa kwe-HIV ukwehlisa inani legciwane egazini ukuze lingatholakali. Lokho wukuthi, inhloso ukunciphisa inani le-HIV egazini ngokwanele ukuze lingatholakali ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri.

Kubantu abaphila ne-HIV, kungasiza ukwazi umthamo wabo wegciwane le-HIV ngoba ubatshela ukuthi isebenza kanjani imishanguzo yabo ye-HIV (i-antiretroviral therapy). Funda kabanzi ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nomthamo wegciwane le-HIV nokuthi izinombolo zisho ukuthini.

Ukuthi umthamo wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza usithinta kanjani isibalo samaseli e-CD4

I-HIV ihlasela amaseli e-CD4 (T-cell). Lawa ngamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, futhi ayingxenye yamasosha omzimba. Isibalo se-CD4 sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunzima kokuthi amasosha omzimba womuntu aphilile kanjani. Abantu abangenayo i-HIV bavame ukuba nesibalo samaseli e-CD4 phakathi kuka-500 no-1,500.

Umthamo omkhulu wegciwane kungaholela ekubalweni kwamaseli aphansi e-CD4. Uma isibalo se-CD4 singaphansi kwama-200, ingozi yokuba nokugula noma ukutheleleka iba nkulu.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuba nesibalo esiphansi se-CD4 cell kwenza kube nzima ukuthi umzimba ulwe nokutheleleka, kwandisa ingozi yezifo ezinjengokutheleleka okunzima neminye imidlavuza.

I-HIV engalashwa ingadala ezinye izinkinga zesikhathi eside futhi ingakhula ibe yi-AIDS. Kodwa-ke, lapho imishanguzo ye-HIV ithathwa nsuku zonke njengoba kunqunyiwe, isibalo se-CD4 sithambekela ngokwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amasosha omzimba aqina futhi akwazi kangcono ukulwa nezifo.

Ukukala inani legciwane egazini kanye nesibalo se-CD4 kukhombisa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-HIV kusebenza kahle kangakanani ekubulaleni i-HIV egazini nokuvumela amasosha omzimba ukuba alulame. Imiphumela emihle ukuthola inani legciwane egazini elingatholakali kanye nesibalo esiphezulu se-CD4.

Ukulinganisa umthamo wegciwane

Ukuhlola umthamo wegciwane kukhombisa ukuthi ingakanani i-HIV kumamililitha ayi-1 egazi. Ukuhlolwa kobungako begciwane egazini kwenziwa ngesikhathi lapho umuntu etholakala ukuthi une-HIV ngaphambi kokuqala ukwelashwa, futhi kuphindwe kwenziwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwakhe nge-HIV kuyasebenza.

Ukukhuphula isibalo se-CD4 kanye nokwehlisa umthamo wegciwane kudinga ukuphuza imithi njalo futhi njengokuyalelwa. Kepha noma umuntu ethatha imishanguzo yakhe njengoba kunqunyiwe, eminye imishanguzo kadokotela kanye ne-over-the-counter (OTC), izidakamizwa zokuzithokozisa, kanye nezithako zemithi abazisebenzisayo kwesinye isikhathi kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kwe-HIV. Kuhlale kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola nodokotela ngaphambi kokuqala noma imiphi imithi emisha, kufaka phakathi i-OTC nemithi kadokotela kanye nezithasiselo.

Uma ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi umthamo wegciwane lomuntu awubonakali noma ususukile ekubeni ungatholakali ukuze utholakale, udokotela wabo angalungisa umuthi wabo wokwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane ukuze usebenze kahle.

Kusho ukuthini inani legciwane egazini ngokudluliswa kwe-HIV

Ukuphakama kwenani legciwane egazini, kukhulisa amathuba okudlulisela i-HIV komunye umuntu. Lokhu kungasho ukudlulisela igciwane kumlingani wakho ngocansi ngaphandle kwekhondomu, kothile ngokuhlanganyela izinaliti, noma enganeni ngesikhathi ukhulelwe, ubeletha noma uncelisa.

Uma ithathwa ngokungaguquguquki nangendlela efanele, imishanguzo yegciwane lengculaza inciphisa umthamo wegciwane. Lokhu kwehla kwegciwane egazini kunciphisa ubungozi bokudlulisela i-HIV komunye umuntu. Ngenye indlela, ukungawuthathi lo muthi ngokungaguquguquki noma nhlobo kwandisa ingozi yokudlulisela i-HIV komunye umuntu.

Ukuba nomthamo wegciwane ongatholakali akusho ukuthi umuntu uselaphekile, ngoba i-HIV isengacasha kwezinye izingxenye zesistimu yomzimba. Esikhundleni salokho, kusho ukuthi imishanguzo abayisebenzisayo iyasebenza ekucindezeleni ukukhula kwegciwane. Ukucindezelwa okuqhubekayo kungatholakala kuphela ngokuqhubeka nokuthatha lo muthi.

Labo abayekayo ukuthatha ingozi yemishanguzo yokuthi umthamo wabo wegciwane ubuyele emuva. Futhi uma umthamo wegciwane utholakala, igciwane lingadluliselwa kwabanye ngokusebenzisa uketshezi lomzimba olufana nesidoda, uketshezi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, igazi nobisi lwebele.

Ukudluliswa kocansi

Ukuba nomthamo wegciwane engabonakali kusho ukuthi ingozi yokudlulisela i-HIV komunye umuntu, kucabanga ukuthi umuntu one-HIV kanye nomlingani wakhe abanazo izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STIs).

Izifundo ezimbili zika-2016, kwiThe New England Journal of Medicine, azitholanga ukudluliswa kwaleli gciwane lisuka kumlingani one-HIV obesekwelashweni ngezidambisigciwane okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha kumlingani ongenalo i-HIV ngesikhathi socansi ngaphandle kwamakhondomu.

Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi abaqiniseki ngemiphumela yezifo ezithathelana ngokocansi engozini yokudluliselwa kwe-HIV kubantu abaphethwe. Ukuba ne-STI kungakhuphula ubungozi bokudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye noma ngabe i-HIV ingatholakali.

Ukudluliswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ukuncelisa

Kwabesifazane abakhulelwe nabaphila ne-HIV, ukuphuza imishanguzo yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokubeletha kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokudlulisela i-HIV enganeni. Abesifazane abaningi abaphila ne-HIV bayakwazi ukuba nezingane ezinempilo, ezingenayo i-HIV ngokuthola ukunakekelwa okuhle ngaphambi kokubeletha, okubandakanya ukwesekwa kwemishanguzo yokuthithibalisa leli gciwane.

Izingane ezizalwa ngomama abane-HIV zithola imishanguzo ye-HIV amasonto amane kuya kwayisithupha ngemuva kokuzalwa futhi zihlolelwa leli gciwane ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisithupha zokuphila.

Ngokusho kuka-, umama one-HIV kufanele agweme ukuncelisa ibele.

Ukulandelela umthamo wegciwane

Kubalulekile ukulandelela umthamo wegciwane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Noma nini lapho inani legciwane egazini lenyuka, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuthola ukuthi kungani. Ukwanda komthamo wegciwane kungenzeka ngezizathu eziningi, njenge:

• ukungathathi imishanguzo yegciwane lengculazi ngokungaguquguquki
• igciwane lesandulela ngculaza selishintshile (lashintsha ngofuzo)
• imishanguzo yokuthithibalisa igciwane lengculazi akuyona isilinganiso esifanele
• kwenzeke iphutha lebhu
• ukuba nokugula okufanayo

Uma inani legciwane emzimbeni lenyuka ngemuva kokungatholakali ngenkathi uselashwa ngemishanguzo yokuthithibalisa igciwane, noma uma lingatholakali naphezu kokwelashwa, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo kungenzeka a-oda ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuthola isizathu.

Kufanele kuhlolwe kangaki inani legciwane egazini?

Imvamisa yokuhlola umthamo wegciwane iyahlukahluka. Imvamisa, ukuhlolwa kwenani legciwane egazini kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa okusha kwe-HIV bese kuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane kuyasebenza.

Umthamo wegciwane kuvame ukungabonakali zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu uqale ukwelashwa, kepha kuvame ukwenzeka ngokushesha kunalokho. Umthamo wegciwane uvame ukubhekwa njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha, kodwa ungahlolwa kaningi uma kunokukhathazeka ukuthi umthamo wegciwane ungabonakala.

Ukugcina ophathina bezocansi bephephile

Noma ngabe umthamo wabo wegciwane, kungumbono omuhle ngabantu abaphila ne-HIV ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo zokuzivikela kanye nabalingani babo bezocansi. Lezi zinyathelo zingafaka:

• Ukuthatha imishanguzo yokuthithibalisa igciwane njalo nangendlela eyalelwe ngayo. Uma iphuzwe kahle, imishanguzo ye-antiretroviral inciphisa umthamo wegciwane, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ingozi yokudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye. Lapho inani legciwane egazini lingatholakali, ingozi yokudluliswa ngocansi ayisebenzi ngokuphelele.
• Ukuhlolelwa izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi. Njengoba kunikezwe umthelela ongaba khona we-STIs engcupheni yokudluliswa kwe-HIV kubantu abaphethwe, abantu abane-HIV kanye nabalingani babo kufanele bahlolwe futhi belashelwe ama-STI.
• Ukusebenzisa amakhondomu ngesikhathi socansi. Ukusebenzisa amakhondomu nokuhlanganyela ezenzweni zocansi ezingabandakanyi ukushintshaniswa koketshezi lomzimba kwehlisa ingozi yokudluliswa.
• Ukucabangela i-PrEP. Ozakwethu kufanele bakhulume nomhlinzeki wabo wezokunakekelwa kwempilo mayelana ne-pre-exposure prophylaxis, noma i-PrEP. Lo muthi wenzelwe ukuvikela abantu ekutholeni i-HIV. Uma ithathwa njengoba kunqunyiwe, inciphisa ubungozi bokuthola i-HIV ngocansi ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-90.
• Kubhekwa i-PEP. Ozakwethu abasola ukuthi sebevele bachayekile ku-HIV kufanele bakhulume nomhlinzeki wabo wezokunakekelwa kwempilo mayelana ne-post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Le mithi yehlisa ubungozi bokutheleleka lapho ithathwa kungakapheli izinsuku ezintathu ngemuva kokuchayeka kwi-HIV futhi yaqhubeka amasonto amane.
• Ukuhlolwa njalo. Abalingani ocansini abangenayo i-HIV kufanele bahlolelwe igciwane okungenani kanye ngonyaka.

Ukuthola ukwesekwa ngemuva kokuxilongwa nge-HIV

Ukuxilongwa nge-HIV kungashintsha impilo, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuthi ube nempilo futhi usebenze. Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kusenesikhathi kunganciphisa inani legciwane kanye nobungozi bokugula. Noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka noma izimpawu ezintsha kufanele zilethwe ukunakekelwa komhlinzeki wezempilo, futhi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuphila impilo enempilo, efana nale:

• ukuthola ukuhlolwa njalo
• uthatha imithi
• ukuzivocavoca umzimba njalo
• ukudla ukudla okunempilo

Umngane othembekile noma isihlobo singanikeza ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo. Futhi, amaqembu amaningi endawo atholakala kubantu abaphila ne-HIV kanye nabathandekayo babo. Izinombolo zocingo zamaqembu e-HIV ne-AIDS ngombuso zingatholakala ku-ProjectInform.org.