Ukuwohloka komqondo

I-Dementia ukulahleka kokusebenza kobuchopho okwenzeka ngezifo ezithile. Kuthinta inkumbulo, ukucabanga, ulimi, ukwahlulela nokuziphatha.

Ukuwohloka komqondo kuvame ukwenzeka lapho umuntu esemdala. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyivelakancane kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-60. Ingozi yokuwohloka komqondo iyanda njengoba umuntu ekhula.

Izinhlobo eziningi zokuwohloka komqondo azibuyiseki (ziyawohloka). Ukungaguquguquki kusho izinguquko ebuchosheni ezibangela ukuwohloka komqondo azikwazi ukumiswa noma zibuyiselwe emuva.Isifo i-Alzheimer sihlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuwohloka komqondo.

Olunye uhlobo olujwayelekile lokuwohloka komqondo yi-dementia ye-vascular. Kubangelwa ukungahambi kahle kwegazi liye ebuchosheni, njengokushaywa unhlangothi.

Isifo somzimba sikaLeyy siyimbangela ejwayelekile yokuwohloka komqondo kubantu abadala asebekhulile. Abantu abanalesi simo banezakhi ezingajwayelekile zamaprotheni ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho.

Izimo zezokwelapha ezilandelayo nazo zingaholela ekuwohlokeni komqondo:

• Isifo seHuntington
• Ukulimala kobuchopho
• I-Multiple sclerosis
• Izifo ezifana ne-HIV / AIDS, ugcunsula, nesifo seLyme
• Isifo se-Parkinson
• Khetha isifo
• Ukukhubazeka okuqhubekayo kwe-supranuclear

Ezinye izimbangela zokuwohloka komqondo zingamiswa noma zibuyiselwe emuva uma zitholakala maduzane ngokwanele, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukulimala kobuchopho
• Izicubu zobuchopho
• Ukuphuza ngokweqile isikhathi eside (okungapheli)
• Izinguquko kushukela wegazi, amazinga e-sodium, kanye ne-calcium (ukuwohloka komqondo ngenxa yezimbangela ze-metabolic)
• Izinga eliphansi le-vitamin B12
• Ingcindezi ejwayelekile i-hydrocephalus
• Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ethile, kufaka phakathi i-cimetidine nezinye izidakamizwa ze-cholesterol
• Ezinye izifo zobuchopho

Izimpawu zokuwohloka komqondo zifaka ubunzima ezindaweni eziningi zokusebenza kwengqondo, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukuziphatha ngokomzwelo noma ubuntu
• Ulimi
• Imemori
• Ukubona
• Ukucabanga nokwahlulela (amakhono okuqonda)

Ukuwohloka komqondo kuvame ukubonakala njengokukhohlwa.

Ukukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo (i-MCI) yisigaba esiphakathi kokukhohlwa okujwayelekile ngenxa yokuguga kanye nokuthuthuka komqondo. Abantu abane-MCI banezinkinga eziphansi ngokucabanga nokukhumbula okungaphazamisi imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Kaningi bayazi ngokukhohlwa kwabo. Akuwona wonke umuntu one-MCI onenkinga yokuwohloka komqondo.

Izimpawu ze-MCI zifaka:

• Kunzima ukwenza imisebenzi engaphezu kweyodwa ngasikhathi
• Kunzima ukuxazulula izinkinga noma ukwenza izinqumo
• Ukukhohlwa amagama abantu obajwayele, imicimbi yakamuva, noma izingxoxo
• Ukuthatha isikhathi eside ukwenza imisebenzi enzima ngokwengqondo

Izimpawu zokuqala zokuwohloka komqondo zingabandakanya:

• Ubunzima ngemisebenzi ethatha umcabango othile, kepha obejwayele ukuza kalula, njengokulinganisa ibhuku lokuhlola, ukudlala imidlalo (njengebhuloho), nokufunda imininingwane emisha noma imizila
• Ukulahleka emizileni ejwayelekile
• Izinkinga zolimi, njengezinkinga ngamagama ezinto ezijwayelekile
• Ukulahlekelwa intshisekelo ezintweni ebezijatshulelwa phambilini, imizwa eqondile
• Ukubeka izinto ngokungafanele
• Izinguquko zobuntu kanye nokulahleka kwamakhono omphakathi, okungaholela ekuziphatheni okungafanele
• Izinguquko zemizwelo eziholela ekuziphatheni okunolaka
• Ukungenzi kahle kwemisebenzi yomsebenzi
  

Njengoba ukuwohloka komqondo kuya ngokuya kuba kubi, izimpawu zisobala futhi ziphazamisa ikhono lokuzinakekela. Izimpawu zingafaka:

• Shintsha amaphethini wokulala, uvame ukuvuka ebusuku
• Kunzima ukwenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo, njengokulungiselela ukudla, ukukhetha izingubo ezifanele, noma ukushayela
• Ukukhohlwa imininingwane ngemicimbi yamanje
• Ukukhohlwa izehlakalo emlandweni wempilo yomuntu, ukulahlekelwa ukuzazi
• Ukuba nemibono, ukuphikisana, ukushaya nokuziphatha okunodlame
• Ukuba nezinkohliso, ukucindezeleka, nokuyaluza
• Ubunzima obuningi bokufunda noma ukubhala
• Ukwahlulela kabi nokulahlekelwa yikhono lokubona ingozi
• Kusetshenziswa igama elingalungile, hhayi ukuphimisela amagama kahle, ukukhuluma ngemisho edidayo
• Ukuhoxa ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi

Abantu abanokuwohloka komqondo okunzima abasakwazi:

• Yenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengokudla, ukugqoka nokugeza
• Qaphela amalungu omndeni
• Qonda ulimi

Ezinye izimpawu ezingenzeka ngokuwohloka komqondo:

• Izinkinga zokulawula ukuhamba kwamathumbu noma umchamo
• Izinkinga zokugwinya

Umhlinzeki wokunakekelwa kwezempilo onekhono angahle ahlolisise ukuwohloka komqondo esebenzisa okulandelayo:

• Qedela ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba, kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwesistimu yezinzwa
• Ukubuza ngomlando wezokwelapha nezimpawu zomuntu
• Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwengqondo (ukuhlolwa kwesimo sengqondo)

Olunye uvivinyo lunga-oda ukuthola ukuthi ezinye izinkinga kungenzeka yini ukuthi zibanga ukuwohloka komqondo noma zikwenze kubi kakhulu. Lezi zimo zifaka:

• Ukushoda kwegazi
• Isigaxa sobuchopho
• Ukutheleleka kwesikhathi eside (okungapheli)
• Ukudakwa yimithi
• Ukucindezeleka okukhulu
• Isifo sendlala yegilo
• Ukuntuleka kwamavithamini

Ukuhlolwa nezinqubo ezilandelayo kungenziwa:

• Izinga le-B12
• Izinga le-ammonia yegazi
• Amakhemikhali egazi (chem-20)
• Ukuhlaziywa kwegesi yegazi
• Ukuhlaziywa kweCerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Izinga lezidakamizwa noma lotshwala (isikrini se-toxicology)
• I-Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• Inhloko CT
• Ukuhlolwa kwesimo sengqondo
• I-MRI yekhanda
• Ukuhlolwa komsebenzi we-thyroid, kufaka phakathi i-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Izinga le-hormone elishukumisa i-thyroid
• Ukuhlolwa komchamo

Ukwelashwa kuya ngesimo esibangela ukuwohloka komqondo. Abanye abantu bangadinga ukuhlala esibhedlela isikhashana.

Kwesinye isikhathi, umuthi wokuwohloka komqondo ungenza ukudideka komuntu kube kubi kakhulu. Ukumisa noma ukushintsha le mithi kuyingxenye yokwelashwa.

Ukuzivocavoca okuthile kwengqondo kungasiza ekuwohlokeni komqondo.

Ukwelapha izimo ezingaholela ekudidekeni kuvame ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwengqondo. Izimo ezinjalo zifaka:

• Ukushoda kwegazi
• Ukwehla kwe-oxygen yegazi (i-hypoxia)
• Ukucindezeleka
• Ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo
• Izifo
• Ukuphazamiseka kokudla okunempilo
• Izinkinga ze-thyroid

Imithi ingasetshenziselwa:

• Yehlisa izinga lapho izimpawu ziba zimbi kakhulu, noma ukuthuthuka ngalezi zidakamizwa kungaba kuncane
• Lawula izinkinga ngokuziphatha, njengokulahleka kokwahlulela noma ukudideka

Umuntu onesifo sokuwohloka komqondo uzodinga ukwesekwa ekhaya njengoba lesi sifo siba sibi kakhulu. Amalungu omndeni noma abanye abanakekeli bangasiza ngokusiza umuntu abhekane nokulahleka kwememori nokuziphatha nezinkinga zokulala. Kubalulekile ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi amakhaya abantu abanokuwohloka komqondo aphephile kubo.

Abantu abane-MCI abahlali benomqondo wokuwohloka komqondo. Lapho ukuwohloka komqondo kwenzeka, kuvame ukuba kubi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuwohloka komqondo kuvame ukwehla ikhwalithi yempilo nempilo. Imindeni cishe izodinga ukuhlela ukunakekelwa kwesikhathi esizayo kothandekayo wayo.

Shayela umhlinzeki wakho uma:

• Ukuwohloka komqondo kuyenzeka noma kube noshintsho olungazelelwe esimweni sengqondo
• Isimo somuntu onesifo sokuwohloka komqondo siba sibi kakhulu
• Awukwazi ukunakekela umuntu ophethwe ukuwohloka komqondo ekhaya

Izimbangela eziningi zokuwohloka komqondo azivikeleki.

Ingcuphe yokuwohloka komqondo emithanjeni yegazi ingancishiswa ngokuvimbela imivimbo ngokusebenzisa:

• Ukudla ukudla okunempilo
• Ukuzivocavoca umzimba
• Ukuyeka ukubhema
• Ukulawula umfutho wegazi ophakeme
• Ukuphatha isifo sikashukela

Isifo sobuchopho esingamahlalakhona; Ukuwohloka komqondo komzimba kukaLewy; I-DLB; Ukuwohloka komqondo ngemithambo yegazi; Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okuncane; I-MCI

• Ukuxhumana nomuntu one-aphasia
• Ukuxhumana nomuntu one-dysarthria
• Ukuwohloka komqondo nokushayela
• Ukuwohloka komqondo - izinkinga zokuziphatha nezokulala
• Ukuwohloka komqondo - ukunakekelwa kwansuku zonke
• Ukuwohloka komqondo - ukugcina uphephile ekhaya
• Ukuwohloka komqondo - okufanele ubuze udokotela wakho
• Ukudla ama-calories amaningi lapho ugula - abantu abadala
• Ukuvimbela ukuwa

• Ubuchopho
• Imithambo yegazi yobuchopho

IKnopman DS. Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo nokunye ukuphelelwa ngumqondo. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ama-eds. Imithi yeGoldman-Cecil. Umhla ka-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 374.

Peterson R, Graff-Radford J. Isifo i-Alzheimer nezinye izifo zomqondo. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, ama-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley ekwenziweni kwemitholampilo. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 95.

UPeteren RC, uLopez O, u-Armstrong MJ, et al. Isifinyezo sokubuyekeza umhlahlandlela wokuzijwayeza: ukukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo: umbiko weKomidi Elincane Lezinkombandlela, Ukusatshalaliswa, kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwe-American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. I-2018; 90 (3): 126-135. PMID: 29282327 kushicilelwe.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282327.